Reviewed by: Against Popery: Britain, Empire, and Anti-Catholicism ed. by Evan Haefeli Mitchell Oxford Against Popery: Britain, Empire, and Anti-Catholicism EDITED BY EVAN HAEFELI Early American Histories. Charlottesville and London: University of Virginia Press, 2020. xvi + 342 pages. Cloth: $39.50. ISBN: 9780813944913. The ideology of anti-popery, as Evan Haefeli rightly observes in the introductory essay to this superb edited volume, was a âpervasive Anglo-American tradition,â which should be distinguished from straightforward anti-Catholic bigotry by its fusion of âhostility to the religious and political example of the Roman Catholic papacyâ (12). As such, anti-popery was âinseparable from British and American understandings of liberty and slavery,â he explains, âjustifying the hegemony of Protestants on both sides of the Atlantic up through the American Revolutionâ (3). As Haefeli notes, despite anti-poperyâs well-recognized scope and significance, this extensively studied phenomenon is surprisingly âfragmentedâ along geographical, temporal, and thematic lines (18). Through this excellent collection of essays, Haefeli brings together the richâyet constellatedâscholarship on the varieties of British anti-popery, providing a fuller portrait of this complex phenomenon. Against Popery is thus not only valuable to historians of religion, politics, and culture in the early modern Atlantic, it is also a usefully comprehensive single-volume resource for scholars of the similarly robustâthough substantially differentâanti-Catholicism of John Henry Newmanâs late nineteenth century. Haefeliâs most conspicuous achievement is to bring the sprawling scholarship on early modern anti-Catholicism under one roof. Comprising contributions from twelve scholars (as well as two chapters authored by Haefeli himself), this volume embraces considerable breadth. Its authors lead us on several excursions out from Britainâs imperial metropole to Post-Reformation Scotland, early colonial Virginia, and to the transatlantic âanti-Irish anti-Catholicismâ that shaped Britainâs American colonial project (125). But Against Popery does more than that. Its division into three sections, âFoundations,â âHegemony,â and âTransformations,â which span from the sixteenth to the early nineteenth century, imparts a unifying coherenceâan overarching argument about the emergence, entrenchment, and evolution of this pervasive and pliable ideologyâacross the volumeâs impressive array of topics, times, and places. Indeed, rather than simply an omnibus of the familiar, these essays trod much new interpretive ground as well. Several highlight new sources and methods, such as Laura M. Stevensâs fascinating exploration of the competing evocations of the Virgin Mary by eighteenth-century British Protestants who at once portrayed her as the epitome of âCatholic idolatry and monstrous femininity,â and a âProtestant [End Page 103] exemplar . . . of godly attributes,â (200) or Clare Haynesâs similar study of the âdualistic approachâ Anglo-Americans took to âpopish artâ: they admired its beauty while âdenying its ultimate truthâ (228). Others offer new perspectives on old questions, like Cynthia van Zandtâs compelling account of how the shocking (and murky) âgunpowder plotâ of 1605 âwove anti-popery into the culture of English America,â and to the colony of Virginia in particularâdespite the Old Dominionâs longstanding reputation as âhot Protestantâ New Englandâs comparably cooler counterpart. Or Brendan McConvilleâs âA Deal with the Devil,â which makes a persuasive caseâagainst prevailing historiographic currentsâthat âanti-popish or Francophobic fearsâ were a central âdriving forceâ of the American Revolution (287). McConvilleâs essay is also a lynchpin in Against Poperyâs interpretive arc from âhegemonyâ to âtransformation.â Anglo-Protestant anti-popery in Revolutionary America was not a âfixed . . . political-ideological position,â and Patriot leaders applied these powerful political ideas against the British Crown and Parliament, thereby opening space for an alliance with Catholic France (288). Peter Walkerâs subsequent chapter traces the contemporaneous âtransformationâ of the politics of anti-popery in the imperial metropole. In Britain, he contends, that both Catholics and dissenting Protestants gained rights in the early nineteenth century ânot because religious prejudice had disappeared,â but because the âlanguages of anti-popery and anti-puritanism were . . . refashioned as arguments for tolerationâ (316). As should be clear, Against Popery offers more than an updated accounting of the varieties of British anti-Catholicism. Indeed, an unmistakable thematic thread can be followed across its multiplicity of authorial voices. As Haefeli succinctly puts...