Extraction and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Impervious Surfaces over Dongying Based on Landsat Data

Jiaqi Shen,Yuxi Cao,Peixian Li,Yanmin Shuai,Xianwei Ma

doi:10.3390/rs13183666

Abstract

It is necessary to understand the relationship between the impervious surface area (ISA) distribution, variation trends and potential driving forces over Dongying, Shandong Province. We extracted ISA information from Landsat images with 3–5 year intervals during 1995 to 2018 using Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform, Pixel Purity Index (PPI), and Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA), followed by the analysis on three driving forces of ISA expansion (physical geography, socioeconomic factors, and urban cultural features). Our results show the retrieved ISA thematic map fit the limited requirement of root mean square error (RMSE). The correct classification accuracy of ISA is greater than 83.08%. Further, the cross–comparison exhibits the general consistent with the ISA distribution of the land use classification map published by the National Basic Geographic Information Center. The gradual increasing trend can be captured on the expansion of ISA from 1995 to 2018. Despite of the central region always shown as the high ISA density, it still keeps increasing annually and radiating the surrounding region, especially in the southward which has formed into a new large–scale and high intensity of ISA in 2015–2018. Though the ISA patches scattered in the west region or along the northern and eastern part of the ocean coastline are still small, the expansion trend of ISA can be detected. The expansion intensity index (EII) of ISA measuring the situation of its expansion changes from the lowest value 0.12% between 1995 and 2000 up to the highest 0.73% between 2000 and 2005. Richly endowed by nature, the city’s natural geographical environment provides an elevated chance of further urbanization. The rapid increase of regional economy provides a fundamental driving force for expanding ISAs. The development of urban culture promotes the sustainable development of ISAs. Our results provide a scientific basis for future urban land use management, construction planning, and environmental protection in Dongying.

Highlights

In terms of the regional distribution, the central region has always been a region with high Impervious Surface Area (ISA) density, and its ISA is still increasing year by year and radiating around; ISA expansion is more obvious in the south, which had formed a new large–scale and highly intensive area in 2015 and ISA was the smallest in 1995 but it was large in 2015 and 2018
The retrieved ISA thematic map fit the limited requirement of root mean square error (RMSE)
Accuracy of ISA correct classification is greater than 83.08%

Summary

Introduction

Rapid urbanization has led to the replacement of a large amount of natural land (e.g., grassland and forest areas) by residential, transportational, industrial, and commercial land, which is mostly composed of impervious surface areas (ISAs) [1,2,3]. ISAs are ground surfaces through which water cannot penetrate, such as surfaces covered by buildings, hardened pavement, and stadiums [4]. As the impervious surface is closely related to commercial, industrial, and residential areas, it has been widely applied as an important indicator of land use/land cover transformation from natural features to urban features [5,6,7]. From an urban hydrology perspective, the increasing coverage of impervious surfaces increases the speed and volume of urban surface runoff, greatly increasing the pressure on Remote Sens.

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Results

Discussion

Conclusion