Thelargest Number Research Articles

Biological efficacy of the microbiological fertilizer “Ecorik” on potato crops under the conditions of the central agroclimatic zone of Krasnodar Krai, Russia

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops in the world. Increased potato yields are often the result of the unnecessary use of large amountsof chemical fertilizers, which leads to environmental pollution. Microbiological fertilizers are a safe alternative to mineral fertilizers. In this regard, a study of the biological efficacy of the microbiological fertilizer “Ecorik” (Bacillus subtilis subsp.Subtilis, strain BR-1256 - 1-109 CFU/cm3) was carried out on potato plants of the Kolombavariety in 2019-20 in FSBSI “Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection” under the conditions of the central agro-climatic zone of Krasnodar Krai with the application rate of 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 L/ha. The areaof the experimental plots was 100 m2, thearea of the registration plots was 50 m2. The experiment was repeated four times. Potato planting rate - 2 T/ha. Potato planting scheme: 0.3 × 0.7 m. Application of the microbiological fertilizer “Ecorik” increased theheightof plants up to 21.5%, the massof tops - up to 24.3%. In the seed and food fractions, thelargest number and weight of tubers were recorded in the “Ecorik” variant,3.0 and 4.0 L/ha. The largestmass ofmarketable tubers was recorded inthe “Ecorik” variant, 4.0 L/ha - 133.7% higher than thecontrol values, 24.3 and 2.3% higher than the experimental ones. The content of nitratenitrogen, starch and vitamin C waswithin thenormal range in all variants ofthe experiment. Thus, from an economic point of view, the best option was the use of the microbiological fertilizer “Ecorik”with an application rate of 4.0 L/ha. The use of microbiological fertilizers can minimizethe harmfuleffects of chemical fertilizers, as well as promote plant growtand increase their yield andquality.

Results of the introduction of tree plants into South Uzbekistan from the Circumboreal floristic region

215 species, 4 forms and 5 hybrids grow in arboretums, parks and urban plantings of Southern Uzbekistan– a total of 224 taxa of woody introduced species, representing 113 genera from 52 families. Introduced plants came from 8floristic regions of the earth. The Circumboreal floristic area is home to 54 introduced species, of which 24 are found onlyin this area. They are originally from 10 provinces of the area. The range of 16 species lies in the boundaries of Irano-Turanregion, of 4 – in East Asian, of 3 – in the Mediterranean, of 2 species – in the Irano-Turan and Mediterranean regions. Thelargest number of species from the Circumboreal floristic region was introduced from the East European, Central European, West Siberian, Caucasian and Euxin provinces, where xeromesophytes, especially with increased drought resistance, aswell as mesothermophytes, which turned out to be more adapted in our conditions, prevail. Consequently, these provincescan serve as the main sources of introduction for southern Uzbekistan. Species from the North European, Central Siberian and Transbaikal provinces are less adapted. Representatives of these provinces are mesophytes and microthermophiles,and therefore they grow depressed and often do not bear fruits.

PECULIARITIES OF RELATIONSHIP OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND STUDENTS 'STUDIES IN THE PERIOD OF HIGHER EDUCATION SPECIAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.

The article outlines the social significance of involving students in sports, asthis ensures their full physical and intellectual development, instills a healthylifestyle, eradicating antisocial phenomena from everyday life (smoking,alcoholism, drug addiction). The article identifies the age segment in which thelargest number of students involved in physical culture are involved in order todevelop activities and involve them in mass sports.

INDICATORS OFTHYROID FUNCTIONOF WOMEN OF REPRODUCTIVE AGE, LIVING ON THE ECOLOGICALLY UNFAVORABLE TERRITORIES OF ARAL SEA REGION OF KAZAKHSTAN.

Background:The Aral crisis consider as one of the largest ecological catastrophes on the planet. TheKazakhstan part of the Aral Sea regiondeclared an environmental disaster zone. The constantly changing unfavorable environmental situation contributed to higher number of thyroid pathology and initiates the study of this problem in women of reproductive age in the AralSea area.Aims:To study thyroid function in women of reproductive age living in ecologically unfavorable territories of Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea region.Materials and methods:The survey was conducted within scientific and technical program: “Integrated approaches in managing the health status of the population of the Aral Sea region” 2014–2016 years, performed by Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The study was cross-sectional, observational, uncontrolled and multicenter.Study included the representative sample of 2205 women of reproductive age from 18 to 49 years old living in the Aral Sea region.The levels ofTSH,FT4and AntiTPOweredetermined by the laboratory of collective use of KSMU on the Evolis Robotized System using“Tiroid-ELISA-TTG,0.23-3.4µIU/ml”, “Thyroid–ELISAfreeT4,10-23.2pmol/l”,“Tiroid ELISA – atTPO,<30EDU/ml”testsystems.Results:A huge number of women from environmental disadvantaged areas of the Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea region have TSH values exceeding reference of 3.4 μI/ml.The frequency of SH was 0.2%;0.9%,0.2% in the different study areas at TTG values≥10.0 μIU/ml and freeT4 from 10to23.2 pmol/l. The frequency of MH was 2.4%;2.7%,2.5% in the studied areas at TSH values ≥10.0μIU/ml and FreeT4<10.0 pmol/l, Thus, the data obtained on the prevalence of reduced thyroid function in women living in the studied areas of the Aral Sea ecological disaster can be considered as comparative. About3%of women of reproductive age neededon replacement therapy for hypothyroidism. Thelargest number of women with elevated AT-TPO identified in the zone of the ecological crisis. Almost same number of women with hypothyroidism was revealed among AT-TPO hosts in all studied zones.Conclusions:Women of reproductive age living in ecologically unfavorable territories havea high, comparable frequency of manifest hypothyroidism in the three studied zones of the Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea region of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Liberating microfossils from indurated carbonates: comparison of three disaggregation methods

Abstract. Three disaggregation methods, i.e. Calgon, acetic acid and electric pulse fragmentation (EPF), have been applied to a range of heavily lithified, carbonate-rich sedimentary rock samples of Paleogene age. Samples are predominantly from the carbonate-rich, shallow water domain (<250 m palaeo-water depth) of Tanzania, Malta and the United Arab Emirates (Paleogene Tethys Ocean). The effectiveness and efficiency of each method has been compared, in addition to the preservation of the resultant liberated microfossil material (primarily larger foraminifera; LF). Of the three methods, the most efficient and effective was EPF, which liberated the largest number of LF in a very short processing time and resulted in the best preservation. Samples with calcitic, silicic, and clay matrices and cements were successfully disaggregated using EPF. In this study, recovered microfossils were largely >500 µm, suggesting this technique may be more appropriate for liberating larger microfossils (e.g. LFs); however, we discuss nuances to the method that would allow for more effective recovery of smaller microfossil specimens. The more traditional acetic acid method was also able to disaggregate a number of the samples; however, preservation of the LF was compromised. We suggest a best-practice methodology for implementing EPF in micropalaeontological studies.

A Review of Different Types of DOE Methods as a Useful Platform for Improving the Performance of Nano Adsorbents in Removal Systems of Pollutants

Background: In recent years, the Design of Experiments (DOE) is used for removing pollutant from wastewater by nano-adsorbent. Some methods are Taguchi, Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and factorial design. The aim of this paper is to review different used methods of DOE in removing pollutant to suggest some notations to scholars. Methods: The reviewed papers were searched in Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science randomly and categorized based on DOE methods. Results: Number of factors and responses in DOE for removing pollutants from wastewater are between 2-6 and 1-4, respectively. There are several computer software programs that provide simple use of these methods, such as Qualitek, Design Expert, Minitab, R and Matlab Programming. All models have a coefficient of determination R-sq more than 0.9. Conclusion: All the mentioned methods are appropriate because of the high R-sq value. Since the largest number of runs are used in RSM, it is not suitable for the experiments which are conducted by expensive materials and process. Furthermore, Design Expert and Minitab are the most popular software used by scholars in DOE methods for the removal of pollutant.

Indonesian Science Teachers’ Views on Attitude, Knowledge, and Application of STEM

This study aims to describe Indonesian science teachers’ views on STEM attitude, STEM knowledge, and STEM application. The survey method was used in this study. Ninety-three Indonesian science teachers at junior high schools in Indonesia from four of 11 provinces with the largest number teachers such as Lampung, Banten, Jawa Tengah, and Jawa Timur were surveyed. The instrument in this study consisted of 30 items. The quantitative analysis was performed to address the level of three domains such as STEM attitude, STEM knowledge, and STEM application. The results showed that Indonesian science teachers’ views are very good on STEM attitude (=4.68), moderate-level category on STEM application (=3.99), and low-level category on STEM knowledge (=3.72). It can be concluded that Indonesian science teachers believe that they have very good STEM attitude, moderate-level category on STEM application, and low-level category on STEM knowledge. These findings recommended to science teachers or science educators in Indonesia to promote STEM Education in the national curriculum especially in science subject to improve STEM attitude, STEM knowledge, and STEM application of Indonesian science teachers.

Franz Zamecnik Infanterist – Invalide – Feinmechaniker Gesichtsrekonstruktionen während des Ersten Weltkrieges in der k.u.k. Monarchie

In the course of the fighting at the fronts of World War I, the introduction of new projectilesled to an unanticipated number of head injuries, catching the military leadershipand casualty medical support unprepared. Since the military saw the frequency of facialinjuries as an imminent danger to its forces, it determined that specialists were neededto treat facial injuries quickly and effectively.Maxillofacial doctors were confronted with a new situation. On the one hand, due todisfigurements, it became necessary to address psychological issues in treatments, andon the other hand, military leaders demanded treatment methods that would make thelargest number of soldiers fit for battle as quickly as possible. From this point on, medicalactivity was viewed as a quantifiable resource by the military and was actively integratedin warfare.The main question is: How did the injured soldiers deal with disfigurements? A reviewof existing patient files reveals different approaches soldiers took to come to termswith their facial injuries. There were patients whose complete resignation culminated insuicide and others who drafted self-confident designs for living; Franz Zamecnik’s reaction,presented in this essay, is an example of the latter.The soldiers’ and doctors’ perspectives must be assessed against the background ofinstitutional medicine and the military.

Evaluation of the Superabsorbent Effect on the Yield and Some Growth Factors of Pisum sativum L. under Drought Stress Conditions.

Deficit irrigation is an optimum technique for producing products under drought stress conditions. The superabsorbent hydrogel is a hydrophilic polymer with cross-linked 3-D hydrophilic nets that are able to take up and keep noteworthy values of water and aquatic liquids. Recently published patents have provided significant information about the superabsorbent application in agriculture. The aim of this study was to investigate the superabsorbent effect on the yield and some of the growth factors of Pisum sativum L. under drought stress conditions. The experimental factors included: irrigation treatments at two levels of 100% and 75% water requirement by the plant. The second factor included the levels of superabsorbent application which included three levels of control treatment, potting soil with a weight percentage of 0.5 and 1. The third factor was the location of the superabsorbent application. According to the results, the largest root length value corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan, the largest root dry weight value corresponded to I1S2U treatment plan, the largest plant dry weight corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan, the largest grain dry weight corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan, the largest number of grains per pod corresponded to I2S2U treatment plan and the largest number of pods per plant corresponded to I2S1U treatment plan which were significant at 5% level. It was concluded that the presence of the superabsorbent at the lower end of the pot was effective in providing water and nutrients for the plant root.

Rolnictwo ekologiczne w Polsce i perspektywy jego rozwoju w kontekście PROW 2014–2020

Celem opracowania było określenie pozycji polskiego rolnictwa ekologicznego na tle rolnictwa ekologicznego w Unii Europejskiej (UE), regionalnego rozmieszczenia producentów ekologicznych w Polsce, a także rozpoznanie zakresu wsparcia finansowego w ramach Programu Rozwoju Obszarów Wiejskich w latach 2014–2020. W artykule wykorzystano dane wtórne i zastosowano metodę analizy porównawczej. Pod względem liczby gospodarstw ekologicznych Polska w 2015 r. zajęła szóstą pozycję w UE. Z analizy wynika, że najwięcej wniosków o dofinansowanie produkcji ekologicznej w ramach działania „Rolnictwo ekologiczne” zostało zrealizowanych w województwach z największą liczbą gospodarstw ekologicznych w Polsce, a więc zachodniopomorskim, warmińsko-mazurskim i podlaskim.

Comparison of the Accuracy of Bibliographical References Generated for Medical Citation Styles by EndNote, Mendeley, RefWorks and Zotero

Bibliographical references to online and printed articles, books, contributions to edited books and web resources generated by EndNote, Mendeley, RefWorks and Zotero were compared with manually written references according to the citation instructions in 15 biomedical journals and the NLM citation style. The fewest mistakes were detected in references generated by Zotero for 11 journals and the NLM style, while the second fewest number of mistakes was found in Mendeley. The largest number of mistakes for 9 journals was found in references generated by EndNote and in the other 4 journals the largest number of mistakes was detected in RefWorks references. With regard to the individual types of resources, the lowest number of mistakes was shown by Zotero, while RefWorks had the greatest number of mistakes. All programs had problems especially with generating the URL and the date of access in the reference to online documents. It was also found that several mistakes were caused by technical limitations of the reference managers, while other mistakes originated due to incorrect setting of the citation styles. A comparison showed that Zotero and Mendeley are the most suitable managers.

Correlation and path analysis of yield and yield components of confectionary sunflower

Path coefficient analysis was applied to gain information on direct and indirect effects of studied traits (seed oil content, kernel oil content, seed protein content, kernel protein content, head diameter, kernel ratio and plant height) on sunflower seed yield. Traits which exhibit the highest effects on seed yield will be used as a selection criterion in confectionary sunflower breeding. The research was conducted during three vegetation seasons on 22 experimental confectionary sunflower hybrids, created in breeding program the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. Among the largest number of examined traits, significant and highly significant correlations were found. With the analysis of simple correlation coefficients a low interdependence was determined between, kernel protein content, plant heights with seed yield. Negative but weak correlation was determined between kernel oil content, seed protein content, kernel ratio with seed yield. Established a negative strong correlation of head diameter (-0.190*) and negative very strong correlation of seed oil content (-0.351**) with seed yield. The seed oil content had a very strong direct negative effect on seed yield (DE=-0.831**). The head diameter, plant height, seed protein content had weak negative direct effect on seed yield. Kernel protein content and kernel oil content has demonstrated a weak direct positive effect on seed yield. Path coefficient analysis for seed yield showed very strong direct effect for kernel ratio (DE=0.487*) on seed yield, it shows that the kernel ratio is important selection criterion for confectionary sunflower breeding.

Correlation and path coefficient analysis for protein yield in confectionary sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

The most important criteria for introducing new confectionary hybrids into the production is high protein yield. Path coefficient analysis was used to obtain information on direct and indirect effects of studied traits (seed oil content, kernel oil content, seed yield, kernel protein content, mass of 1000 seeds, kernel ratio and hull ratio) on protein yield. The research was conducted during three vegetation seasons, on 22 experimental confectionary sunflower hybrids created in the breeding program at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops. Strong and very strong correlations were found among the largest number of examined traits. A weak negative interdependence was determined between kernel oil content, kernel protein content, mass of 1000 seeds, hull ratio, and protein yield using the analysis of simple correlation coefficients. Positive but weak correlation was determined between protein yield and seed oil content, and kernel ratio. Very strong positive correlation was determined between protein yield and seed yield (0.468**). The seed oil content had a very strong direct negative effect on protein yield (DE=-0.734**). The mass of 1000 seeds had a weak negative direct effect on protein yield. Kernel protein content and kernel oil content demonstrated a weak direct positive effect on protein yield. Path coefficient analysis of protein yield showed a very strong positive direct effect of kernel ratio (DE=1.340**), seed yield (DE=0.657**) and hull ratio (DE=0.992*). These findings confirm the effect of seed yield, kernel ratio, and hull ratio on protein yield, and their importance as the selection criteria in confectionary sunflower breeding.

Plant-Parasitic Nematodes Associated with Garlic in Yemen

A survey was undertaken to determine the frequency and abundance ofplant-parasitic nematodes associated with garlic (Allium sativum L.) in major garlicproduction governorates in Yemen. Twenty nematode genera were found inassociation with garlic in Sana'a, Ibb and Hadramout governorates of whichAntarctenchus, Aphelenchoides, Aphelenchus, Basiria, Boleodorus, Ditylenchus,Helicotylenchus, Heterodera, Hoplolaimus, Meloidogyne, Microposthonia,Nothanguina, Pratylenchus, Rotylenchulus, Rotylenchus, Scutellonema,Tetylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus, Tylenchus and Zygotylenchus. All nematodegenera except Aphelenchus, Helicotylenchus, Meloidogyne and Tylenchorhynchushave been reported for the first time on garlic in Yemen. The most prevalent plantnematode genera associated with garlic cultivars in all surveyed districts wereAphelenchus, Ditylenchus, Pratylenchus, Tylenchorhynchus and Tylenchus. Thelargest number of nematode genera was recorded in Sana'a governorate (19genera) compared to Ibb (14 genera) and Hadramout (12 genera). Antarctenchus,Hoplolaimus, Microposthonia, Nothanguina, Scutellonema and Zygotylenchusgenera were only found in Sana'a governorate, while Heterodera was recorded onlyin Ibb governorate. The most serious pests on garlic, stem and bulb nematode(Ditylenchus) exhibited the highest average population density of 4214nematodes/250gm soil with frequency of occurrence 49%. Therefore, effects ofnematode damage on growth, vigor and yield of garlic need further investigation.

Game Ranching: A Sustainable Land Use Option and Economic Incentive for Biodiversity Conservation in Zambia

The ten provinces of Zambia were surveyed to determine number and size of game ranches situated in these areas up to the end of 2012/early 2013. Three classes of game ranches were developed as; 1) ≥500 hectares as game ranch proper, 2) ≥50 - per year for the period 1980-2012. The largest number was ornamental 98 (49%); large game ranches were 75 (38%) and the least was game farms 27 (14%). Thirty seven species of large mammals were recorded, of which, 15 were the most abundant with impala topping the list with 21,000 individuals (34%). It was found that of the ten provinces, Luapula, Western and Northern Provinces despite being largely rural with low population densities except for Luapula did not have any game ranch. The province with the largest number was Lusaka 71(36%), Southern 59 (30%), Central 31(16%), Copperbelt 19 (10%), Eastern and Northwestern 9 (4.5% each) and Muchinga was the least with 2 (1%). The rapid increase in the number of ornamental category is mainly attributed to the rise in the development of tourist accommodation facilities and high cost residential properties. This growth provides an opportunity to convert to game ranching schemes abandoned farmlands which are not currently useful to agriculture due to loss of fertility and other forms of land degradation. Similarly, parcels of land with natural ecological limitations should also be considered for such schemes. Rehabilitation of degraded land through ranching could also enhance carbon sequestration, a factor critical in minimizing carbon emissions and other green house gases.

Classification of Selected Ground Water Wells within and around Mosul City according to their Water Quality Using Factor and Cluster Analysis

The research aimed to classify 66 wells within and around Mosul city according to theirwater quality using cluster analysis. Water samples were collected and analyzed for pH, totaldissolved solids, conductivity, calcium, magnesium, chloride, sulphate and bicarbonate usingstandard methods. The data were analyzed statistically using factor and cluster analysis. Theresults of factor analysis show four groups. Conductivity, total dissolved solids, sulphate andcalcium represents the first group with the highest percent of variation (30.55%) between wells.Cluster analysis divided the wells into four homogenous clusters. The first cluster represents15(22.7%) of the wells, most of the wells of this cluster are distributed along Tigris river withlowest pH, highest sulphate and bicarbonate concentration. The second cluster includes thelargest number of wells 33(50%) with the lowest salinity since it had the lowest conductivity,total dissolved solids, calcium, magnesium and chloride. The third cluster with 4(6.1%) wells,had the highest salinity since it had the highest conductivity, total dissolved solids, calcium,magnesium and chloride. The fourth cluster includes 14(21.2%) of less acidity wells with highestpH and highest bicarbonate concentration. The research concluded that cluster analysis couldbe used as an efficient statistical grouping tool according to water quality parameters.Additionally, factor analysis can be used to analyze a large number of data and study thevariation in water quality.

Awareness and attitude of secondary school students about drug use

Introduction: Problem of addiction on psychoactive substances is one of the most diffi cult problems in a modern society, which brings serious consequences, both for the individual, his environment and the whole society.Methods: The study included 95 children and adolescents of medical school. Among the respondents, there were 44 subjects of third year of high school and 51 respondent-grader.Results: Students involved in this research as an answer to why young people start using drugs often reported curiosity in over 50% of cases, as well as pressure of friends. For students who use narkotine respondents generally thought they are reasonable and sufficiently weak and limited personality. Thelargest number of high school students who were involved in the study did not know the individuals who use drugs.Conclusion: Drug addiction is a serious problem all over the country, and the number of addicts is becoming larger. Particularly worrisome is the fact that the consumption of the drug phenomenon is a characteristic of young population, especially high school students

Microbiological transformations of phosphorus and sulphur compounds in acid soils

The dynamics of phosphorus and sulphur in soil is closely related to the dynamics of the biological cycle in which microorganisms play a central role. There is not much microbiological activity in acid soils because aerobes are scarce, rhizosphere is restricted to the shallow surface layer, and the biomass of microorganisms decreases with higher acidity. The aim of the research was to investigate the number of microorganisms, which decompose organic and inorganic phosphorus compounds and organic sulphur compounds in calcocambisol, luvisol, and pseudogley. The following parameters were determined in the soil samples: pH in H2O and in 1MKCl; the content of CaCO3 (%); humus content (%), nitrogen content (%); the content of physiologically active phosphorus and potassium (mg P2O5/100g of soil; mg K2O/100g of soil). The number of microorganisms was determined by the method of agar plates on appropriate nutrient media: the number of microorganisms solubilizing phosphates on a medium by Muramcov; the number of microorganisms that decompose organic phosphorus compounds on a medium with lecithin; and the number of microorganisms that transform organic sulphur compounds on a medium by Baar. All three types of soil are acid non-carbonate soils with a low level of available phosphorus and a more favorable amount of potassium, nitrogen, and humus. The largest number of bacteria, which transform organic phosphorus compounds, was found in calcocambisol. The largest number of phosphate solubilizing bacteria was recorded in pseudogley, whereas the largest number of phosphate solubilizing fungi was recorded in calcocambisol. The largest number of bacteria, which transform organic sulphur compounds, was recorded in pseudogley.

Multicritério Aplicado à Seleção de Sistemas de Informação: Uma Revisão Bibliográfica

The selection of Information Systems using multicriteria methods is a process discussed by severalauthors in the literature. However, this information is scattered and often present an isolated and specificanalysis. This article presents a compilation of 33 articles in the literature, providing the reader with areference with an overview on this topic. The articles were selected with the help of search engines availableon the bases Scopus, ISI, and Engineering Village, accessed through the CAPES periodicals portal. The surveyresults indicate a continuous growth in the number of articles published in the current decade, and the largestnumber of publications were conducted by authors affiliated to institutions located in Turkey and Taiwan,as well as the most used multicriteria method was AHP. Based on this survey, we can also conclude that thelargest number of multicriteria methods applications for the selection of Information Systems occurred forintegrated systems.

A PROTOCOL FOR MICROPROPAGATION OF Chrysanthemum morifolium, RAMAT. PLANTS

An in vitro propagation was carried out at Plant Tissue CultureLaboratory, Agricultural Development System Project (ADSP), Ministry ofAgriculture, during the successive seasons of 2004/2005 and 2005/2006, tofind out the favorable methodology for in vitro propagation ofChrysanthemum morifolium, Ramat. The results could be summarized in thefollowing:The largest shoot length and number of leaves /shoot tip or nodeexplants occurred due MS medium supplemented with 0.1 mg /L TDZ, whereasshoot formation (%) was the best when shoot tips or nodes were subculture inWPM medium supplied with 0.1mg /L TDZ, but callus formation favoured the1.0 mg/l TDZ on WPM. Application GA3 at 1.0 mg /L to shoot tips, subcultureon MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg BA /L., resulted the best shootlength, number of leaves as well as shoot and callus formation. Applying 0.5mg /L TDZ combined with 2.0 mg /L IAA to shoot tip explants gave the morenumber of leaves and shoot formation. While 2.0 mg /L IAA alone on shoottips resulted the longest shoots. The heaviest callus formation occurred onnode explants treated with 0.5 mg TDZ/l.Shoot tips subculture on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BAunder light intensity of 1000 lux produced the larger number of leaves andshoot length.Callus formation was the heaviest on node explants under 1000 lux lightintensity. The largest number of leaves and shoot length occurred on shoottips subculture on MS medium supplied with 1.0 mg /L BA under 240C.But,callus formation was the best on node explants under 17 0C. Addingsucrose to MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg /L BA was the bestcompared to fructose and glucose as sources of carbon in producing shootlength, number of leaves and callus formation. The highest values ofcharacters occurred due to 20 g /L sucrose combined with shoot tip explants.Shoot length and number of leaves/ shoot tip or node explants were the largestwhen treated with 1.0 mg /L BA, combined with 15 g. /L sucrose. Whereasnumber of shoots on shoot tips, or node explants was the highest at 1.0 mg /LBA with 10 g /L sucrose. The 1.0 mg /L IAA combined with 15 g /L sucrose ledto the heaviest callus formation. While root length was the longest by 0.1mg /LBA combined with sucrose at 10 g /L. MS medium at 1/2 strength resulted thelargest number of roots, root length and root formation, While full strength ofMS failed to induce roots .Reducing MS strength caused concomitant decreasein the growth; characters shoot length and number of leaves. MS salts mediumat full strength gave the largest growth characters.