Theil Entropy Research Articles

Analisis Pola Penyebaran Investasi Dan Faktor Yang Mempengaruhinya Di Provinsi Sumatera Barat

Investment is basically the initial stage of economic development. The influx of investment has a positive impact on regional development, so the government's role is needed to attract new investors. This research aims to analyze the distribution of investment patterns and the extent of the influence of per capita income, infrastructure, labor and crime on investment in West Sumatra Province. This research uses panel data obtained from various government institutions during the time period 2017 - 2021. The methods used in this research are theil entropy index and panel data regression. The research results show that the pattern of investment distribution initially tended to be spread out and changed to tend to be concentrated in the category of moderate inequality, crime has a negative and significant effect on investment, while per capita income, infrastructure and labor do not have a significant effect on investment.

World’s concentration of forest products exports

The world’s economy has undergone several changes and crises that may have altered the dynamics and structure of the forestry market after 2008. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure the concentration of the international market of the main forest products between 2008 and 2018. We used the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindahl Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E) and Gini Coefficient (G) to evaluate the forest products concentration. Our results showed that American and Asian countries have risen and taken positions of major forest products exporters to European markets over the years. The main exported product was “Paper and cardboard”, followed by “Lumber”, “Pulp”, “Wooden panels”, “Wood for industrial purposes” and “Energy”. Brazil's global share stood out in the pulp and paper segments. The forest products market concentration was classified as low for CR4, moderately low for CR8, unconcentrated and highly competitive for HHI and Entropy indices. Furthermore, the market was classified with inequality from very strong to absolute using the Gini index indicating that exports come from a small number of nations.

Distribution network restoration supply method considers 5G base station energy storage participation

This paper proposes a distribution network fault emergency power supply recovery strategy based on 5G base station energy storage. This strategy introduces Theil's entropy and modified Gini coefficient to quantify the impact of power supply reliability in different regions on base station backup time, thereby establishing a more accurate base station's backup energy storage capacity model that can fully utilize the base station's energy storage resources to participate in the emergency power supply of distribution network faults. First, the optimal Copula function in each cycle is determined through the Akaike information criterion and squared Euclidean distance to establish a wind power-photovoltaic output scenario. Secondly, the traditional Gini coefficient is modified using the weighted average node degree and influence rate indicators. A comprehensive vulnerability model is established through the modified Gini coefficient and Theil's entropy indicators. Based on the comprehensive vulnerability model, a backup energy storage time model and a modified backup energy storage capacity model of the base station affected by power supply reliability are established. Thus, the callable energy storage capacity of base stations in different areas is obtained. Finally, a two-stage robust optimization model is introduced to minimize system operating costs to solve the volatility of 5G base station communications and wind-solar output, thereby establishing an emergency power supply recovery model for base station energy storage and wind-solar output. Simulated with the improved IEEE-33 node model, the results show that the proposed base station's energy storage model improves the utilization of the base station energy storage resources and, at the same time, effectively reduces the loss of load during the fault phase of the distribution network and improves the absorption of the PV output.

A topology control algorithm for fusion networks based on link quality

To extend the network life, an ordinal potential game is introduced into network topology control, and a network topology control algorithm based on the Theil entropy measure is designed by improving the revenue function. The revenue function is based on the Theil entropy measure, whose factors are in the residual energy of the nodes and their neighbors. By using a primary payoff function that considers all initial network factors and a secondary one that addresses connectivity in case of reduced residual energy, a segmentation function can calculate the model's payoff. Simulation experiments show that compared to the existing game algorithms of 3DK-RNG, DEBA, and EFPC, the proposed algorithm can effectively eliminate redundant links, reduce node degree and network link length, balance node energy consumption, enhance network load, and extend the network life cycle.•A Network Topology Control Algorithm Based on the Fusion of Thiel Entropy and Ordinal Potential Games.•A network topology control method for extending the network lifecycle is successfully established.•It proposes that the performance of the fusion topology control algorithm is significantly superior to other single algorithms in the paper.

CONCENTRAÇÃO REGIONAL DA INDÚSTRIA DA CERÂMICA VERMELHA NA PARAÍBA, BRASIL (2006 – 2020)

This work analyzed the regional concentration of the red ceramic sector, from 2006 to 2020. It carried out a statewide analysis of the sector's conjuncture, its relation to firewood consumption and the regional concentration was determined through the indicators: Concentration Ratio CR(k ), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil entropy (E) and the Gini coefficient (G). The results showed that Borborema has the highest number of red ceramic companies when compared to the other mesoregions of the state. The CR(k) rated with moderately low concentration. The HHI for municipalities and microregions showed low concentration. The municipal, micro-regional and meso-regional E indices of Paraíba indicated deconcentration. G showed weak to average inequality for municipalities and microregions and weak inequality for mesoregions. Thus, it was concluded that the ceramic sector in Paraíba is not concentrated and that the supply is associated with raw material stocks and the energy vector of firewood.

Global concentration of wood-pulp production, 1961–2021

Wood pulp is one of the main products of forestry worldwide, being a necessary intermediate product for all types of paper produced. In order to understand the market dynamics of this product, this study analyses the global concentration of the wood-pulp production from 1961 to 2021 using data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). To measure the degree of concentration, the following indicators were used: concentration ratio [CR(fc)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), the Theil Entropy Index (E), the Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensible Concentration Index (CCI) and the Gini Coefficient (G). A decreasing tendency in the concentration of the world production of wood pulp was verified, but the concentration is still classified as intense. The inequality was also strongly verified by the G, but also with a downward tendency. The participation of major producers is also decreasing. This trend of reduced concentration is explained by the increase in the number of countries producing wood pulp. This study concluded that the environmental and technological conditions of the management of planted forests restrict the participation of many of the countries producing wood pulp.

Analisis Ketimpangan Investasi di Wilayah Perbatasan Kalimantan Barat tahun 2015-2020

Investment is one of the essential factors in regional development because it can increase the attractiveness of a location for doing business and encourage economic growth. Increased investment is needed to encourage regional development in Indonesia, including the border area of ​​West Kalimantan. This study aims to analyze the level of inequality in development investment in the border and non-border areas of West Kalimantan and examine more deeply the level of inequality within the region and between regions in the border area of ​​West Kalimantan. The inequality analysis method used in this study is the Williamson Index and Theil Entropy Index. The analysis results show that the per capita investment inequality in non-border areas is higher than in border areas. Inequality in per capita investment in border areas is in the moderate category, but this inequality has tended to increase in the last five years. The investment disparity between the five regencies in the border area is higher when compared to the level of investment disparity between the border and non-border herd.

Theil Entropy as a Non-Lineal Analysis for Spectral Inequality of Physiological Oscillations.

Theil entropy is a statistical measure used in economics to quantify income inequalities. However, it can be applied to any data distribution including biological signals. In this work, we applied different spectral methods on heart rate variability signals and cellular calcium oscillations previously to Theil entropy analysis. The behavior of Theil entropy and its decomposable property was investigated using exponents in the range of [−1, 2], on the spectrum of synthetic and physiological signals. Our results suggest that the best spectral decomposition method to analyze the spectral inequality of physiological oscillations is the Lomb–Scargle method, followed by Theil entropy analysis. Moreover, our results showed that the exponents that provide more information to describe the spectral inequality in the tested signals were zero, one, and two. It was also observed that the intra-band component is the one that contributes the most to total inequality for the studied oscillations. More in detail, we found that in the state of mental stress, the inequality determined by the Theil entropy analysis of heart rate increases with respect to the resting state. Likewise, the same analytical approach shows that cellular calcium oscillations present on developing interneurons display greater inequality distribution when inhibition of a neurotransmitter system is in place. In conclusion, we propose that Theil entropy is useful for analyzing spectral inequality and to explore its origin in physiological signals.

Public debt and regional inequality in India: patterns, determinants, and implications.

Economic recession and global health crisis have surged the public debt levels across nations to an unsustainable level. Debt can be productive provided nation-states utilize it for rapid growth and servicing the cost of loans. It can be unproductive if spent on wasteful expenditure. Thus, a relevant question is—does public debt hinder or promote growth? Reinhart and Rogoff’s (American Economic Review, 100: 573–578, 2010) empirical analysis observed a non-linear relation between debt and growth in developed countries. Kaur and Mukherjee’s (Reserve Bank of India, Occasional Papers, 33:1–37, 2014) analysis of the Indian economy determined a statistically significant non-linear relationship between debt and growth at state levels. Given this overview, this research examines the temporal and spatial patterns of state debt in India utilizing a statistical analysis. Geographical data are utilized to study state liability in India for 29 states and 2 union territories i.e. National Capital Territory of Delhi and Puducherry. The following three questions are addressed in this paper: (1) what is the relationship between public debt, regional inequality, and development? (2) what are the trends of public debt and regional inequality in India? (3) what are the determinants of outstanding center and state liabilities in India during 1980–81 and 2019–20? Descriptive statistics (dispersion, Gini coefficient, moving averages, and Theil entropy) reveal a declining inequality during each decade as well as considerable inter-state inequality for the period. A time series regression analysis suggests lending rate, GDP growth and trade balance are negatively related to total liability at the center and state levels; net FDI flows, GDP, trade balance, and foreign exchange reserves, are positively related. Prediction maps suggest both the lagging and developed states would incur high public debts, wherein the former would utilize debt for servicing interest cost and non-plan expenditure, and the latter will utilize debt for servicing interest cost and planned expenditure.

THE IMPACT MECHANISM OF HUMAN ACTIVITIES OVER CLIMATE SUITABILITY BASED ON SOCIAL NETWORK DATA: EVIDENCE FROM CHINA

The impact mechanism of human activities on climate suitability is critical for understanding the human-environment nexus. In this study, social network data from Sina Weibo Platform was collected to quantitatively examined the relationship between the seven major types of human activities and climate suitability. The results indicated that the impacts of entertainment, tourism and daily life related human activities on climate suitability are significant (p-value < 0.05). With one-unit (one check-in record/km2) increase of entertainment and tourism related human activities, the coverage rate of climate suitable zone and the length of climate suitable period increase by 0.003% and 0.026 months, respectively. In contrast, one-unit of increase of daily life activities made the Theil entropy index of climate inequity and the length of climate suitable period increase 0.00035 units and shorten 0.014 months, respectively. Moreover, the impact mechanism of human activities on climate suitability showed a significant spatial heterogeneity within regions at different economic level or topographical conditions, which could be explained by the discrepancy of environmental policies, urban form and urban ventilation channel design strategies in China. This work exhibited a further step to new possibilities in clarifying the climate effect of human activities using open-sourced social network data.

What are the Leading Sectors Expected to Reduce Inequality in South Sumatra Province?

This study aims to find out the leading sectors and to analyze income inequality in South Sumatera Province, which the result is very important since no recent research has been done in this field for the study area. The data used in this study are secondary data from 2011-2020 which are sourced from the publications of the BPS-Statistic of South Sumatera Province. To find out inequality and investigate its causes, Klassen typological analysis, Williamson index, and Theil's entropy index are used. Meanwhile, to analyze the potential leading sectors, a combination of Location Quotient analysis, Shift Share Analysis, and sectoral typology is used. The results of this study suggest that local governments develop the agricultural sector because it is proven to have excellent potential as a leading sector. In addition, the trade, hotel, and restaurant sector is a special sector and good to be developed because eleven regencies/cities have high potency for this sector. The results of the study also show that the regencies/cities in South Sumatera Province are grouped in quadrant III of Klassen’s, which is a relatively underdeveloped area. Income inequality in South Sumatra Province is categorized high with a Williamson index of 0.71, with the cause of the inequality being the inequality between groups of regencies/cities producing oil and gas.

Concentration and Clusters of Black Liquor Thermoelectric Plants in Brazil

This paper analyzed the concentration and conglomerates of black liquor thermoelectric plants in Brazil, in 2018. Data from the generation information system of the National Electric Energy Agency (ANEEL) were used. Concentration was measured using the Concentration Ratio CR(k), Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil Entropy (E) and the Gini Coefficient (G) and the conglomerates with the scan statistics. The results showed the southern region with the largest number of thermoelectric plants and installed power. The state concentration of thermoelectric plants and the installed power for the CR(k) was moderately high to very high, inferring an oligopolistic market structure. In turn, the HHI and E indices inferred an atomized market. Among the participating companies, the CR(k) and G indicators showed trends in concentration, while HHI and E indicated to an atomized market. Four conglomerates were identified, two for the number of thermoelectric plants and two for installed power. High supply potential was noted in the south of the country and in the south of the northeast region. This research showed way the distribution of bioelectricity supply of black liquor in Brazil. The identification of concentration and conglomerates showed that the offer was associated with the industrial complexes of cellulose and paper, from cogeneration with residual black liquor; which can indicate to investors the importance of this practice and the most relevant location for installation, contributing to the increase of distributed generation and diversification of the national electrical matrix.

Hubungan Antara Pertumbuhan Ekonomi dan Ketimpangan Pendapatan di Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat (Pembuktian Hipotesis Kuznets)

This study aims to determine the level of income inequality, the relationship between Economic Growth and Income Inequality, and the Kuznets Hypothesis. The method used is the Williamson Index, Theil Entropy Index, Pearson Correlation, and the Kuznets Hypothesis. The results obtained from the Williamson Index and Theil Entropy Indeks between districts/cities in the Province of NusaiSoutheastern West 2001-2020 show a trim income inequality level with values ​​of 0.22 and 0.02. The results obtained from the Pearson Correlation between Regencies/Citiesiin West Nusa Tenggara Province in 2001-2020 showed a relationship. Still, it was less intense because it was at 0.257 and 0.303. The results obtained from the visual analysis illustrate the relationship between Economic Growth and Income Inequality, forming an inverted U, which means that in the early period of economic growth, there was an increase in income inequality, as evidenced by the continued growth of economic growth from 2001 to 2010 but was followed by the rise in income inequality—rising income inequality. Then, in the next period, namely in 2011 to 2020, economic growth continued to grow but was followed by a decrease in income inequality, meaning that the Kuznets Hypothesis turned out to be valid in the Province of West Nusa Tenggara in 2001-2020.

Vulnerability assessment of power system based on Theil entropy of branch potential energy

To achieve the safe operation of power system and prevent cascading failures, a vulnerability assessment method of power system is proposed based on the state correlation of branch fault. Firstly, a weighted correlation network based on the branch potential energy is established by using the state transition relationship of the two-level cascading failures. Secondly, the vulnerability assessment model of power system is constructed by applying the Theil entropy theory into the weighted correlation network. Finally, the simulation results on IEEE_39 bus system and an actual power system show that the model can not only evaluate the vulnerability of power system effectively but also find the vulnerable branches in power network more accurately.

Finance and inequality in a panel of US States

We examine the impact of sector-based reform on income inequality, concentrating on state banking deregulation in the USA, for which we employ annual balanced panel data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, covering the period from 1970 to 2000, for our baseline analysis. The estimation strategy exploits the variation across states and years in the enactment of laws that remove restrictions on in-state bank branch geographical expansion and cross-state bank business operational expansion to compute the effects of developments in the financial sector on income inequality. We find evidence that inequality on average decreases with within-state branching reform, whereas it on average increases with between-state banking deregulation. Utilizing five different measures of inequality (top decile income share, Atkinson index, the Gini coefficient, relative mean deviation, and Theil entropy index), we determine that our finding materially depends on which measure of income inequality is being considered. We argue that this has not been stressed in the previous literature.

ANALYSIS OF THE WORLDWIDE CONCENTRATION OF PELLET IMPORTS (2012-2018)

ABSTRACT Faced with the transition in the global energy structure with the shift in consumption of fossil fuels to renewable and clean sources, there has been an increase in the demand for forest biomass for energy purposes, especially wood pellets, and imports have grown in recent years. Therefore, this study analyzed the world concentration of pellet imports from 2012 to 2018. Data on pellet imports were obtained from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), and the following indicators were used to measure the concentration: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], Hirschman-Herfindal Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Gini Inequality Coefficient (G) and the Hall-Tideman Index (HTI). The results showed a growth of 16.67% p.a. of global pellet imports, from 8.76 million tons (t) in 2012 to 22.15 million tons in 2018. The CR(k) indicated very high concentration for countries and high in the subcontinents. The HHI showed a high concentration for continents and subcontinents and a moderate concentration for countries. Entropy and HTI corroborated the analyzes found in the HHI. The G pointed out strong inequality for all territorial levels and showed trends towards a reduction in inequality as of 2015. The reduction in the concentration in the final years of study is related to the expansion and technological diffusion of energy conversion of the densified biomass, which makes this fuel more affordable.

Spatial and Sectoral Determinants of Productivity: An Empirical Approach Using an Entropy Lens.

This study analyzes the productive structure of Portugal in the period 2013–2017, using indicators of localization and specialization applied to 308 Portuguese local authorities. From an empirical approach using a threshold model, the following indicators are used: (i) localization quotient; (ii) specialization coefficient; (iii) Theil entropy index; (iv) rate of industrialization; and (v) the density of establishments by business size. The selected period 2013–2017 is due to the available data concerning firms located per local authority, and the choice of threshold model is justified through the possibility of assessing the non-linear effects of specialization and diversification on productivity, considering, in simultaneous terms, different regimes per business size. Estimation of the threshold model identified a positive, statistically significant relation between industrialization and productivity. Similarly, the terms of interaction between exports and diversification, and between the former and higher education institutions, shows a catalyzing effect of productivity. In addition, the most specialized micro-firms affect productivity significantly and positively, while the least specialized have the opposite effect. Small, less specialized companies have a significant and negative effect on productivity, contrasting with less specialized, medium-sized companies, which affect productivity positively. For large firms, the impact on productivity is negative for both high and low levels of specialization, reinforcing the need to fill existing gaps in strategic diversification, as well as the vertical and horizontal integration of the activities of production chains with high value added.

Evaluation and Balance of Cognitive Friction: Evaluation of Product Target Image Form Combining Entropy and Game Theory

With the great progress of product development technology, product forms have been greatly enriched by cognitive differences; users and designers have formed a “cognitive friction” phenomenon in the product evaluation process, which results in designers being unable to grasp user emotions accurately and risks of product development failure. This paper aims to balance the cognitive differences between cognitive subjects (users and designers) and evaluates the product image form. First, image entropy is used to evaluate and extract the weight of the product target image. Second, fuzzy Theil entropy is used to evaluate the cognitive friction between cognitive subjects, and its existence and size are visually presented. Then, a cognitive friction balance model is built by combining game theory, the comprehensive evaluation weight between cognitive subjects is obtained, and the product image form is ranked and optimized. Finally, all the research steps are described in the form of a household hair dryer. The results show that fuzzy Theil entropy and game theory have significant advantages in the evaluation and balance of cognitive friction in product design. Thus, the cognitive friction evaluation and balance model constructed from the fuzzy Theil entropy and game theory do not only enable different cognitive subjects to achieve cognitive symmetry, but also screen out product forms that meet the cognitive needs of users. This finding provides the theoretical basis and practical significance for the establishment of a closed-loop model in cognitive friction balance and the reduction of cognitive differences between cognitive subjects in the entire process of product design. It also introduces new ways of thinking and methods for cognitive science research.

The equity of urban forest ecosystem services and benefits in the Bronx, NY

Trees provide important ecosystem services and benefits, with some, such as air pollutant and heat reductions, being linked to improved human health and well-being. The uneven distribution of tree cover in urban areas and subsequently the ecosystem services and benefits it provides has potential implications related to environmental justice, especially if disadvantaged socio-demographic or socio-economic and marginalized communities lack these services and benefits. This study explores the distribution of ecosystem services and benefits provided by tree cover in the Bronx, NY. Utilizing census block group specific spatial datasets, we employ a Mann-Kendall trend test and the Sen slope estimator to describe the relationship between median income, per capita income, percent minorities, population density, poverty percent and total educational attainment, and carbon storage and sequestration, stormwater runoff reduction, air pollutant removal and heat index reduction ecosystem services and benefits for 2010 tree cover conditions. We explore the equality in ecosystem service and benefit distributions across socio-demographic and socio-economic subgroups using the Atkinson inequality and Theil entropy indices decomposed into within and between subgroup inequalities for each ecosystem service and benefit. These inequality indices allow us to better assess current inequalities and work to achieve greater equity in the distribution of ecosystem services. Using population and ecosystem service data, all ecosystem services and benefits appear to be unequally and inequitably distributed in the Bronx, with disadvantaged socio-demographic and socio-economic block groups receiving disproportionately lower ecosystem services from urban trees. The vast majority of the inequality is explained by variations within each socio-demographic and socio-economic subgroup rather than variations between subgroups. To reduce this inequity, efforts should be made to strategically increase services and benefits by initially targeting disadvantaged block groups with extremely low tree cover.

Cancer Pain in Relation to Metropolitan Area Segregation and Nursing Home Racial and Ethnic Composition

ObjectivesTo estimate pain reporting among residents with cancer in relation to metropolitan area segregation and NH racial and ethnic composition. DesignCross-sectional study. Setting and Participants383,757 newly admitted black (B), Hispanic (H), or white (W) residents with cancer in 12,096 US NHs (2011-2013). MethodsUsing the Minimum Data Set 3.0, pain in past 5 days was determined by self-report or use of pain management. The Theil entropy index, a measure of metropolitan area segregation, was categorized [high (up to 0.20), very high (0.20-0.30), or extreme (0.30-0.53)]. ResultsPain prevalence decreased across segregation level (black: high = 77%, very high = 75%, extreme = 72%; Hispanic: high = 79%, very high = 77%, extreme = 70%; white: high = 80%, very high = 77%, extreme = 74%). In extremely segregated areas, all residents were less likely to have recorded pain [adjusted prevalence ratios: blacks, 4.6% less likely, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.1%-6.1%; Hispanics, 6.9% less likely, 95% CI 4.2%-9.6%; whites, 7.4% less likely, 95% CI 6.5%-8.2%] than in the least segregated areas. At all segregation levels, pain was recorded more frequently for residents (black or white) in predominantly white (>80%) NHs than in mostly black (>50%) NHs or residents (Hispanic or white) in predominantly white NHs than mostly Hispanic (>50%) NHs. Conclusions and ImplicationsWe observed decreased pain recording in metropolitan areas with greater racial and ethnic segregation. This may occur through the inequitable distribution of resources between NHs, resident-provider empathy, provider implicit bias, resident trust, and other factors.