Their Total Phenolic Content Research Articles

Antioxidant and antithrombotic activities of the Distichochlamys citrea leaves extract

Distichochlamys citrea (DC) is an endemic ginger species used in treating associated-heart diseases in traditional medicine in Vietnam. However, scientific evidence to support the local use of this plant was limited. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant and antithrombotic activities of D. citrea extracts for the first time. The antioxidant activity of DC extracts was assessed by scavenging DPPH radical and measuring their total phenolic content (TPC). The antithrombotic activity was evaluated by inhibiting platelet aggregation and prolonging blood coagulation. Volatile components elucidated by GC-MS were docked with typical platelet receptors, including COX-1 and P2Y12. Results showed that the methanol extract of D. citrea exhibited a stronger DPPH scavenging ability (IC50 = 0.33 ± 0.00 mg/mL) and a higher TPC (8.09 ± 0.21%) than other extracts (p < 0.05). On the other hand, the hexane extract of D. citrea (DC-HX) had a remarkable inhibiting impact on ADP-, collagen- and ristocetin–induced platelet aggregation in a dose-dependent manner (Pearson’s correlation, r > 0.90, p < 0.05). In contrast, this extract did not lengthen the clotting time through any factors, such as PT (prothrombin time), and TT (thrombin time), except for APTT (activated partial thromboplastin time) at 4 mg/mL of the extract. GC-MS revealed that oxygenated hydrocarbons (54.45%) dominated the volatile profile of DC-HX, followed by sesquiterpens (37.18%) and diterpenes (6.66%). In the platelet aggregation process, several compounds in DC-HX were firmly bound to COX-1 and P2Y12, which might partly explain the significant antiaggregatory activity of this fraction. In conclusion, Distichochlamys citrea may be a potential source of active phytoconstituents for treating radicals- and cardiovascular-associated diseases.

Intra- and Interspecies Differences of Two Cecropia Species from Tabasco, Mexico, Determined through the Metabolic Analysis and 1H-NMR-Based Fingerprinting of Hydroalcoholic Extracts.

The genus Cecropia is used in the traditional medicine of Tabasco, Mexico, in diabetes and hypertension treatments, mainly without distinction of the species. This contribution aimed to carry out the metabolic analysis and Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy-based fingerprinting of the hydroalcoholic leaf extracts of Cecropia peltata (Cp) and Cecropia obtusifolia (Co) collected in five sub-regions of the State of Tabasco (Cp1, "Centro"; Cp2, "Chontalpa"; Cp3, "Pantanos"; Cp4, "Ríos" and Co5, "Sierra"). Firstly, the extracts were evaluated for their Total Phenol Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) by spectrophotometric methods. In addition, metabolic analysis was performed using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection HPLC-DAD, which allowed the quantification of the chemical markers: chlorogenic acid, isoorientin, and orientin, as well as a vitexin analog. Finally, metabolomic analysis was carried out based on the 1H-NMR spectra. The Cp4 extract (C. peltata from the "Ríos" sub-region) presented the highest values of TPC (155 ± 9.1 mg GAE/g E) and TFC (724 ± 22.2 mg RE/g E). The metabolic analysis was similar among the five samples; the highest concentrations of the four chemical markers were found in Cp3 (C. peltata from the "Pantanos" sub-region) for chlorogenic acid (39.8 ± 2.3 mg/g) and isoorientin (51.5 ± 2.9 mg/g), in Cp4 for orientin (49.9 ± 0.6 mg/g), and in Cp2 (C. peltata from the "Chontalpa" sub-region) for the vitexin analog (6.2 ± 0.2 mg/g). The metabolic analysis and the 1H-NMR fingerprint analysis showed intraspecies differences among the C. peltata samples and interspecies between C. peltata and C. obtusifolia, which were attributed to variations in the metabolite groups as well as in the proportion of sugars such as glucose and xylose.

Scrophularia peyronii Post. from Jordan: Chemical Composition of Essential Oil and Phytochemical Profiling of Crude Extracts and Their In Vitro Antioxidant Activity.

The genus Scrophularia is one of the largest genera belonging to the Scrophulariaceae family. Different members of the genus exhibit an interesting, wide spectrum of bioactivities. Accordingly, the current study aimed to investigate, for the first time, the chemical composition of the essential oil of Scrophularia peyronii Post. from Jordan. Additionally, extracts obtained from the aerial parts with solvents of different polarities were assayed for their phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant activities. The major constituents detected in the essential oil, as revealed by GC/MS analysis, contained mainly Z,Z-farnesyl acetone (11.04%), β-elemene (6.36%), n-octanal (5.98%), and spathulenol (4.58%). Each of the aqueous methanol (Sp-M) and butanol (Sp-B) extracts contained flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinone, and glycosides. Both extracts were evaluated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and their in vitro antioxidant activity, which were assayed using the DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS radical scavenging methods. Additionally, the two extracts were then subjected to LC-ESI-MS/MS for the qualitative determination of their secondary metabolite content, especially in flavonoids and phenolic compounds. The results showed that the Sp-B extract of S. peyronii had the highest contents of both phenolic compounds and flavonoids and showed high radical scavenging activity, as determined by the two assay methods, when compared with the Sp-M extract. The LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis resulted in the detection of 21 compounds, including 8 flavonoids, 6 phenolic acids, 6 iridoids, and 2 acids. Although the majority of compounds were detected in both extracts, it was noticed that scropolioside B, 6'-O-cinnamoylharpagide, isoferulic acid, and 6-O-methylcatapol were only detected in the Sp-M fraction.

Efficacy of Dried Indian Gooseberry Kombucha on a Pre–industrial Scale: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity

Kombucha is a fermented tea beverage that has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential health benefi ts. In this study, dried Indian gooseberry kombucha (DIGK) was produce on a pre-industrial-scale for 20 days and compare with traditional kombucha (TK) made from green tea. Both products were produced as concentrated kombucha and investigated for their total phenolic content (TPC), total fl avonoid content (TFC), antioxidant activity, organic acids, and antimicrobial activity. The results revealed that DIGK had signifi cantly higher total phenolic compounds (with 5.97 ± 0.21 mg GAE/ml), fl avonoids (with 4.65 ± 0.20 mg QE/ml), and antioxidant activity (11.3-13.5 times) than traditional kombucha TK. The glucuronic, ascorbic and acetic acid of DIGK was higher than TK, while gluconic and D-saccharic acid-1,4-lactone (DSL) were lower than TK. The chemical properties in kombucha increased after the production of concentrated kombucha. The order of increasing values for TPC and antioxidant activity was as follows: concentrated DIGK > DIGK > concentrated TK > TK. Additionally, the determined TFC values showed that the order of increasing values was concentrated DIGK > concentrated TK > DIGK > TK. The concentrated kombucha showed higher antimicrobial activity against pathogenic enteric bacteria than the non-concentrated kombucha, with DIGK had higher activity than TK.

Antioxidant properties and antibacterial activity of water extracts from Sambucus nigra L. under different conditions

In folk medicine, dried white flowers of Sambucus nigra L. are used to make infusions, decoctions, and juices. The present article aims to study and compare the antioxidant activity of aqueous solutions of leaves and flowers of Sambucus nigra L obtained at different exposure times and assess the antibacterial activity of these solutions against Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Salmonella NCTC 6017, Listeria monocytogenes NCTC 11994, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25093. We studied the physicochemical properties of aqueous extracts of leaves (fresh) and flowers (fresh and dry) of Sambucus nigra L collected from the Rhodope region of Bulgaria. The samples from Sambucus nigra L were analyzed to determine their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The diameters (in millimeters) of the growth inhibition zones of four pathogens were measured, and a comparative assessment of their antibacterial activity was made. The infusions of fresh blossoms and fresh leaves of Sambucus nigra L had the highest antioxidant activity at the total contact time of 30 minutes (82.7mmol TE/100ml) and 35 minutes (36.5mmol TE/100ml), respectively. The phenol-richest infusions were those made from dried flowers of Sambucus nigra L after a 30-minute contact time (86.7mg GAE/ml). Of the four pathogens we studied, we found that the extracts affected partially only the pathogenic bacteria of Salmonella. The highest content of bioactive components was obtained from dried blossoms of Sambucus nigra L. for infusions with a total contact time of 30 minutes and for decoctions at a contact time of 45 minutes.

Effect of olive-processing technology on the utilization of olive mill pomace as a soil amendment.

In the Mediterranean basin, the treatment and disposal of olive mill pomace (OMP) remain a salient environmental issue for the olive oil-producing industry. This study assesses the effects of olive-processing technology (three-phase and two-phase systems) on the potential use of OMP as a soil amendment. Samples from 12 Croatian olive mills were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), residual oil fraction, and elemental concentration. The samples were profiled using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and structurally characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Compared to three-phase samples, two-phase OMP was more acidic (pH 4.5vs. 5.0), with a higher TPC (3835vs. 1576mg/kg fresh weight), oil content (11.7%vs. 7.5% d.w., where d.w. is dry weight), electrical conductivity (EC, 5.1vs. 3.0 mS/cm), and levels of calcium (Ca, 1.34vs. 1.20g/kg d.w.) and copper (Cu, 10.4vs. 7.0mg/kg d.w.). Similar values of carbon/nitrogen (C/N; 61vs. 72), N (10vs. 8.1g/kg d.w.), phosphorus (1040vs. 691mg/kg d.w.), and potassium (K, 13.7vs. 8.1g/kg d.w.) were observed. The amounts of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc were below EC limits in both cases. The EDS mapping revealed that Ca was concentrated at sharp-edged OMP particles while K was evenly distributed, suggesting that pelletized OMP compost is preferable for amending soil to obtain a homogeneous distribution of nutrients. It was also possible to distinguish between OMPs based on oil and lignin absorption bands in their FT-IR spectra. According to the obtained results, composting is recommended for both types of OMP to produce a safe product for amendment purposes.

LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 Characterization of Phenolic Compounds in Different Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) Samples and Their Antioxidant Capacity.

Lentil (Lens culinaris M.) is a legume widely consumed worldwide. It is rich in bioactive compounds, including polyphenolic compounds that contribute to positive health benefits. This study aimed to determine the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of black, red, green, and brown whole lentils. Towards this end, the lentils' phenolic compounds were evaluated regarding their total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total tannin content (TTC), total condensed tannin (TCT), total proanthocyanin content (TPAC), total anthocyanin content (TAC). For the antioxidant activity 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (•OH-RSA), ferrous ion chelating activity (FICA), reducing power assay (RPA) and phosphomolybdate (PMA) assay were accessed. To identify individual phenolic compounds, liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2) was used. The results showed that green lentils exhibited the highest TPC (0.96 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) whereas red lentils presented the highest TFC (0.06 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/g). Black lentils were noted with the highest TCT (0.03 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g), TPAC (0.009 mg cyanidin chloride equivalents (CCE)/g), and TAC (3.32 mg/100 g) contents. While the greatest TTC (2.05 mg tannic acid equivalents (TAE)/g) was observed in the brown lentil. Regarding the total antioxidant capacity, red lentils (4.01 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/g) presented the greatest activity, whereas the lowest was found in the brown samples (2.31 mg AAE/g). The LC-ESI-QTOF-MS2 tentatively identified a total of 22 phenolic compounds, containing 6 phenolic acids, 13 flavonoids, 2 lignans, and 1 other polyphenol. The relationships among phenolic compounds by Venn Diagram showed a high number of overlapping compounds in brown and red lentils (6.7%), and a low number of overlapping compounds between the green, brown, and black lentils (2.6%). Flavonoids were the most abundant phenolic compound within the studied whole lentils, with the brown lentils being the richest in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids. This study emphasized a comprehensive understanding of the antioxidant potential of lentils and disclosed the phenolic distribution across various lentil samples. This may increase interest in the development of functional food products, nutraceutical ingredients, and pharmaceutical applications with lentils.

Effect of Different Drying Treatments and Sieving on Royal Gala Apple Pomace, a Thickening Agent with Antioxidant Properties.

Currently, there is an increasing interest in the search of natural derived materials as valuable substitutes for microplastics. One of the categories investigated, represented by thickening agents deriving from agri-food waste and apple pomace (AP), was considered of interest. In this study AP was submitted to three different treatments and drying conditions (oven drying at 55 °C for 12 h; homogenization and oven drying at 55 °C for 12 h; homogenization and freeze-drying), and then grinded and sieved obtaining three different dimensional fractions (>400 µm, 250-400 µm and <250 µm). The hydroalcoholic extracts of these fractions, obtained by ultrasound-assisted extraction, were analyzed to compare their total phenol content (TPC), antioxidant properties, and phenol profile. Correlation studies between the above-indicated parameters were also carried out. The highest values of TPC, antioxidant capacity, and phenol content (determined by liquid chromatography) were found for oven dried AP (250-400 μm) or homogenized and freeze-dried (>400 μm) samples. Both samples were most suitable to form stable hydrogels and the sample obtained after drying at 55 °C showed the best performances in terms of ability to form a stable hydrogel. Among the studied treatments and drying conditions, the oven dried AP was demonstrated to be an interesting stabilizing material with potential applications in many fields (such as food, cosmetics, and nutraceuticals) showing both antioxidant activity and thickening capacity.

Ballota saxatilis from Jordan: Evaluation of Essential Oil Composition and Phytochemical Profiling of Crude Extracts and Their In-Vitro Antioxidant Activity

The chemical composition of essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex C.Presl from Jordan has been elucidated by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, aqueous methanol (BsA), Butanol (BsB) and water (BsW) extracts were screened for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activities using the 2,2 Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) methods. The most potent extracts were screened for their phenolic acids and flavonoid content using liquid the chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique. The results indicated that the essential oil predominantly contained cis-pinane (14.76%), β-caryophyllene (8.91%) and allo-aromadendrene epoxide (6.39%). Among the different extracts investigated, the BsB fraction had the most TPC and TFC (455.79 ± 1.03 µg gallic acid/g dry extract; 272.62 ± 8.28 µg quercetin/g dry extract, respectively) and had the best radical and radical cation scavenging activities, as determined using the DPPH and ABTS methods. Quantitative and qualitative LC-MS analyses of BsA and BsB using LC-MS revealed each of the kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (30.29%), chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (7.93%) and luteolin 7-o-glucoside (7.76%) as the main constituents of the BsA fraction. The BsB fraction was rich in 7,4′-dimethoxy-3-hydroxyflavone (34.68%), kaempferol-3,7,4′-trimethyl ether (29.17%) and corymbosin (9.66%) and lower concentration levels of kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside (1.63%) and chrysoeriol-7-glucoside (0.51%).

GC/MS and LC-MS/MS phytochemical evaluation of the essential oil and selected secondary metabolites of Ajuga orientalis from Jordan and its antioxidant activity

The current investigation aimed to shed light in the volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites of Ajuga orientalis L. from Jordan. GC/MS and GC/FID analysis of the hydrodistilled essential oil obtained from aerial parts of the plant revealed tiglic acid (18.90 %) as main constituent. Each of the methanol and butanol fractions of A. orientalis were screened for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity determined by DDPH and ABTS methods. The extracts were then analyzed by LC-ESI-MS/MS to unveil their chemical constituents, especially phenols and flavonoids. Results showed that the AO-B extract had the highest TPC (217.63 ± 2.65 mg gallic acid/g dry extract), TFC (944.41 ± 4.77 mg quercetin /g dry extract), highest DPPH and ABTS antioxidant activity ((4.00 ± 0.20) × 10-2; (3.00 ± 0.20) × 10-2 mg/mL, respectively) as compared to the AO-M extract. LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of both extracts revealed the presence of several phenolics, flavonoids and nonphenolic acids.

Comparative Study of Novel Methods for Olive Leaf Phenolic Compound Extraction Using NADES as Solvents

Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES) composed of choline chloride with maltose (CMA), glycerol (CGL), citric (CCA) and lactic acid (CLA) combined with microwave (MAE), ultrasound (UAE), homogenate (HAE) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHPAE)-assisted extraction methods were applied to recover and compare olive leaf phenolic compounds. The resultant extracts were evaluated for their total phenol content (TPC), phenolic profile and antioxidant activity and compared with those of water and ethanol:water 70% v/v extracts. HAE was proven to be the most efficient method for the recovery of olive leaf phenolic compounds. The highest TPC (55.12 ± 1.08 mg GAE/g d.w.) was found in CCA extracts after HAE at 60 °C and 12,000 rpm, and the maximum antioxidant activity (3.32 ± 0.39 g d.w./g DPPH) was found in CGL extracts after UAE at 60 °C for 30 min. The TPCs of ethanol extracts were found to be higher than those of NADES extracts in most cases. The predominant phenolic compounds in the extracts were oleuropein, hydrohytyrosol and rutin.

Comparison of Phenolic Contents and Antioxidant Activities for Black and White Desert Truffles Spread in Syria

Desert truffle is considered as a type of Syrian wild fungi that spreads heavily, and it occupies important rank in folk medicine, where its aqueous extract is used for the treatment of some eye and skin illnesses, and people prefer the use of black truffle. This work interested in studying of the most available species; Terfezia claveryi (black) and Tirmania pinoyi (white). The extracts of the two species of truffle were prepared by maceration with water, methanol, and ethanol 70%. Their total phenolic contents (TPC) and total flavonoid contents (TFC) were analyzed using Folin-ciocalteu and Aluminum chloride methods respectively, and their antioxidant activities was tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) methods, after microscopic examination and detection of phytochemical components. Then, phenolic profile of ethanolic 70% extract of black truffle T.claveryi was studied by using LC-MS/MS. The values of TPC were between 25.3-43.6 mg GAE/g dry extract and TFC were between 2.5-6.8 mg QE/g dry extract. The values of DPPH (IC50) and FRAP were between 5.6-9.0 mg/ml and 90.1-153.4 µmol AAE/g dry extract respectively. There is a great similarity in content and activity of two species, also the aqueous extract is similar to other extracts in content and activity, and this means that the method of extract preparation in traditional medicine is reliable. It has been predicted about 14 phenolic compounds in the extract; as p-Hydroxy benzoic acid, Syringic acid and trans-Cinnamic acid. As a result, both truffle species are a new rich resource of antioxidant compounds which are usable in nutritional, cosmetic, and therapeutic applications.

Biscuits Enriched with Monofloral Bee Pollens: Nutritional Properties, Techno-Functional Parameters, Sensory Profile, and Consumer Preference.

Bee pollens are potential functional food ingredients as they contain essential nutrients and a wide range of bioactive compounds. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of enrichment with monofloral bee pollens on the nutritional properties, techno-functional parameters, sensory profile, and consumer preference of biscuits. Biscuits were prepared according to the AACC-approved method by substituting wheat flour with pollens of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.), phacelia (Phacelia tanacetifolia Benth.) and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) at 2%, 5% and 10% levels. The macronutrient composition of the biscuits was determined: crude protein content (Kjeldahl method), crude fat content (Soxhlet extraction), ash content (carbonization), moisture content (drying), carbohydrate content (formula). Their total phenolic content (TPC) and in vitro antioxidant capacity (FRAP, TEAC, DPPH) were determined spectrophotometrically. The colour of the biscuits was measured using a tristimulus-based instrument, and their texture was characterized by using a texture analyser. Sensory profile of biscuits was determined by qualitative descriptive analysis (QDA). The consumer acceptance and purchase intention of the biscuits were also evaluated, based on the responses of 100 consumers. Additionally, an external preference map was created to illustrate the relationship between consumer preference and the sensory profile of the biscuits, and penalty analysis was conducted to identify directions for product development. Phacelia pollen appeared to be the most effective for improving the nutritional quality of biscuits. The addition of phacelia pollen at the 10% substitution level increased the protein content and TPC of the control biscuit by 21% and 145%, respectively. Significant changes (p < 0.05) were also observed regarding the colour and texture of biscuits. The results of the QDA revealed that biscuits containing pollens of different botanical sources have heterogeneous sensory attributes. The biscuit containing sunflower pollen at the 2% substitution level was preferred the most (overall liking = 6.9 ± 1.6), and purchase intentions were also the highest for this product. Based on the results of the present study, it is recommended to use sunflower pollen for developing pollen-enriched foods in the future.

Assessment of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Properties of Selected Greek Propolis Samples (North East Aegean Region Islands)

Propolis is a bee-produced substance rich in bioactive compounds, which has been utilized widely in folk medicine, in food supplement and cosmetology areas because of its biological properties, (antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, etc.). The subject of this study is associated with the chemical analysis and the biological evaluation of 16 propolis samples from the northeast Aegean region Greek islands, a well-recognized geographic area and the homeland of rich flora as a crossroads between Europe and Asia. Our study resulted in the detection of a significant percentage of diterpenes by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), while flavonoids were identified in low percentages among studied samples. Furthermore, the DPPH assay highlighted that eight of the samples (Lesvos and Lemnos origin) demonstrated a promising antioxidant profile, further verified by their total phenolic content (TPC). Additionally, the propolis samples most rich in diterpenes showed significant antibacterial and fungicidal properties against human pathogenic microorganisms, proving them to be a very interesting and promising crude material for further applications, concluding that floral diversity is the most responsible for the bioactivity of the propolis samples.

Chemometric Screening of Oregano Essential Oil Composition and Properties for the Identification of Specific Markers for Geographical Differentiation of Cultivated Greek Oregano

The present study investigated the potential interconnection between the place of cultivation of Greek oregano samples and the composition and properties of their essential oils (EOs). In addition, it attempted to identify characteristic chemical features that could differentiate between geographical origins with the use of chemometric tools. To this end, a total of 142 samples of commercially available Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) plants harvested during the calendar years 2017–2018 were obtained for this study. The samples came from five different geographical areas of Greece and represented twelve localities. After appropriate processing, the oregano samples were subjected to hydrodistillation (HD), and the resulting EOs were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, and chemical composition. The acquired data were subjected to the chemometric methods of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to investigate the potential of classifying the oregano samples in terms of geographical origin. In addition, stepwise LDA (SLDA) was used as a final step to narrow down the number of variables and identify those wielding the highest discriminatory power (marker compounds). Carvacrol was identified as the most abundant component in the majority of samples, with a content ranging from 28.74% to 68.79%, followed by thymol, with a content ranging from 7.39% to 35.22%. The TPC values, as well as the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) values, showed no significant variations among the samples, ranging from 74.49 ± 3.57 mg GAE/g EO to 89.03 ± 4.76 mg GAE/g EO, and from 306.83 ± 5.01 μmol TE/g EO to 461.32 ± 7.27 μmol TE/g EO, respectively. The application of the cross-validation method resulted in high correct classification rates in both geographical groups studied (93.3% and 82.7%, respectively), attesting to a strong correlation between location and oregano EO composition.

Enrichment and bioactivities of polyphenols of crude extract by deep eutectic solvent extraction from foxtail millet bran

SummaryThe adsorption and desorption capabilities of eight types of macroporous adsorption resins (MARs) for polyphenols from foxtail millet bran (FMB) extract were investigated. The D101 resin demonstrated the highest adsorption and desorption capacity, followed by the AB‐8, DM301 and ADS‐17 resins. The reaction kinetics for the adsorption of FMB polyphenols onto MARs accorded with a pseudo‐first‐order model (R2 &gt; 0.99), with an apparent adsorption rate constant (K) of 1.225 × 10−2 g/mg·min. The adsorption process of FMB polyphenols onto D101 resin could be best described with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R2 &gt; 0.99). The phenolic fractions were separated using silica gel column chromatography, and their total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity, total flavonoid content (TFC), anti‐glycosylation activity and acetylcholinesterase and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities were compared. Fraction 4 had the highest abundance of phenolic compounds, with N′‐p‐coumaroyl‐N″‐feruloylspermidine (461.65 ± 0.79 μg/g) and N′,N″‐di‐feruloylspermidine (578.46 ± 2.56 μg/g) being the predominant phenolics, the best acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and anti‐glycosylation activity. Fraction 5 contained the highest apigenin‐C‐dihexoside, and therefore showed the best performance of α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity. Fractions 4 and 5 displayed high antioxidant, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and anti‐diabetic potential, indicating that these two fractions should be targeted for further high‐value utilisation of free polyphenols from FMB.

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities on Selected Bamboo Leaves.

The therapeutic potential of bamboos has acquired global attention. Nonetheless, the biological activities of the plants are rarely considered due to limited available references in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, the drying technique could significantly affect the retention and degradation of nutrients in bamboos. Consequently, the current study investigated five drying methods, namely, sun, shade, microwave, oven, and freeze-drying, of the leaves of six bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Dinochloa sublaevigata, Gigantochloa levis, and Schizostachyum brachycladum. The infused bamboo leaves extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, whereas their toxicities were evaluated through the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The chemical constituents of the samples were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The freeze-drying method exhibited the highest phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity yield, excluding the B. vulgaris sample, in which the microwave-dried sample recorded the most antioxidant and phytochemical levels. The TPC and TFC results were within the 2.69 ± 0.01–12.59 ± 0.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 0.77 ± 0.01–2.12 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g ranges, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) were 2.92 ± 0.01–4.73 ± 0.02 and 1.89–0.01 to 3.47 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high radical scavenging activities. The FRAP values differed significantly between the drying methods, within the 6.40 ± 0.12–36.65 ± 0.09 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g range. The phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities exhibited a moderate correlation, revealing that the TPC and TFC were slightly responsible for the antioxidant activities. The toxicity assessment of the bamboo extracts in the current study demonstrated no toxicity against the BSLA based on the LC50 (lethal concentration 50) analysis at >1000 µg/mL. LC-MS analysis showed that alkaloid and pharmaceutical compounds influence antioxidant activities, as found in previous studies. The acquired information might aid in the development of bamboo leaves as functional food items, such as bamboo tea. They could also be investigated for their medicinal ingredients that can be used in the discovery of potential drugs.

A comparative study of nutrient composition, bioactive properties and phytochemical characteristics of Stauntonia obovatifoliola flesh and pericarp.

A comparative study was conducted among the flesh (SOF) and pericarp (SOP) of Stauntonia obovatifoliola, a wild edible fruit in China. The nutrient composition of both these tissues was firstly quantified, and liquid-liquid extraction was then used to separate their methanolic extracts to get petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, and residual aqueous fractions, which were evaluated for their total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), antioxidant capacities, and α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition abilities. Finally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyze their phytochemical composition. The results revealed the excellent nutritional properties of both SOF and SOP, especially SOP (total dietary fiber, 15.50 g/100 g; total amino acids, 0.80 g/100 g; vitamin C, 18.00 mg/100 g; Ca, 272.00 mg/kg; K, 402.00 mg/100 g). For both tissues, their ethyl acetate fractions showed the highest TPC (355.12 and 390.99 mg GAE/g DE) and TFC (306.58 and 298.48 mg RE/g DE). Surprisingly, the ethyl acetate fraction of SOP exhibited the strongest DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging capacity with 1046.94 and 1298.64 mg Trolox/g, respectively, which were higher than that of controls Vc and BHT. In contrast, their chloroform fractions exhibited the strongest ferric reducing antioxidant power (1903.05 and 1407.11 mg FeSO4/g DE) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (951.12 and 1510.21 mg Trolox/g DE). In addition, the ethyl acetate fraction of SOF displayed superior α-glucosidase inhibition ability with the IC50 value of 0.19 mg/mL, which was comparable to control acarbose. In comparison, the ethyl acetate fraction of SOP had the best acetylcholinesterase inhibition ability with the IC50 value of 0.47 mg/mL. The HPLC analysis results demonstrated that the ethyl acetate fraction of SOP showed significantly higher phenolic content, particularly for phenolic acids (p-hydroxybenzoic acid, 8.00 ± 0.65 mg/g) and flavonoids (epicatechin, 28.63 ± 1.26 mg/g), as compared to other samples. The above results suggest that Stauntonia obovatifoliola, especially its pericarp, had excellent nutrient compositions, bioactive properties and phytochemical characteristics, and had the potential to be developed as natural functional food.

(Poly)phenols of apples contribute to in vitro antidiabetic properties: Assessment of Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection

Societal Impact StatementApples are affordable and accessible fruit with tremendous biodiversity. Among over 10,000 identified apple cultivars, only a few are commercially available. Habitual fruit consumption is correlated with the prevention of Type 2 diabetes and related complications. Particularly, (poly)phenols found in apples are major contributors to their antidiabetic properties. Here, we have screened (poly)phenol‐rich extracts of 476 apple accessions in Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection for antidiabetic properties. The results of this work provide insights into the prevention and management of Type 2 diabetes by identifying high (poly)phenol‐containing specialty apples for use in fresh fruit form or value‐added functional food ingredients.Summary The recent trend in sedentary lifestyles and nutritionally‐imbalanced diets has elevated the prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in many parts of the world. Some pharmacological glycemic management can cause undesirable gastrointestinal side effects or hypoglycemia. Thus, there is a growing interest in safe glycemic management using dietary (poly)phenols. In this study, (poly)phenol‐rich extracts of 476 apple accessions from Canada's Apple Biodiversity Collection (ABC) and six major apple (poly)phenols were assessed for in vitro antidiabetic properties against the activities of α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). Apple (poly)phenol extracts varied in their antidiabetic activities in a dose‐dependent manner. High (poly)phenol‐containing apples demonstrated that their total phenolic contents (TPC) were inversely correlated with the IC50 values of α‐glucosidase, α‐amylase, and AGE formation, but not DPP‐4. Concentrations of major (poly)phenol compounds such as procyanidin B2, phloridzin, and epicatechin in apples were significantly inversely correlated with IC50 values of α‐glucosidase in the high (poly)phenol‐containing apples. High TPC apples are not suitable for marketing for fresh fruit consumption due to bitterness and astringency; however, these apples show potential to use in the development of value‐added functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals for blood glucose management. The high TPC apple, “S23‐03‐749,” an advanced breeding line of dessert apple, presents a novel option as a specialty apple cultivar for the dietary management of glycemia.

Anthocyanin profile and main antioxidants in pigmented wheat grains and related millstream fractions

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIncreasing evidence has shown the potential for foods made from anthocyanin‐rich cereal grains to reduce the development and progression of many degenerative chronic diseases. Among cereals, only pigmented rice and maize have been used for food production, whereas for blue and purple wheat grains the food industry has been more limited. In light of this, the present study was aimed at characterizing the whole meal, bran, and flour of the blue bread wheat “Sebesta Blue‐2” and the purple durum wheats “T‐1303” and “‘ELS 6304‐56” in relation to their total phenolic content (TPC), total proanthocyanidin content (TPrC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and total antioxidant activity (TAA) determined spectrophotometrically, and their anthocyanin profile and TAC determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (TACHPLC).FindingsAmong the milling fractions, the bran showed the highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activity, with values 1.6–8.3‐ and 4.0–9.3‐fold higher than those observed in the whole meal and flour, respectively. Among genotypes, the highest phytochemical content and antioxidant activity were observed in Sebesta Blue‐2, followed by T‐1303 and ELS 6304‐56. The strongest differences among genotypes concerned the TACHPLC, with values that in Sebesta Blue‐2 were 4.8‐ and 14.1‐fold higher than T‐1303 and ELS 6304‐56, respectively. Multivariate analysis highlighted the best profile in terms of phytochemical content and antioxidant activity in the bran of Sebesta Blue‐2 with very high values of TPC, TPrC, glycosylated anthocyanins, and TAA, followed by the bran of T‐1303, with high‐to‐very high values of TPC, TPrC, anthocyanins and TAA, and the whole meal of Sebesta Blue‐2, with high values of glycosylated anthocyanins and intermediate values of TPC, TPrC, and TAA.ConclusionsThe bran of Sebesta Blue‐2 and T‐1303 could be used as an additive in cereal‐based fortified‐functional foods or could be further processed to produce nutraceutical supplements. The whole meal of Sebesta Blue‐2 could be used as starting material for the preparation of baked products rich in health‐promoting compounds.Significance and noveltyThe present study is one of the few studies to report the anthocyanin profile for the milling fractions of pigmented grains and is the first to report the existence of proanthocyanidins in blue and purple wheat grains and their milling fractions.