Thematic Fit Research Articles

ChatGPT and the German board examination for ophthalmology: an evaluation

In recent years artificial intelligence (AI), as anew segment of computer science, has also become increasingly more important in medicine. The aim of this project was to investigate whether the current version of ChatGPT (ChatGPT4.0) is able to answer open questions that could be asked in the context of aGerman board examination in ophthalmology. After excluding image-based questions, 10questions from 15different chapters/topics were selected from the textbook 1000 questions in ophthalmology (1000 Fragen Augenheilkunde 2ndedition, 2014). ChatGPT was instructed by means of aso-called prompt to assume the role of a board certified ophthalmologist and to concentrate on the essentials when answering. Ahuman expert with considerable expertise in the respective topic, evaluated the answers regarding their correctness, relevance and internal coherence. Additionally, the overall performance was rated by school grades and assessed whether the answers would have been sufficient to pass the ophthalmology board examination. The ChatGPT would have passed the board examination in 12out of 15topics. The overall performance, however, was limited with only 53.3% completely correct answers. While the correctness of the results in the different topics was highly variable (uveitis and lens/cataract 100%; optics and refraction 20%), the answers always had ahigh thematic fit (70%) and internal coherence (71%). The fact that ChatGPT4.0 would have passed the specialist examination in 12out of 15topics is remarkable considering the fact that this AI was not specifically trained for medical questions; however, there is aconsiderable performance variability between the topics, with some serious shortcomings that currently rule out its safe use in clinical practice.

Predictive language comprehension in Parkinson's disease.

Verb and action knowledge deficits are reported in persons with Parkinson's disease (PD), even in the absence of dementia or mild cognitive impairment. However, the impact of these deficits on combinatorial semantic processing is less well understood. Following on previous verb and action knowledge findings, we tested the hypothesis that PD impairs the ability to integrate event-based thematic fit information during online sentence processing. Specifically, we anticipated persons with PD with age-typical cognitive abilities would perform more poorly than healthy controls during a visual world paradigm task requiring participants to predict a target object constrained by the thematic fit of the agent-verb combination. Twenty-four PD and 24 healthy age-matched participants completed comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. We recorded participants' eye movements as they heard predictive sentences (The fisherman rocks the boat) alongside target, agent-related, verb-related, and unrelated images. We tested effects of group (PD/control) on gaze using growth curve models. There were no significant differences between PD and control participants, suggesting that PD participants successfully and rapidly use combinatory thematic fit information to predict upcoming language. Baseline sentences with no predictive information (e.g., Look at the drum) confirmed that groups showed equivalent sentence processing and eye movement patterns. Additionally, we conducted an exploratory analysis contrasting PD and controls' performance on low-motion-content versus high-motion-content verbs. This analysis revealed fewer predictive fixations in high-motion sentences only for healthy older adults. PD participants may adapt to their disease by relying on spared, non-action-simulation-based language processing mechanisms, although this conclusion is speculative, as the analyses of high- vs. low-motion items was highly limited by the study design. These findings provide novel evidence that individuals with PD match healthy adults in their ability to use verb meaning to predict upcoming nouns despite previous findings of verb semantic impairment in PD across a variety of tasks.

Allocating to Thematic Investments

We introduce the notion of themes as an additional investment dimension beyond asset classes, regions, sectors and styles, and propose a framework to allocate to thematic investments at a strategic asset allocation level. Allocating to themes requires discipline because thematic investments are not only exposed to the theme but also to the traditional risk factors. Our approach uses a framework based on robust portfolio optimisation, which accounts for the expected excess return from the exposure to the theme and from exposures to traditional risk factors. We provide an example to illustrate how thematic investments fit in traditional multi-asset portfolios.

Extraction and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Impervious Surfaces over Dongying Based on Landsat Data

It is necessary to understand the relationship between the impervious surface area (ISA) distribution, variation trends and potential driving forces over Dongying, Shandong Province. We extracted ISA information from Landsat images with 3–5 year intervals during 1995 to 2018 using Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform, Pixel Purity Index (PPI), and Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA), followed by the analysis on three driving forces of ISA expansion (physical geography, socioeconomic factors, and urban cultural features). Our results show the retrieved ISA thematic map fit the limited requirement of root mean square error (RMSE). The correct classification accuracy of ISA is greater than 83.08%. Further, the cross–comparison exhibits the general consistent with the ISA distribution of the land use classification map published by the National Basic Geographic Information Center. The gradual increasing trend can be captured on the expansion of ISA from 1995 to 2018. Despite of the central region always shown as the high ISA density, it still keeps increasing annually and radiating the surrounding region, especially in the southward which has formed into a new large–scale and high intensity of ISA in 2015–2018. Though the ISA patches scattered in the west region or along the northern and eastern part of the ocean coastline are still small, the expansion trend of ISA can be detected. The expansion intensity index (EII) of ISA measuring the situation of its expansion changes from the lowest value 0.12% between 1995 and 2000 up to the highest 0.73% between 2000 and 2005. Richly endowed by nature, the city’s natural geographical environment provides an elevated chance of further urbanization. The rapid increase of regional economy provides a fundamental driving force for expanding ISAs. The development of urban culture promotes the sustainable development of ISAs. Our results provide a scientific basis for future urban land use management, construction planning, and environmental protection in Dongying.

Electrophysiological evidence for the interaction of prosody and thematic fit during sentence comprehension

ABSTRACTThis study investigated the interaction of prosody and thematic fit/plausibility information during the processing of sentences containing temporary early closure (correct) or late closure (incorrect) syntactic ambiguities using event-related potentials (ERPs). Early closure sentences with congruent and incongruent prosody were presented where the temporarily ambiguous NP was either a plausible or an implausible continuation for the subordinate verb (e.g. “While the band played the song/beer pleased all the customers.”). N400 and P600 components were examined at critical points in each condition. The CPS was examined in sentences with congruent prosody. Prosodic and thematic fit cues interacted immediately (N400–P600) at the implausible NP (beer), when it was paired with incongruent prosody. Incongruent prosody paired with a plausible NP (song) resulted in garden-path effects (N400–P600) at the critical verb (pleased). These findings provide strong evidence that prosodic and thematic fit/plausibility cues interact to aid the parser in syntactic structure building.

An Exploration of Semantic Features in an Unsupervised Thematic Fit Evaluation Framework

An Exploration of Semantic Features in an Unsupervised Thematic Fit Evaluation Framework

Electrophysiology of Sentence Processing in Aphasia: Prosodic Cues and Thematic Fit

Electrophysiology of Sentence Processing in Aphasia: Prosodic Cues and Thematic Fit

An exploration of semantic features in an unsupervised thematic fit evaluation framework

An exploration of semantic features in an unsupervised thematic fit evaluation framework

The role of animacy in Chinese relative clause processing

Two experiments investigated Chinese relative clause processing by manipulating the animacy of the head noun phrases in the matrix clause (hereafter called head NPs) and in the embedded clause (hereafter called relative-clause-internal NPs) in a self-paced reading paradigm. Experiment 1 showed that subject-modifying object relative clauses (S-ORCs) were easier to process than subject-modifying subject relative clauses (S-SRCs) under animate–inanimate configuration (animate relative-clause-internal NPs and inanimate head NPs), but S-SRCs were easier to process than S-ORCs under inanimate–animate configuration (inanimate relative-clause-internal NPs and animate head NPs). Experiment 2 showed that object-modifying object relative clauses (O-ORCs) were easier to process than object-modifying subject relative clauses (O-SRCs) under both animacy configurations. These results suggest that animacy configuration of the relative-clause-internal NPs and the head NPs plays an important role in Chinese relative clause processing. These results can be explained by thematic fit accounts.

The wind chilled the spectators, but the wine just chilled: Sense, structure, and sentence comprehension.

Anticipation plays a role in language comprehension. In this article, we explore the extent to which verb sense influences expectations about upcoming structure. We focus on change of state verbs like shatter, which have different senses that are expressed in either transitive or intransitive structures, depending on the sense that is used. In two experiments we influence the interpretation of verb sense by manipulating the thematic fit of the grammatical subject as cause or affected entity for the verb, and test whether readers' expectations for a transitive or intransitive structure change as a result. This sense-biasing context influenced reading times in the post-verbal regions. Reading times for transitive sentences were faster following good-cause than good theme subjects, but the opposite pattern was found for intransitive sentences. We conclude that readers use sense-contingent subcategorization preferences during on-line comprehension.

Processing the noun phrase versus sentence coordination ambiguity: Thematic information does not completely eliminate processing difficulty

When faced with the noun phrase (NP) versus sentence (S) coordination ambiguity as in, for example, The thief shot the jeweller and the cop ..., readers prefer the reading with NP-coordination (e.g., "The thief shot the jeweller and the cop yesterday") over one with two conjoined sentences (e.g., "The thief shot the jeweller and the cop panicked"). A corpus study is presented showing that NP-coordinations are produced far more often than S-coordinations, which in frequency-based accounts of parsing might be taken to explain the NP-coordination preference. In addition, we describe an eye-tracking experiment investigating S-coordinated sentences such as Jasper sanded the board and the carpenter laughed, where the poor thematic fit between carpenter and sanded argues against NP-coordination. Our results indicate that information regarding poor thematic fit was used rapidly, but not without leaving some residual processing difficulty. This is compatible with claims that thematic information can reduce but not completely eliminate garden-path effects.

The Effects of Thematic Fit and Discourse Context on Syntactic Ambiguity Resolution

Three experiments were conducted to assess the impact of the thematic fit and discourse context on the processing of sentences that were initially syntactically ambiguous between main verb and reduced relative constructions. Specifically, we tested a strong version of a constraint satisfaction position that suggests that thematic fit and context should produce a garden path effect on a simple, main verb construction. Across three experiments we observed garden path effects for reduced relative target sentences in first-pass reading-time measures, but similar effects for main verb sentences did not occur despite the thematic fit information and discourse contexts which were biased toward the reduced relative reading. The pattern of results is consistent with the predictions of the garden path theory.

Thematic Role Assignment in Context

Two experiments are described in which participants read sentences of the form “He drank some…” in contexts which either did or did not introduce something drinkable. Participants were more likely to report that the sentence stopped making sense at the verb “drank” if nothing drinkable had been introduced. When participants responded, in this case, that the verb did make sense, their reaction times tended to be elevated relative to when the context did introduce a suitable antecedent. The experiments were modeled on a series of studies reported by Boland, Tanenhaus, Garnsey, and Could not link Carlson (1995), who used the same stop-making-sense judgment task to investigate the processing of filler-gap dependencies of the form “I wondered which food the man drank….” They observed increased “no” responses on the verb when the prior filler was an implausible recipient of the patient role associated with the verb and concluded that the wh-phrase is assigned a thematic role as soon as the verb “drank” is encountered. In the studies reported here, with materials which did not contain obligatory syntactic (filler-gap) dependencies, the equivalent phenomenon was observed—thematic information conveyed by a verb's lexical entry was apparently evaluated, at the verb, with respect to its fit with whatever contextually introduced entities were available to receive the associated role. The data suggest that thematic roles may be assigned at a verb on the basis of thematic fit with context.

Modeling the Influence of Thematic Fit (and Other Constraints) in On-line Sentence Comprehension

The time-course with which readers use event-specific world knowledge (thematic fit) to resolve structural ambiguity was explored through experiments and implementation of constraint-based and two-stage models. In a norming study, subjects completed fragments that ended in the ambiguous region of a reduced relative clause (The crook arrested/by/the/detective). Completion proportions up to and includingthewere influenced by thematic fit. The results were simulated using a competition model in which independently quantified syntactic and semantic constraints simultaneously influenced interpretation. Predictions were then generated for a self-paced reading task using model parameter values established by the off-line simulations. The pattern of reading times matched the predictions of the constraint-based version of the model but differed substantially from a one-region delay garden-path version. In addition, a garden-path model with a very short delay simulated the data better than the one-region delay model, but not as closely as the constraint-based version. The experiment and modeling illustrate that thematic fit is computed and used immediately in on-line sentence comprehension. Furthermore, the modeling highlighted the difficulty of interpreting sentence comprehension experiments without both quantifying the relevant constraints and implementing the mechanisms involved.