Their Total Phenolic Research Articles

In vitro Antioxidant Activities of Trianthema portulacastrum L. Hydrolysates.

Hydrolysates of Trianthema portulacastrum in acidified methanol were evaluated for their total phenolic (TP) constituents and respective antioxidant activities using in vitro assays (i.e., 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, percent inhibition of linoleic acid peroxidation, and ferric reducing power). The observed results indicate that root, shoot, and leaf fractions of T. portulacastrum contain 50.75~98.09 mg gallic acid equivalents/g dry weight of TP. In addition, these fractions have substantial reducing potentials (0.10~0.59), abilities to inhibit peroxidation (43.26~89.98%), and DPPH radical scavenging capabilities (6.98~311.61 μg/mL IC50). The experimental data not only reveal T. portulacastrum as potential source of valuable antioxidants, but also indicate that acidified methanol may be an ideal choice for the enhanced recovery of phenolic compounds with retained biological potential for the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Phytochemical and Biological Activities of the Wild Grape Fruit Extracts Using Different Solvents

Aims: To investigate the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the solvent extracts of wild grape fruits in different colors. Study Design: The solvent extracts of wild grape (Ampelocissus martinii Planch.) fruits were prepared by mixing grinded fruit in each solvent. The filtrates were evaporated using a rotary evaporation at 45ºC until the weight of evaporated filtrate were less than 10% of the original weight. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahasarakham University, Thailand, between August 2012 and May 2013. Methodology: All extracts were investigated for their total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid contents (TFC) by Folin-Ciocalteu and colorimetric aluminum chloride assays, respectively as well as antioxidant activity using 2,2΄-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. They also tested for their antibacterial activity against infective bacteria using agar well diffusion method. Results: Methanolic extracts showed the highest of TPC comparison to other. The methanolic extract from green wild grape has the highest of TPC, followed by ethanolic extract. The ethanolic extracts of red and black wild grape fruits found the highest of TFC whereas the green wild grape using methanol showed the highest TFC. All methanolic extracts showed the lowest of IC50 values when compared to other solvents in the same color. Among them, the methanolic extract from green wild grape has the lowest of IC50 values which considered to be the highest powerful of antioxidant activity. The obtained results were directly trend with the FRAB values. However, the ethanolic extract showed antioxidant activity similar as the methanolic extract. The methanolic extract from green wild grape showed good antibacterial activity. All ethanolic extracts showed widely and similarly inhibition of selected bacteria, but no activity in all water extracts. The MIC and MBC of all extracts were arranged of 500-250 µg/mL. Conclusion: Methanol and ethanol should be used as good solvent extraction of wild grape fruits to obtain high TPC and TFC and good biological activities.

The main quality attributes of non-sprayed cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis Roem.) genotypes

Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis) is naturally growing in black sea region in Turkey and the trees has not been spraying with pesticides. In natural growing conditions, all cherry laurel genotypes particularly fruits are seems resistant against pests. Astringent nature of fruits forms a barrier for pests. A total twelve cherry laurel accessions were harvested at full maturation time from various sites in Of district located in eastern black sea region in Turkey. Fruits were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA), total carotenoid (TC), Vitamin C and for their antioxidant capacity by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in fruit flesh extract. Variability among accessions was greatest for total phenol (TP) and total anthocyanins content ranged from 154 to 213 mg GAE per 100 g and 397 to 519 mg per 100 g. The results indicated that cherry laurel fruits are superior and unique in terms of bioactive content in particular compared to bioactive rich fruit species.

Antioxidant capacity and chemical properties of selected barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) fruits

Six purple-black barberry accessions (Berberis vulgaris L.) were obtained from various sites in Sivas province of Turkey. Fruits were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP), total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) contents and for their antioxidant capacity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and TEAC assays. Sugar and organic acid composition were also determined by HPLC. TP and TMA contents were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and pH differential methods, respectively. Variability between the accessions was not high. Variability among accessions was greatest for FRAP content (C.V. 17.9%); individuals ranged from 41.0 to 65.6 μmol TE·g−1 on a fresh weight basis. Variation among the accessions was also evident for TP, TMA, and TEAC values (C.V. 16.21%, 14.85%, and 7.13%, respectively). The major sugars of barberry fruits were glucose (8.84 g·100 mL−1) and fructose (6.12 g·100 mL−1) and dominant organic acids were malic (7.59 g·100 mL−1) and citric (1.34 g·100 mL−1). Within this limited study of six different accessions, chemical profile and antioxidant capacity of barberry fruits have rich source of natural antioxidant substances.

Effects of juice processing on cranberry antioxidant properties

The effects of the industrial juice process on the antioxidant capacities of cranberry samples and of three phenolic extracts (polar phenolics (E1), apolar phenolics (E2) and anthocyanins (E3)) adjusted at pH 2.5 and 7.0 were investigated. The free radical-scavenging (FRS) and the lipid peroxidation inhibition (LPI) activities of each sample and extract, were studied using a N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine discoloration test and the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay, respectively. The FRS and the LPI results, expressed in mM Trolox® equivalent (TE)/mg phenol and mg TE/mL/mg phenol, respectively, showed a negative effect of the juice process steps on E1. The E2 and E3 extracts were also affected by the process but not as much. The milling step increased the FRS capacity of E2 and E3 extracts, but decreased their LPI capacity. The evaporation of the juice did not have a significant effect on the FRS capacity, but lowered the LPI capacity. Before and after each step of the juice process, the FRS capacity of the cranberry extracts was greater than the LPI capacity. The results were consistent in classifying the FRS capacity of the extracts in the following order of polarity: E1 > E3 > E2; and their total phenolic (TP) content in the following order: E3 > E2 > E1. In general, the neutralization of the pH of the extracts did not significantly influence the changes observed during the juice process in the FRS and LPI capacity, except for E3 for which a decrease in the LPI capacity was observed.

Effects of air and soil temperatures on the chemical composition of fruit and agronomic performance in strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.)

SummaryThe effects of different air and soil temperatures on the levels of bioactive components in strawberry fruit (cv. Elsanta) were studied under Winter greenhouse conditions, as were agronomic parameters such as fruit yield, fruit size, and leaf area. The following three temperature Treatments were applied: A, cool (day/night: 16°C/12°C); B, warm (day/night: 22°C/16°C); and C, warm with soil heating to 26°C during the day. Increasing the air temperature in the greenhouse, or the soil temperature, decreased the average fruit weight. Fruit quality attributes such as dry matter and soluble solids contents, and titratable acidity, were not significantly influenced by the different treatments. Strawberries grown in the cool environment (Treatment A) had a lower anti-oxidant capacity, in terms of their total phenolics (TP) content, trolox equivalent anti-oxidant capacity (TEAC), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), than strawberries produced in the warmer environment (Treatment B). This was due to lower concentrations of total monomeric anthocyanins, total pro-anthocyanidins, total ellagitannins, and kaempferol 3-glucoside-malonate. On the other hand, ascorbic acid concentrations in fruit grown in the cooler environment were higher compared to fruit grown in the warmer environment. An increase in soil temperature in the warmer environment (Treatment C) did not result in any additional accumulation of anthocyanins, or any other phenolics in the fruit, except for p-coumaroyl glucose. However, the concentrations of pro-anthocyanidins were even lower in fruit grown with heated soil. These results showed that air and soil temperatures have a significant influence on the phenolics composition of strawberries.

Total phenolic, anthocyanin contents and antioxidant capacity of selected elderberry (Sambucus canadensis L.) accessions

Fourteen purple-black American elderberry accessions (Sambucus canadensis L.) obtained from various sites in midwestern USA and then grown at a single Ohio production site in USA were analyzed for their total phenolic (TP) and total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) contents and for their antioxidant capacity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and DPPH radical scavenging assays. Total phenolic and anthocyanin contents were measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and the pH differential methods, respectively. Overall, the phytonutrient contents and antioxidant capacity of our elderberry accessions were similar to those typically reported for black raspberries, blackberries and other dark-fleshed small fruits. Variability among accessions was greatest for TMA content (CV 37.5%); individuals ranged nearly threefold from 1308 to 4004 μg cy3-GE/g on a fresh weight basis. Variation among accessions was also evident for TP, FRAP and DPPH values (CV 14.4, 21.7 and 26.8%, respectively). TP and TMA values were very highly correlated (r = 0.93), although individuals differed in the estimated proportion of total phenolics attributable to anthocyanins. Both TP and TMA also highly correlated to antioxidant capacity values (r = 0.70–0.85). Within this limited study of 14 accessions, variability for phytonutrient content and antioxidant capacity suggested the employment of wild germplasm within an elderberry improvement program to incorporate an array of superior horticultural, post-harvest or processing traits into new or existing cultivars with superior phytonutrient profiles.