Challenging Theme Research Articles

Expectations and experiences of a dance programme for autistic children: A qualitative study of parents, teachers and therapists

AbstractThis study explores the expectations of dance therapists/practitioners and parents and teachers of autistic children engaging in a developmental dance programme. Information gathered will support development of an evaluation tool aligned with the International Classification of Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) Core Sets for autism spectrum disorders (ASD). A qualitative study included a convenience cohort of teachers (n = 6), parents (n = 2) of children with ASD and therapists (n = 3). Three role specific focus groups were undertaken considering potential benefits and challenges of the programme. Content and thematic analysis was undertaken using NVivo12. Findings reflected four positive themes relating to behaviour, skills, social interaction and environmental supports. Therapists, teachers and parents focused differently on stereotypical and restricted behaviours, environmental supports and habits and routines respectively. These themes also emerged as challenges (to implement/achieve); with parents identifying more emotional and behavioural restrictions. A fourth challenge theme of transferability of skills emerged from teachers and therapists. Items mapped against 28 ICF Core Sets (across the lifespan) and six to ICF categories, with creativity and imagination mismatched. Findings highlight need for a specific outcome measure for dance and/or movement programmes for autistic individuals that captures meaningful functions across ICF domains for differing stakeholders.

Remote consultations in community mental health: A qualitative study of clinical teams.

Accessing community mental health care through remote consultations is perceived as not possible or beneficial for all service users. Delivering remote consultations may not be practical or appropriate for all clinicians or community mental health teams. WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE?: Remote consultation cannot be a 'one-size-fits-all' model of community mental health care. A flexible approach is needed to offering remote consultation that considers its suitability for the service-user, service and clinician. INTRODUCTION: Responding to COVID-19, community mental health teams in the UK NHS abruptly adopted remote consultations. Whilst they have demonstrable effectiveness, efficiency, and economic benefits, questions remain around the acceptability, feasibility and medicolegal implications of delivering community mental health care remotely. To explore perceived advantages, challenges, and practice adaptations of delivering community mental health care remotely. Ten community mental health teams in an NHS trust participated in a service evaluation about remote consultation. Fifty team discussions about remote consultation were recorded April-December 2020. Data analysis used a framework approach with themes being coded within a matrix. Three major horizontal themes of operations and team functioning, clinical pathways, and impact on staff were generated, with vertical themes of advantages, challenges, equity and adaptations. Remote consultation is an attractive model of community mental healthcare. Clinical staff note benefits at individual (staff and service-user), team, and service levels. However, it is not perceived as a universally beneficial or practical approach, and there are concerns relating to access equality. The suitability of remote consultation needs to be considered for each service-user, clinical population and clinical role. This requires a flexible and hybrid approach, attuned to safeguarding equality.

Challenges faced by teachers of postgraduate health professions blended learning programs: a qualitative analysis

IntroductionBlended learning, which integrates classroom face-to-face teaching with both asynchronous and synchronous online learning elements, has swiftly gained acceptance in educational environments. However, the implementation of blended learning presents challenges that impact all stakeholders, necessitating thoughtful consideration. Teachers play a central role in shaping the instructional experience among these stakeholders. To fully realize the potential of comprehensive blended learning, it is imperative to identify the challenges faced by these teachers and develop strategies that sensibly address and overcome them.MethodologyA qualitative exploratory study was conducted with twelve teachers involved in the postgraduate blended learning health professions program at Khyber Medical University, Peshawar in 2022. One-on-one semi-structured Interviews were conducted via WhatsApp/ZOOM, transcribed by Otter AI, coded on NVivo & analyzed using Braun/Clarke’s Thematic Analysis.ResultsThree themes of challenges faced by teachers of postgraduate blended learning programs were constructed namely (1) Skills, such as (i) digital, (ii) instructional, and (iii) online class management, and (2) Administrative barriers in terms of (iv) resources (iv) training, and (3) Faculty resistance.ConclusionThis study provides profound insights into the daunting challenges that postgraduate blended learning program teachers encounter in terms of skills, administrative barriers, and faculty resistance. These findings offer a valuable opportunity for program directors to identify the critical requirements of these faculties in their pursuit of effective teaching and learning, ultimately transforming the landscape of blended education. This study emphasizes the need for ongoing faculty development and institutional support to address the identified challenges and improve the quality of postgraduate blended-learning programs.

Multimedia-Based Instruction in Bachelor of Technology and Livelihood Education (BTLED) Home Economics

This research determined what multimedia the home economics professors prefer in teaching the competencies needed in the BTLEd home economics program. Also, it shows what competencies students need in the identified areas of home economics and the challenges students encounter in using various multimedia for instruction. Data was retrieved from (N=42) BTLEd Home Economics students' day and evening sessions and the (N=7) professors teaching home economics subjects. The study made use of mixed-method research. For the quantitative part, students and professors completed a questionnaire using Google Forms. Where Students Needed Competencies in the Identified Major Areas in Home Economics was presented, followed by the Preferred Multimedia-Based Instruction Used by the Home Economics Professor. A qualitative research design was used to determine the challenges encountered by the students in using multimedia in the identified major areas in Home Economics. Thematic analysis using Braun and Clarke's (2006) model was applied to analyze the qualitative data on the challenges encountered using multimedia in Home Economics. Findings revealed four major themes of student challenges encountered in multimedia: no internet access, lack of computers and gadgets, lack of familiarity with multimedia, and computer Illiterate. To ensure that every student has fair access to digital resources and the necessary skills to use them, the school has to develop a comprehensive Digital Inclusion Program. The school will be able to handle internet access, device shortages, and digital literacy in a thorough and organized way by putting this approach into place. Providing students with the necessary skills and resources for multimedia-based learning would also promote an inclusive and fair digital learning environment.
 
 Received: 1 October 2023 / Accepted: 29 February 2024 / Published: 5 March 2024

An empirical investigation of challenges of specifying training data and runtime monitors for critical software with machine learning and their relation to architectural decisions

The development and operation of critical software that contains machine learning (ML) models requires diligence and established processes. Especially the training data used during the development of ML models have major influences on the later behaviour of the system. Runtime monitors are used to provide guarantees for that behaviour. Runtime monitors for example check that the data at runtime is compatible with the data used to train the model. In a first step towards identifying challenges when specifying requirements for training data and runtime monitors, we conducted and thematically analysed ten interviews with practitioners who develop ML models for critical applications in the automotive industry. We identified 17 themes describing the challenges and classified them in six challenge groups. In a second step, we found interconnection between the challenge themes through an additional semantic analysis of the interviews. We explored how the identified challenge themes and their interconnections can be mapped to different architecture views. This step involved identifying relevant architecture views such as data, context, hardware, AI model, and functional safety views that can address the identified challenges. The article presents a list of the identified underlying challenges, identified relations between the challenges and a mapping to architecture views. The intention of this work is to highlight once more that requirement specifications and system architecture are interlinked, even for AI-specific specification challenges such as specifying requirements for training data and runtime monitoring.

Where is the basic community infrastructure? Seeking for rural community transformation through community infrastructure planning in Sarawak, Malaysia

PurposeThis study investigated the role of community infrastructure planning in Sarawak, Malaysia, by concentrating on the obstacles that hinder effective governance of community infrastructure planning.Design/methodology/approachThe qualitative approach via case study design was adopted in this study. The Song District, located in the State of Sarawak, Malaysia, was selected as the case study area. Semi-structured interview sessions were conducted with 21 respondents who belonged to the government agencies involved in rural community infrastructure planning and village community representatives to capture their views on community infrastructure development planning in the selected district. The gathered responses were analysed thematically and the outcomes are discussed.FindingsThe findings revealed that although the development of community infrastructure in Song District has progressed and has exerted transformative impacts on rural livelihood, several challenges were identified in the delivery of community infrastructure. The four main themes of challenges that emerged from the data were location factors, financial resources, cooperation and collaboration of stakeholders, as well as community involvement. The outcomes disclosed that, in terms of governance, the institutional roles of the community, stakeholders and government agencies must be integrated throughout the rural community infrastructure planning process to resolve the emerging challenges effectively so that the demands of the rural community are met meritoriously.Social implicationsAn effective and efficient community infrastructure planning approach ascertains that the community infrastructure development gaps in rural areas are bridged and brings fruition to the rural communities for their livelihood transformation.Originality/valueThis paper delineates a view on the governance aspect of community infrastructure planning in Sarawak, Malaysia, that is largely untapped. The study outcomes may facilitate practitioners and academics to move forward and recommend improvements in the approach to rural community infrastructure planning.

Perceptions of motherhood in mothers of children with disabilities in Turkey: a qualitative study

ABSTRACT Objectives This study aimed to explore how mothers of children with disabilities perceive mothering through metaphor. Subjects and Methods The study was conducted in March 2023 with 28 women who had experienced motherhood. The data were collected using the Descriptive Information Form and the Metaphorical Perceptions Form developed by the researchers who reviewed the literature. The women’s metaphorical perceptions were obtained by filling in the following sentence: ‘Being a mother of a child with disabilities is like/similar to … … … . because … … ’.. The interviews were conducted individually using the in-depth interview method and analysed using the descriptive analysis technique. Results The metaphors created by mothers of children with disabilities were grouped under two main themes: interpretation and challenges. Each major theme contains sub-themes. The main theme of interpretation includes cleansing from sins and divine reward, empowerment, being privileged, and acceptance/change in outlook on life, while the sub-theme of challenges includes constant struggle, stigmatisation, imprisonment/isolation, and uncertainty. Conclusion The women involved in the study produced the most metaphors for their perceptions of being a mother of a child with a disability for the sub-theme of imprisonment/isolation in the main theme of challenges. On the other hand, the least number of metaphors were produced in the sub-theme of acceptance/change in the outlook on life in the main theme of interpretation. According to the results, the perception of motherhood of women with children with disabilities will especially guide midwives who are responsible for the care of children with disabilities aged 0–6 years, and mental health workers.

Explaining ethical challenges and practical solutions from a nursing managements' perspective: A phenomenological study.

Ethical practice is a vital aspect of nursing interventions. Complying with the ethical aspects of the intervention procedure in a stressful nursing environment is not easy and nurse managers always face ethical challenges which are in conflict with their personal values and norms. Identifying and solving these challenges improves the efficiency and effectiveness of nursing care activities. Therefore, this research was done to explain the ethical challenges of nurse managers and practical solutions from their perspective. It is a qualitative study that was carried out based on the phenomenological method in 2022. The participants of this study were 20 nurse managers of Arak hospitals who were selected by purposive sampling until data saturation. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews for 30 to 90 minutes. Data collection was carried out with the participant's consent, using a digital recording device and verbatim transcription, and then it was analyzed using Van Manen's six-step hermeneutic phenomenological approach. The results of this study could provide a clear picture of ethical challenges and their practical solutions from the nurse managers' perspective in the form of four themes of managerial ethical challenges which include challenges facing physicians, organizations, employees, managers, and three themes for practical solutions, including organizational solutions, interpersonal solutions, and educational solutions which were manifested. Nurse managers are always faced with ethical challenges in their daily activities. To deal with these challenges, they must be familiar with the rules and principles of professional ethics, practical standards, and laws related to patients' rights. Ethical principles and awareness of the ethical decision-making process are useful and effective in having capable and ethical nurses who provide competent care. To deal with ethical challenges, it is suggested to consider self-care strategies and structural and specialized support in each center, which will ultimately lead to the improvement of service quality and the promotion of ethics in care-treatment environments.

Undertaking multi-centre randomised controlled trials in primary care: learnings and recommendations from the PULsE-AI trial researchers

BackgroundConducting effective and translational research can be challenging and few trials undertake formal reflection exercises and disseminate learnings from them. Following completion of our multicentre randomised controlled trial, which was impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic, we sought to reflect on our experiences and share our thoughts on challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations for researchers undertaking or considering research in primary care.MethodsResearchers involved in the Prediction of Undiagnosed atriaL fibrillation using a machinE learning AlgorIthm (PULsE-AI) trial, conducted in England from June 2019 to February 2021 were invited to participate in a qualitative reflection exercise. Members of the Trial Steering Committee (TSC) were invited to attend a semi-structured focus group session, Principal Investigators and their research teams at practices involved in the trial were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Following transcription, reflexive thematic analysis was undertaken based on pre-specified themes of recruitment, challenges, lessons learned, and recommendations that formed the structure of the focus group/interview sessions, whilst also allowing the exploration of new themes that emerged from the data.ResultsEight of 14 members of the TSC, and one of six practices involved in the trial participated in the reflection exercise. Recruitment was highlighted as a major challenge encountered by trial researchers, even prior to disruption due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers also commented on themes such as the need to consider incentivisation, and challenges associated with using technology in trials, especially in older age groups.ConclusionsUndertaking a formal reflection exercise following the completion of the PULsE-AI trial enabled us to review experiences encountered whilst undertaking a prospective randomised trial in primary care. In sharing our learnings, we hope to support other clinicians undertaking research in primary care to ensure that future trials are of optimal value for furthering knowledge, streamlining pathways, and benefitting patients.

Learning safe control for multi-robot systems: Methods, verification, and open challenges

In this survey, we review the recent advances in control design methods for robotic multi-agent systems (MAS), focusing on learning-based methods with safety considerations. We start by reviewing various notions of safety and liveness properties, and modeling frameworks used for problem formulation of MAS. Then we provide a comprehensive review of learning-based methods for safe control design for multi-robot systems. We start with various shielding-based methods, such as safety certificates, predictive filters, and reachability tools. Then, we review the current state of control barrier certificate learning in both a centralized and distributed manner, followed by a comprehensive review of multi-agent reinforcement learning with a particular focus on safety. Next, we discuss the state-of-the-art verification tools for the correctness of learning-based methods. Based on the capabilities and the limitations of the state-of-the-art methods in learning and verification for MAS, we identify various broad themes for open challenges: how to design methods that can achieve good performance along with safety guarantees; how to decompose single-agent-based centralized methods for MAS; how to account for communication-related practical issues; and how to assess transfer of theoretical guarantees to practice.

Navigating online learning challenges and opportunities: Insights from small group of lecturers during pandemic

The implementation of e-learning platforms in higher education offers opportunities to enhance education quality and increase access to flexible learning. However, challenges arise, including limited guidance for students, high dropout rates, and obstacles faced by instructors. This qualitative case study explores the challenges and opportunities of online learning from instructors' perspectives. Data was collected through a survey administered to 23 instructors, and thematic analysis was conducted to identify the themes of challenges and opportunities. Findings reveal challenges in interaction, practical session delivery, monitoring, assessment, and identity verification. Institutional support challenges include insufficient training and socialization. Individual Challenges encompass digital skills, health concerns, and fatigue. Technological challenges involve availability, integration, capacity, and network-related issues. Despite these challenges, online learning provides opportunities for time effectiveness, flexibility, personal development, innovative teaching methods, and collaboration with external experts.

Medical Response to the February 6, 2023, Earthquakes in Hatay: Challenges Faced in the Deadliest Disaster in the History of Türkiye.

The Kahramanmaraş earthquakes struck the north-eastern part of Türkiye and Syria on February 6, 2023. It is well known that timely coordination and provision of emergency medical care in the field is particularly important to save lives after earthquakes. This study aimed to identify the challenges faced by medical responders on the ground. This exploratory-descriptive qualitative study was conducted in Hatay, the province most affected by the earthquakes. Data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and field observations, and then analyzed using thematic analysis approach. The study was carried out with 15 first responders from the medical profession. The study revealed 9 themes of challenges faced by medical responders: providing safety and security, human resources management, meeting personal needs, recording data, communication, patient transport, burial procedures, psychological acumen, and logistical problems. Some problems were resolved after 72 h and some continued until day 7. Inadequate organization of volunteer health workers, communication breakdowns, and logistical problems are some of the main challenges. To address these issues, satellite phones and radio systems can be promoted, as well as disaster-resilient logistical planning and better coordination of volunteers.

Claims management: a review of challenges faced

The focus on managing claims in the construction industry has gained prominence in recent years due to their unavoidable nature and associated financial impact. Studies have shown that claims and their management consume considerable resources, both of which can be reduced with efficient and effective management. Past studies have also established that improper and inefficient management of claims may result in otherwise unnecessary disputes, resolving which is also a resource-intensive process. This study reviews the range of challenges faced in managing claims. Based on a comprehensive review and evaluation of relevant literature, five broad challenge themes were observed: stakeholder predisposition; insufficient resources allocated for claims management; lack of established procedure for claims management; poor documentation and management of information and lack of general and expert contractual knowledge were observed. The results of this study will facilitate a better understanding of the challenges faced in managing claims, which will in turn help in evaluating existing solutions and in developing more effective solutions that leverage the latest information and communication technology.

Everyday Challenges for Individuals Aging With Vision Impairment: Technology Implications.

There are growing numbers of older adults with long-term vision impairment who are likely to experience everyday activity challenges from their impairment in conjunction with age-related changes. Technology has potential to support activity engagement. To develop effective technologies and interventions, we need to understand the context of activity challenges and identify unmet support needs. The Aging Concerns, Challenges, and Everyday Solution Strategies (ACCESS) study is a mixed-method approach to explore everyday challenges of people aging with long-term disabilities. Participants included 60 adults aging with long-term vision impairment (63% female; M age = 67, SD = 4.6) who completed in-depth, structured interviews exploring the nature of everyday challenges and their unmet support needs for activity engagement. We conducted a content analysis using a deductive and inductive approach to build a detailed coding scheme of challenge codes and subcodes. The analyses provided detailed insights about the nature of challenges people aging with vision impairment experience when performing specific instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) in the context of home maintenance, transportation, shopping/finance, and managing health. Vision-related challenges and participation restrictions were identified for several activities that require reading, navigation, and identification (e.g., shopping, medication management, public transportation). Emergent challenge themes for performing IADLs included personal limitations (e.g., physical, cognitive, financial) and environmental barriers (e.g., accessibility, technology, transportation). Contextual examples of IADL challenges among individuals aging with vision impairment highlight opportunities for technology design and innovation to support participation in everyday activities.

A Qualitative Exploration of Turkish Operating Room Nurses’ Experiences During the COVID-19 Pandemic

BackgroundApart from the patients affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, it was extremely important to apply appropriate protective measures by minimizing the possibility of infection to patients in need of surgery, to provide personal protective equipment for the safety of the staff in the operating room and to take isolation measures for cases where COVID-19 was suspected. The purpose of this phenomenologically designed multi center study was to examine the experiences of operating room nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. MethodsIn depth semi-structured interviews for an average 45 to 60 minutes were conducted with 14 operating room nurses. Data analysis was performed using MAXQDA 20 software, and the descriptive and relational analysis method was used. A total of 330 primitive code were obtained. ResultsAs a result of data analysis, 6 subcodes, 32 codes, 17 categories and three themes were defined. The themes were defined: (a) categories of the theme of psycho-social dilemma: feelings about the pandemic, feelings about the test result, and feelings regarding case management, (b) categories of the theme of management of corporate risk perception: precautions, closure to the recovery unit, patient admission process, team and environment preparation process, team-patient relations, surgery process, post-operation process and training and (c) categories of the theme of process challenges: difficulty of working conditions, ignorance, appropriations/ payment injustice, loss of time, increased workload and lack of protective equipment. ConclusionWe determined that the participants had extensive experience. The results showed it is important to provide adequate equipment, to provide training, to eliminate the appropriations/ payment injustice and to provide psychosocial support to the operating room nurses during the global epidemic.

Current challenges in teaching HAIs-PC in nursing education in Vietnam and Cambodia: a qualitative study

Background: There is an insufficient understanding of factors that impede nursing students’ learning of healthcare-associated infection prevention and control in developing countries. This study aimed to explore current challenges in healthcare-associated infection control and prevention education in the nursing curriculum in two Vietnamese and two Cambodian universities. Methods: Exploratory research was conducted through consultation of education programs and a qualitative study design utilizing interviews and focus group discussions. Data collection was conducted through interviews with university board members and focus group discussions with lecturers and tutors. The data were analyzed by using content analysis methods. Results: The research results indicated that there were three generic themes of challenges in teaching HAIs-PC in nursing education in Vietnam and Cambodia. They were Implementation of healthcare associated infections prevention and control education into nursing curriculum, Positive aspects fostering healthcare associated infections prevention and control learning, Negative aspects hindering healthcare associated infections prevention and control learning. Conclusions: The study results provided evidence of challenges in healthcare associated infections prevention and control education in some Asia higher education institutions. To improve professional safety, universities should pay more attention to developing appropriate teaching methods for healthcare-associated infections prevention and control education to improve students’ practice outcomes.

Insights into technical challenges in the field of microplastic pollution through the lens of early career researchers (ECRs) and a proposed pathway forward

Early career researchers (ECR) face a series of challenges related to the inherent difficulties of starting their careers. Microplastic (MP) research is a topical field attracting high numbers of ECRs with diverse backgrounds and expertise from a wealth of disciplines including environmental science, biology, chemistry and ecotoxicology. In this perspective the challenges that could hinder scientific, professional, or personal development are explored, as identified by an international network of ECRs, all employed in MP research, that was formed following a bilateral workshop for scientists based in the UK and China. Discussions amongst the network were grouped into four overarching themes of technical challenges: in the field, in the laboratory, in the post data collection phase, and miscellaneous. The three key areas of representativeness, access to appropriate resources, training, and clean labs, and the use of databases and comparability, as well as the overarching constraint of available time were identified as the source of the majority of challenges. A set of recommendations for pathways forward are proposed based on the principles of research openness, access to information and training, and widening collaborations. ECRs have great capacity to promote research excellence in the field of MPs and elsewhere, when provided with appropriate opportunities and suitable support.

PARENTS' CHALLENGES AGAINST THE INTENTION OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 12-YEAR COMPULSORY EDUCATION POLICY IN MALAYSIA

Compulsory education policies supported by the law have been implemented throughout the world for centuries, including in Malaysia. However, the implementation of the law is only limited to 6 years of compulsory education at the primary level as opposed to at the international level, which reaches a period of 8 to 12 years of compulsory schooling. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore the challenges faced by parents if Malaysia intends to implement compulsory education in Malaysia within a period of 12 years, starting from one year in preschool until the end of schooling at the secondary level. This study was conducted using a qualitative approach involving several participants selected through purposive sampling. The exploration results through open-ended questions, focus group discussions, and researcher notes were analysed using a thematic analysis, which then received expert consensus at an excellent level with a Cohen Kappa index value exceeding 0.81. The study discovered four themes of challenges faced by parents in implementing the 12-year compulsory education policy in Malaysia, namely parents' financial issues, school-related issues that are a challenge for parents, parents' difficulty in managing their children, and issues faced by children, all of which have resulted in challenges to parents. In this vein, these challenges should be emphasized because parents are the main implementers of the compulsory education policy, which also determines the success of the intended 12-year compulsory education policy.

Quantity Over Quality? Teaching Cartography Through the 30 Day Map Challenge

I used the 30 Day Map Challenge as a framework to structure my Spring 2023 Cartography and Visualization community college course. Students were tasked with a new mapping assignment following the themes of the Map Challenge to complete during each class meeting throughout the semester, as an alternative to a more traditional project-based lab structure. I sequenced lecture topics to accompany and elucidate the Map Challenge prompts, and used Socratic prompts on Google Jamboard slides to spur collaborative class discussions. As a whole, the ten-student class completed 80% of submissions for 27 required mapping prompts, submitting a total of 218 maps that fulfilled the prompts. Short, thematic mapping activities entailed greater repetition of software workflows as well as more opportunities for independent problem solving.

EFL Students’ Challenges In Learning Speaking Skills During Online-to-Offline Transition Era

This research aimed to explore the challenges faced by EFL students’ in learning speaking skills during the online-to-offline transition era, then the difference between the experience of learning speaking skills during online and offline, and also explain the potential solutions that EFL students’ do to overcome the challenges. The site of this research was an English study program at one public university in Jambi. The participants in this study were five fourth-semester students consisting of 3 different classes who have completed speaking lessons in 1-3 semesters. This research employed qualitative study. In collecting the data, the researcher used interviews as a primary instrument. The results of this research indicated that there were two themes of challenges faced by EFL students in speaking English, including lack of vocabulary (academic word issues), and nervousness (communication apprehension). This research also revealed that there were four themes of differences in online and offline learning, including learning process (inattentiveness unmotivated, attentiveness and motivated), classroom activities (non-interactive and interactive learning), time management (undisciplined and disciplined learning), and learning outcomes (understanding the material). Last but not least, this research also pointed out that the participants used three strategies or potential solutions to overcome their challenges. Those strategies are metacognitive strategies (preparing vocabulary), cognitive strategies (entertainment platform), and social strategies (asking and practice). Finally, the transition era gives new experiences to students. They do not experience challenges in terms of environment and internet issue as they face during online learning.