Theil Entropy Index Research Articles

Identification of Power Grid Critical Node Based on Voltage Level

With the integration of large clusters of variable renewable energy, plus the fact that modern power system has appeared great varieties of complicated characteristics. Improvement of safe and stable operation of the grid system has become a research focus in the new situation. Such being the case, a critical node identification method based on the theil entropy theory is proposed. By studying the characteristics of power flow and voltage variation, new methods for system safe operation improvement are explored. Firstly, proceeding from the mechanism of load variation on voltage and power flow, the theil entropy index of voltage growth rate is established to describe the equilibrium of voltage variety and the theil entropy index of weighted flow impact rate to describe the uniformity of power flow variation. Secondly, considering both subjective preferences and objective data, binary feature analysis and entropy weight method are combined to get the comprehensive index which can accurately identify the critical nodes for power grid, At last, the simulation results of IEEE30 node system and a southwest certain area power net-work has verified the validity and efficiency of the model. Further more, evaluation results has provided a reference for the construction of security defense system in modern power system.

GLOBAL CONCENTRATION OF PULP EXPORTS

This study analyzed the evolution and degree of the global concentration of pulp exports from 1961 to 2014. In order to measure and analyze the concentration, the following indicators were used: Concentration Ratio [CR(k)]; Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil Entropy Index (E); Hall and Tideman Index (HTI); Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI); and Gini Coefficient (G). We concluded that there was a tendency of growth in the global pulp exports during the analyzed period due to an increase in demand driven by population growth and to per capita consumption, enhancing the increase in the number of exporting countries. The CR(k) of the global pulp exporting countries showed that the four [CR(4)] and eight [CR(8)] largest countries present a high concentration, with an oligopolistic market structure and competitive advantage. About 100% of exports are dominated by the 20 largest countries [CR(20)]. The HHI, E, HTI, and CCI indicators showed that there is a concentration in global pulp exportation and presented a deconcentrating tendency. Despite the increase in the number of exporting countries, there was no significant reduction in the inequality of global pulp exports. According to the Gini Coefficient, the inequality was strong to absolute.

GLOBAL PRODUCTION CONCENTRATION OF MEDIUM DENSITY FIBERBOARD (MDF) (1995 - 2016)

ABSTRACT This papaer analyzed the global MDF production and its concentration degree between 1995 and 2016. In order to measure and analyze this concentration, we used the Concentration Ratio [CR(k)], the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), Theil Entropy Index (E), Hall and Tideman Index (HTI), the Comprehensive Concentration Index (CCI), and the Gini Index (G). Global MDF production grew 12.81% p.a. from 1995 to 2016, reaching 99 million m3 at the end of the time series. China took over the hegemony in 2001 and arrived in 2016 with about 60% of the world’s MDF supply. The CR(k) of the global MDF production inferred a high concentration, mainly in the CR(4) from 2009. The CR(8) remained with a moderately high average concentration. During this period more than 90% of the offer was retained in the CR(20). The HHI, E and HTI indices corroborate that there is high concentration in global MDF production, as well as the CCI in the studied period. The inequality indicated by G also presented increasing behavior and was classified as strong and very strong. The concentration indicators were efficient in evaluating the concentration degree of the world MDF supply.

Suburbanizing Segregation? Changes in Racial/Ethnic Diversity and the Geographic Distribution of Metropolitan School Segregation, 2002–2012

Background While postwar suburban migration established suburbs as relatively affluent, homogeneous white enclaves distinct from the urban core, recent waves of suburbanization and exurbanization have been spurred largely by rapid growth in the nonwhite population. While these increases in suburban racial/ethnic diversity represent a significant evolution of the traditional “chocolate city, vanilla suburbs” dichotomy, scholars have expressed concern that they are worsening racial/ethnic segregation among suburban public school students. Objective In this study, we document shifts in the racial imbalance of suburban schools in terms of several racial/ethnic and geographic dimensions (i.e., multiracial, black–white; between and within suburban districts, among localities). In addition, we extend the urban/suburban dichotomy to provide initial evidence on changes in racial balance in metropolitan exurbs. Finally, we use inferential models to directly examine the impact of changes in racial/ethnic diversity on shifts in racial imbalance. Research Design Using demographic data from the National Center of Education Statistics Common Core of Data on 209 U.S. metropolitan areas, we provide a descriptive analysis of changes in segregation within and between urban, suburban, and exurban localities from 2002 to 2012. We measure segregation using Theil's entropy index, which quantifies racial balance across geographic units. We assess the relationship between demographic change and change in segregation via a series of longitudinal fixed-effects models. Results Longitudinal analyses indicate that increases in racial/ethnic diversity are positively related to change in racial imbalance. However, observed increases in diversity were generally insufficient to produce meaningful increases in segregation. As a result, suburbs and exurbs, like urban areas, experienced little change in segregation, although trends were generally in a negative direction and more localities experienced meaningful declines in segregation than meaningful increases. Findings are less encouraging for suburbs and exurbs than for urban areas and underscore the intractability of black-white racial imbalance and the emerging spatial imbalance of Asians and whites. We also document an important shift in the geographic distribution of segregation, with suburbs now accounting for a plurality of metropolitan segregation. Conclusions Contrary to previous researchers, we do not find evidence that suburban and exurban schools are resegregating, although we fail to document meaningful progress towards racial equity. Moreover, while suburbs are not necessarily resegregating, we find that segregation is suburbanizing, and now accounts for the largest share of segregation of any locality. We conclude with a discussion of recommendations for policy and research.

Evaluation of inequality and technical efficiency of federal health financing for population without social security per Federal Entity, 2004–2012 in México

The main goal of this paper is evaluate inequality and technical efficiency of federal health financing for population without social security per federative entity. Were estimated two inequality measures of federal financing for population without social security per Federal Entity: the Gini coefficient and the Theil entropy index. Four stochastic frontier models were calculated to measure technical efficiency of health production per federative entity (2004–2012). Information on health expenditure, physical and human resources yielded by the Ministry of Health through SINAIS was used. The federal financing for population without social security has reduced inequality among Federal Entities due to the incorporation of the SPSS (Mexican system of social protection in terms of health). The estimate of technical efficiency of Federal Entities through stochastic frontiers shows that most of these entities have health production inefficiencies both at outpatient and hospital levels, being the outpatient level the one with more inefficiency. Not necessarily entities that receive greater resources produce more health. The existence of multiple financing sources has limited the effect of the SPSS to reduce inequality in financing for population without social security among Federal Entities. More health resources are needed in order to face demographic and epidemiological transitions, but it is necessary to spend the available resources in a more efficient way. There are three main lines of action in terms of financing: structuring financing sources and improving the allocation mechanisms; and strengthening evaluation and monitoring resources exercise.

ANALISIS KETIMPANGAN PENDAPATAN DAN IDENTIFIKASI SEKTOR BASIS ANTAR KECAMATAN DI KABUPATEN WONOGIRI TAHUN 2010-2014

<p>This study aims to determine the level of inequality and base economic of Wonogiri Districts in 2010-2014. This study uses secondary data involve Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) at Constant Price of 2000, GRDP per capita, Population and Economic Growth. The analytical method uses analysis of Williamson Index, Theil Entropy Index, Static Location Quotient (SLQ) and Dynamic Location Quotient (DLQ).</p><p>Research results show that the Williamson Index of Wonogiri District tends to decrease, the higest level of income inequality happened in the Wonogiri Subdistric and the lowest level of income inequality happened in the Eromoko Subdistric. Entropy Theil index shows that inequality between subdistrict in Wonogiri District tends to decrease. Karangtengah Subdistrict has the higest income inequality while the lowest inequality is the Purwatoro Subdistrict. The Composite of LQ (SLQ dan DLQ) shows that the Agricultural Sector; Electricity, Gas and Water; Trade and Communication became base sector.</p><p>Suggestions from this study cover the government of Wonogiri District is expected to improve infrastructures such as road, bridge, irrigation canal, and communication network. In addition, the Government of Wonogiri District should develop the potency of economy in each of subdistricts.</p><p> </p><p align="left">Keywords: Income Inequality, Base Sector, Non Base Sector</p><p align="left">JEL: R11, R12</p>

Cropping Pattern, Diversification and Concentration of Crops: Some Evidence from Himachal Pradesh

Diversification of crops is regarded as an appropriate strategy to raise farm income, generate employment, poverty alleviation, conservation of precious soil and water resources, mitigating crop risk etc. In this backdrop, the purpose of the present study is to make detailed analysis of cropping pattern at the state as well as districtlevel with a view to bringing out the areal concentration and diversification of crops in the state of Himachal Pradesh. With the help of various tools like proportion of area under crops, Berry's index, Theil's Entropy Index, Location Quotient (LQ) method, the study reveals that the dominance of food grain crops in terms of acreage allocation has reduced marginally by 3.7 Per cent whereas it has increased in case of high value crops like fruits (dry +fresh), vegetables and other food crops (sugarcane, ginger, garlic, chilies, turmeric, onion etc.) during the study period at the state level. The empirical results shows that crop diversification in the state has been persisting since the beginning of the period of study, however reallocation of land towards high value crops has been taking place continuously at the macro level. Further, it is also clear from the analysis of regional concentration of crops that crops of high value have more concentration in the districts of Shimla, Solan, Sirmaur, Kullu, Lahul & Spiti, and Kinnaur as compared to district Bilaspur, Mandi, Hamirpur and Kangra(having more fertile and plain area). In view of this, the present study has an important policy implications for evolving a suitable cropping pattern to raise the crop income in the state through motivating the farmers to produce high value crops, providing critical infrastructure, policy for stray-cattle, coordinated approach by all departments dealing with agricultural issues, adoption of villages etc.

Structure and conduct of paddy seeds market - A study in Mandya district of Karnataka state

The present study was conducted in Mandya district, which is one of the major paddy producing belts of Karnataka state. The study analysed the structure and conduct of paddy seeds market in Mandya district. For the study, data was collected both from primary and secondary sources. Multi-stage random sampling method was adopted to draw 25 farmers each from two talukas of the district, resulting in a total sample size of 50 farmers. The paddy seeds market was found to be oligopolistic in nature. Among the various seed agencies/companies prevalent in the study area, Karnataka State Seeds Corporation Limited (KSSC) was the dominant player with an average market share of about 78 per cent for the reference period (2006-07 to 2013-14) followed by National Seeds Corporation (NSC) with around 10 per cent. The Theil's Entropy Index was found to be 0.09, indicating that the paddy seeds market was highly concentrated. The overall growth rate of sales of paddy seeds by all the seed agencies (Government as well as private) operating in Mandya district was found to be negative (-0.95 %), indicating that the paddy seeds market was saturated. For majority (74 %) of the farmers, good quality of seeds was the most important factor which influenced their loyalty towards a particular brand.

The Analysis of Development Disparities Inter Districts/ City in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province 2003-2013

One of the objectives of regional economic development is to increase the economic sector, in which the increasing of economics sector will be beneficial for society. This indicator is important to recognize the condition of the economy in particular region in given period indicated by GDRP (Gross Domestic Regional Product) data of the region or area. Since the enactment of the autonomy then the local Government has bigger role in managing regional economic potential that exists in its territory. Economic growth is one of indicators that affect economic development. Economic development in substance aims to increase public welfare. Yogyakarta province is one of cities on the island of Java with the level of GDRP that keeps increasing each year since 2003 until 2013.In the development process there are also regions that have abundant of natural resources but lacking in human resources, and yet there are also regions that are otherwise lacking in terms of natural resources however have abundant in human resources, both in quality and quantity. This situation then leads to the distinction in development that resulted in the economic growth and disparities welfare in each region. The research also aims to identify the patterns of economic growth according to Klassen Typology and describe the level of regional disparities between districts/cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province. The methods of analysis used covers analysis of the Klassen Typology, inequality Williamson Index, and inequality Theil Entropy Index. The results showed classifications according to Klassen Typology, Yogyakarta is concluded in the category of advanced and fast growing area. The index disparities show a pattern of increasing. This implies that development in district / cities in Special Region of Yogyakarta (DIY) Province are increasingly uneven.

Pola dan struktur pertumbuhan ekonomi serta ketimpangan pembangunan antar daerah di Provinsi Jambi

This study aims to analyze the pattern and structure of economic growth and development inequality between regions in Jambi Province. The data used are secondary data for the period 2004 - 2013 sourced from the Jambi Provincial Statistics Office and Jambi Province BAPPEDA. Data were analyzed descriptively using the Klassen Typology, Williamson Index and Theil Entropy Index. The results of the study found that there was no shift in the pattern and structure of economic growth in Jambi province. The economic growth of Jambi Province is relatively fluctuating with a tendency to increase. Inequality in economic development in Jambi Province in the period 2004 to 2013 was categorized as low.

ANÁLISE DA EVOLUÇÃO DA CONCENTRAÇÃO INDUSTRIAL NO VAREJO SUPERMERCADISTA BRASILEIRO ENTRE 1998 E 2013

O presente artigo teve como objetivo analisar e determinar a evolução da concentração de mercado do setor supermercadista brasileiro no período compreendido entre 1998 e 2013. O estudo constatou-se que houve aumento da concentração no setor supermercadista, impulsionado pela entrada de redes estrangeiras e pelo expressivo movimento de fusões e aquisições verificados a partir da década de 1990.

Measuring racial residential segregation at different geographic scales in Cape Town and Johannesburg

Since the formal dismantling of apartheid in the early 1990s, the South African government has placed much emphasis on redressing the social imbalances caused by apartheid, including overcoming patterns of segregation inherent in the apartheid city. The National Development Plan, in specifying its principles for the spatial development of South African settlements, outlines the principle of spatial justice: that apartheid's policy of confining particular groups to limited spaces must be reversed. In order to inform the future success of the National Development Plan's goal of social cohesion, research into residential segregation can provide one indication of how socially integrated South African society is. The purpose of this article is to measure racial residential segregation at different geographic scales for the South African cities of Cape Town and Johannesburg, and to measure how residential segregation has changed over time using data from the population censuses of 1991, 1996, 2001 and 2011. Theil's entropy index of segregation, applied to grid squares of varying spatial sizes, is used to calculate both racial diversity and racial segregation for both cities. The results show that from 1991 to 2011, segregation levels decreased at all geographic scales in both cities. However, despite this decrease, both cities remain highly segregated. If the census enumeration area or small area is used as the base from which to calculate segregation, Cape Town as a whole is more racially segregated than Johannesburg. However, Johannesburg is more racially segregated than Cape Town at larger geographic scales.

Residential Area and Income Inequality in Suburban Indonesia

Suburban becomes footing for the population who migrate from rural to urban areas, especially from living and housing. Similarly, when the population in urban areas assume that the city is no longer comfortable to their live, so the only possible choice for them is moving to suburb. The subsequent impact of the phenomenon is tremendous construction of residential areas as a result of the high demand for housing. The problem then is the construction of residential areas often neglect the interests of the local neighborhood. Thus, the residential area becomes a kind of modern residential area in a local neighborhood. Then it widen its impacts of inequality between communities in residential area with communities in local neighborhood. This paper presents the finding that contributor of income inequality in suburbs areas in Indonesia comes from a modern residential area. The evidence for the argument is the result of Theil Entropy Index calculation on modern residential area is higher than the traditional residential area, which is respectively 0.34 and 0.15.

Concentração das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais

http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812353Este trabalho analisou o grau de concentração das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais no período 1961 - 2008. Os dados utilizados estão disponíveis na Organização das Nações Unidas para Agricultura e Alimento. O grau de concentração foi determinado por meio da Razão de Concentração [CR(k)], Índice de Herfindahl-Hirschman (HHI), Índice de Entropia de Theil (E) e Índice de Gini (G). As principais conclusões foram: A participação brasileira nas exportações mundiais no agregado de produtos florestais é crescente ao longo do tempo; os setores mais significativos do agregado das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais, em ordem decrescente, foram o de celulose, madeira serrada, papel e papelão, painéis de madeira, madeira para fins industriais e energia. Segundo a classificação de Bain, a Razão de Concentração dos quatro e oito maiores exportadores de produtos florestais é moderadamente baixa; os indicadores HHI e de Entropia de Theil (E) mostram redução na concentração das exportações mundiais de produtos florestais e maior competição entre os países que comercializam tais produtos; o Índice de Gini indica que, apesar do aumento de exportadores de produtos florestais ao longo do período de análise, um número reduzido de competidores concentra frações cada vez maiores das exportações internacionais desses produtos; os índices sumários (HHI, E e G) indicaram que o aumento da competição e da concorrência não tem se traduzido em uma distribuição mais equitativa das exportações de produtos florestais, que levasse à redução das desigualdades e da concentração dos ganhos do setor; apesar da tendência decrescente dos CR(4) e CR(8), há uma elevação de G, isso porque os ganhos de escala do comércio internacional têm sido apropriado por poucos concorrentes; é recomendada cautela na análise dos índices sumários (HHI, E e G), que devem ser examinados em conjunto com os índices parciais [CR(k)] para não tirar conclusões errôneas; os países com expressiva participação na pauta de exportações, como o Brasil, devem buscar estratégias comerciais para reter as vantagens competitivas conquistadas, principalmente aquelas advindas do ganho de escala.

Do people die from income inequality of a decade ago?

The long-term impact of income inequality on health has not been fully explored in the current literature. Until now, 4 studies have examined the lagged effect on population/group mortality rate at the aggregate level, and 7 studies have investigated the effect of income inequality on subsequent individual mortality risk within a restricted time period. These 11 studies suffer from the same limitation: they do not simultaneously control for a series of preceding income inequalities. The results of these studies are also mixed. Using the U.S. National Health Interview Survey data 1986–2004 with mortality follow-up data 1986–2006 (n = 701,179), this study investigates the lagged effects of national-level income inequality on individual mortality risk. These effects are tested by using a discrete-time hazard model where contemporaneous and preceding income inequalities are treated as time-varying person-specific covariates, which then track a series of income inequalities that a respondent faces from the survey year until s/he dies or is censored. Findings suggest that income inequality did not have an instantaneous detrimental effect on individual mortality risk, but began exerting its influence 5 years later. This effect peaked at 7 years, and then diminished after 12 years. This pattern generally held for three measures of income inequality: the Gini coefficient, the Atkinson index, and the Theil entropy index. The findings suggest that income inequality has a long-term detrimental impact on individual mortality risk. This study also explains discrepancies in the existant literature.

The contribution of educational inequalities to lifespan variation

BackgroundStudies of socioeconomic inequalities in mortality consistently point to higher death rates in lower socioeconomic groups. Yet how these between-group differences relate to the total variation in mortality risk between individuals is unknown.MethodsWe used data assembled and harmonized as part of the Eurothine project, which includes census-based mortality data from 11 European countries. We matched this to national data from the Human Mortality Database and constructed life tables by gender and educational level. We measured variation in age at death using Theil's entropy index, and decomposed this measure into its between- and within-group components.ResultsThe least-educated groups lived between three and 15 years fewer than the highest-educated groups, the latter having a more similar age at death in all countries. Differences between educational groups contributed between 0.6% and 2.7% to total variation in age at death between individuals in Western European countries and between 1.2% and 10.9% in Central and Eastern European countries. Variation in age at death is larger and differs more between countries among the least-educated groups.ConclusionsAt the individual level, many known and unknown factors are causing enormous variation in age at death, socioeconomic position being only one of them. Reducing variations in age at death among less-educated people by providing protection to the vulnerable may help to reduce inequalities in mortality between socioeconomic groups.

A geographic perspective on intra-urban racial/ethnic diversity, segregation, and clustering in Knoxville, Tennessee: 1990–2000

Racial/ethnic diversity in the United States has increased significantly in recent decades, with minority groups now accounting for almost one-third of the total population. At the same time, growing diversity has spread into rural and non-metropolitan areas. Research suggests that changing diversity in the ‘New South’ has seen growth of non-Black communities. The question, however, is the degree to which increasing diversity equates with increasing intermixing or, alternatively, whether racial/ethnic clusters retain their prominence. This paper examines the geographic manifestations of growing racial/ethnic diversity within intra-urban context, using census-tracts as scale of analysis in the metropolitan statistical area (MSA) of Knoxville in Tennessee. The statistics used for analyzing intra-urban variations include Diversity Score, Theil Entropy Index, and Location Quotient. Tract and Block-group data for White, Black, American Indian, Asian, All Others and Hispanic are used for computing these indices. This paper concludes that diversity has increased during 1990–2000, and has dispersed into suburban counties. However, segregation and clustering for certain minority groups has also increased, in particular African-Americans still remain the most segregated and most clustered community confined to specific geographic locations. This research holds significance as local economic development patterns are very much guided by the geographic variability of human and social capital. Applied research can suggest avenues for growth and can help rebuild local communities. This paper will also contribute to literature focusing on methodological challenges in measuring diversity and its geographic manifestations.

Public School Segregation and Juvenile Violent Crime Arrests in Metropolitan Areas

Previous research has established an association between residential segregation and violent crime in urban America. Our study examines whether school-based segregation is predictive of arrests of juveniles for violent crimes in U.S. metro areas. Using Census, Uniform Crime Report, and Common Core data for 204 metro areas, a measure of school-based racial segregation, Theil's entropy index, is decomposed into two components: between- and within-district segregation. Findings reveal evidence of a significant interaction term: Within-district segregation is inversely associated with arrests for juvenile violence, but only in metropolitan areas with higher than average levels of between-district segregation.

Analysis of the Brazilian cellulose industry concentration (1998 - 2007)

This work analyzed the Brazilian cellulose industry concentration level between 1998 and 2007, focusing on the sector's main performance indicators. The necessary data was collected from BRACELPA's Statistical Reports during the same period. The concentration level was determined according to the following indexes: Concentration Ratio (CR); Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI); Theil's Entropy Index (E); and the Gini Coefficient (G). The primary conclusions were that the CR(4), CR(8), HHI, and Theil's indexes presented high figures in spite of occasional fluctuations. The inequality of the industry, as measured by the Gini coefficient, was considered high, confirming the initial hypothesis of the work.

Metropolitan Context and Racial/Ethnic Intermixing in Residential Space: U.S. Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1990-20001

This study is concerned with racial/ethnic intermixing as it varies among the 49 largest U.S. MSAs in 2000 and its change over the 1990-2000 decade. Race/ethnicity is defined in terms of the major census categories of African American, American Indian, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic. Intermixing is calibrated by the Theil Entropy Index, which treats the five groups simultaneously and produces measures of an MSA's diversity (Diversity Score) and its level of intermixing (Entropy). The latter (Entropy) also serves as a dependent variable in regression analyses, wherein independent variables include demographic, socio-economic, and built-environment characteristics. The study departs from earlier work at the urban system level in a number of ways. First, MSAs are treated as objects of study in their own right, not simply as observational units. Second, this leads to challenging the usual practice of employing a 1/0 dummy variable to indicate the region in which an MSA is located, a practice that interferes with the emergence of other, more place-specific factors. Third, earlier studies mainly examine metropolitan areas from the perspective of two-group comparisons, rather than the multi-group comparison approach taken here. Fourth, in a major conceptual departure from earlier work, we contextualize racial/ethnic mixing and its 1990-2000 change within broader forces of economic restructuring related to the Fordist/Post-Fordist transition and broad transformational processes that invoke such concepts as inertia, sunk cost, and path dependence effects. Especially noteworthy in our findings is that MSAs that lagged in racial/ethnic intermixing in 1990 experienced the greatest change in the 1990-2000 decade, a catch-up phenomenon that we attribute to a set of widely shared norms concerning intermixing—termed the community, or social, norm premise.