Textured Fabrics Research Articles

8. Compositional and textural analysis of clay materials

The composition and textural fabrics of clay materials control their applications for constructional and other purposes. Discussed below are the most commonly used techniques to characterize these aspects of clay materials. The analytical approaches, their advantages and their limitations are summarized without giving detailed discussions of each technique, but references to more detailed accounts are provided. The overall sampling and analytical approach, and how it will help define and/or solve potential problems, needs to be carefully planned. A preliminary reconnaissance sampling and analysis programme, taking into account desk studies (see Chapter 7) and any related available information needs to be made before embarking on full scale detailed and comprehensive analyses. Sampling and sample preservation methods are too often inadequately designed and this can limit or even negate the results from later sophisticated and costly analyses. Sampling needs to be planned to provide adequate representative samples taking into account the nature of the problem to be answered and the heterogeneity of the materials—clay materials are often very heterogeneous, even on a small scale. Once sampled, the material needs to be carefully preserved so as to minimize alteration of the sample from its original state prior to analysis. For example, drying of samples needs to be undertaken at temperatures which will not dehydrate minerals such as gypsum, i.e. at 40°C rather than the 105°C that is often required in standard procedures. Also the sampling and preservation procedures need to be designed in the context of the objectives of the investigation and

Pathos and Patina: The Failure and Promise of Constitutionalism in the European Imagination

Legal studies react to the Union's social legitimacy deficit either by funnelling the problem to empirical sociology (accompanied by the familiar call for more transparency and democracy), or by ignoring it altogether. This article argues that the crisis in social acceptance can be traced back to the texture of EU law. Law is more than a body of rules: it is a social practice, a structure of meaning, and a system of beliefs. In this light, national law has a richly textured fabric of cultural resources to rely on, which makes it ‘ours’. In contrast, EU law embodies the fluid surface of consumer identity and appears less ‘ours’. The Union's counter–measures—adding pathos and patina to neutralise our distrust—have proven unsuccessful. Neither will a new written Constitution be particularly helpful. The way out, rather, is coming to terms with the market citizen, rather than believing in, and forcing upon the consumer, stories of shared values and historically situated commonality.

Evolution of a calcite marble shear zone complex on Thassos Island, Greece: microstructural and textural fabrics and their kinematic significance

The deformation history of a monophase calcite marble shear zone complex on Thassos Island, Northern Greece, is reconstructed by detailed geometric studies of the textural and microstructural patterns relative to a fixed reference system (shear zone boundary, SZB). Strain localization within the massive marble complex is linked to decreasing P– T conditions during the exhumation process of the metamorphic core complex. Solvus thermometry indicates that temperatures of 300–350°C prevailed during part of the shear zone deformation history. The coarse-grained marble protolith outside the shear zone is characterized by symmetrically oriented twin sets due to early coaxial deformation. A component of heterogeneous non-coaxial deformation is first recorded within the adjacent protomylonite. Enhanced strain weakening by dynamic recrystallization promoted strong localization of plastic deformation in the ultramylonite of the calcite shear zone, where high strain was accommodated by non-coaxial flow. This study demonstrates that both a pure shear and a simple shear strain path can result in similar crystallographic preferred orientations (single c-axis maximum perpendicular to the SZB) by different dominant deformation mechanisms. Separated a-axis pole figures (+ a- and − a-axis) show different density distributions with orthorhombic texture symmetry in the protolith marble and monoclinic symmetry in the ultramylonite marble consistently with the observed grain fabric symmetry.

Microbial signatures in peritidal siliciclastic sediments: a catalogue

A catalogue of microbial structural signatures is presented, based upon the coupling of fundamental biogeochemical–microbial processes and local morphogenetic determinants. It summarizes a collection of sedimentary structures obtained from two modern siliciclastic peritidal environments in different climatic zones (temperate humid: Mellum Island, southern North Sea; subtropical arid: coast of southern Tunisia). Textural geometries reveal a high structural diversity, but their determinants are primarily based upon six major parameters: (1) intrinsic biofactors: structural diversification of sedimentary microbial films and mats inherent in the organisms, i.e. their construction morphology, growth, taxis and behaviour, and local abundance of specific morphotypes. Most prominent are the ensheathed filamentous cyanobacteria Microcoleus chthonoplastes and Lyngbya aestuarii, and the sheathless filamentous cyanobacterium Oscillatoria limosa. (2) Biological response to physical disturbances: sediment supply, erosion and fracturing of surface layers resulting from desiccation cause growth responses of biofilms and microbial mats. (3) Trapping/binding effects: physicobiological processes give rise to grain orientations and wavy to lenticular lamina, lamina‐specific grain arrangements and ‘sucrose’ calcium carbonate accumulations. (4) Secondary physical deformation of biogenic build‐ups: mechanical stresses acting upon sediments overgrown and biostabilized by biofilms and mats produce erosional and overthrust structures. (5) Post‐burial processes: textural fabrics that evolve from mechanical effects of gas formation from decaying mats, and features related to the formation of authigenic minerals (calcium carbonates, calcium sulphates, pyrite). (6) Bioturbation and grazing: post‐depositional structures, such as Skolithos‐type dwellings, traces of burrowing insects, gastropod grazing traces and faecal pellets. In synopsis, the catalogue firstly comprises a sound set of ubiquitous signatures. This uniformity in architectural characteristics is attributed to the presence and local dominance of certain microbes throughout the different settings. The catalogue secondly documents signatures that are extremely sensitive to tidal position, hydrodynamic regime and overall climatic conditions. These kinds of signature indicate narrow facies zones, which often coincide with the activity or dominance zones of certain organisms. An overview of structures of microbial origin from the fossil record underlines the potential of many of the signatures included in this catalogue to become fossilized and provide strong indicators of former siliciclastic tidal settings.

Tensile Properties of Textured Polyester Woven Fabrics: Theoretical Model for Plain Weave Fabric

A force-geometric model is developed to predict the stress-strain relationship of textured polyester woven fabrics for small strains. The model is based on yarn param eters, fabric geometry, and force equilibrium principles. Strains due to removal of weave crimp, removal of textured yarn crimp, and extension of textured yam filaments are assumed to be in series and then summed to yield total predicted fabric strain as a function of stress. Only two strain components are considered: strain due to weave crimp removal and to textured yarn crimp removal. The analysis adopted by Johnson is used to derive the weave crimp component. Predicted stress-strain curves are com pared to experimental curves for eight different fabrics representing two levels of feed yarns and four levels of textured yarns; the fabrics are in the dyed state, having been woven and hot water bulked prior to jet dyeing. In this state, these textured woven fabrics have maximum stretch potential resulting from yarn crimp in the woven fabric and textured filament crimp generated during wet finishing. There is good agreement between experimental and predicted stress-strain curves for low modulus fabrics, but agreement between predicted and experimental values is not good in all cases.

Effect of Repeated Laundering on the Properties of Air-Jet Textured Cotton/Filament Composite Fabrics

We describe laundering and wrinkling trials on woven grey and dyed fabrics made from air-jet textured cotton/filament composite yams as weft. The tensile and bursting strength properties of the fabrics are not affected much by the laundering treatments. The textured yarn grey fabrics in general show higher relaxation with laundering, resulting in increased thickness, thermal insulation, and abrasion resistance, and re duced air permeability and tear strength. The greater strain relief due to laundering of the bulkier textured yam structure also helps to improve the crease recovery and wrinkling properties of these fabrics. Fabrics made with textured yams show higher wrinkle recovery than the parent yarn fabrics at various strain levels. The extent of whiteness gain in grey fabrics and color loss in dyed fabrics is almost the same in both the parent and textured yarn fabrics as a consequence of laundering treatments. The textured yarn fabrics, however, show higher color value than those from the parent yarn.

Physical Properties of Weft Knitted Fabrics

The geometrical dimensions of weft knitted fabrics made of polyester and polyamide (twisted and textured) yarns and their effect on the tensile properties of these fabrics are discussed. Tests show that textured yarn fabrics have a higher elastic recovery than twisted yarn fabrics. All fabrics show higher elastic recovery when they are stretched in the wale direction rather than the course direction. The air permeability of textured fabrics is half that of fabrics made of twisted yarns.

The Persistence of Fibres Transferred During Contact of Automobile Carpets and Clothing Fabrics

The transfer of fibres is of interest in the investigation of many crimes. In an effort to assess the likelihood or frequency of transfer of automobile carpeting fibres, simulated transfers were carried out in vehicles with several fabric types. Factors which influence fibre transfer were tested, including pressure of contact, nature of recipient material, nature of transferring materials, age and location of carpeting. Increased pressure showed no positive correlation with number of fibres transferred. The more highly textured fabrics, corduroy and wool crepe, picked up the most fibres. The nylon/acrylic carpet shed the greatest number of fibres and carpeting from late model vehicles shed more fibres than the carpeting from older vehicles. The percentage of nylon and polypropylene carpeting fibres still recoverable after wearing recipient fabrics during normal activity was investigated. The polypropylene fibres showed more persistence than the nylon fibres on the fabrics tested and the textured fabrics retained more fibres than the smooth surfaced fabrics. To aid in the investigation of findings of automobile carpeting fibres in casework, data was collected on the type of fibre utilized by some of the major automobile manufacturers.

Equal Biaxial Tensile Properties of Textured Yarn Fabrics

The capability of predicting the equail biaxial tensile properties of the textured yarn fabrics was discussed in the region of the tensile strength below 500 gf/cm. This value is related to the handle of the fabrics.The textured yarn has such a good feature as the high stretchability, but this makes difficult for the calculation of the tensile properties, because the initial extension state of the yarn in the fabric is uncertain. So, we defined the initial extension state and we could calculate the equal biaxial tensile properties of the textured yarn fab rics by applying the biaxial tensile theory by Kawabata et al.The specimens, which had nealy flexible yarns, showed a good agreement between the calculated values and the experimentals. But, we also found that the bending rigidty of the yarns in the fabric played an important role when we calculated the tensile properties of the fabrics.

Early diagenetic, nonhydrothermal Na-alunite in Jurassic flint clays, Makhtesh Ramon, Israel

A newly discovered deposit of aluminum sulfate minerals within kaolinite claystones of the Middle Jurassic Inmar Formation at Makhtesh Ramon is described. The sulfate minerals as determined by X-ray diffraction, chemical analysis, and differential thermal analysis are predominately members of the alunite-natroalunite solid-solution series with subordinate jarosite (potassium-iron sulfate) and minor amounts of woodhouseite [CaAl 3 (PO 4 )(SO 4 )(OH) 6 ]. Three distinct modes of occurrence were recognized for the sulfate minerals: (1) thin beds, 1 to 8 cm thick and laterally extensive, (2) pods concentrated in a horizon parallel to bedding and (3) fine disseminations within the claystone. The host sequence is composed predominantly of kaolinite clay-stone with minor amounts of carbonaceous shale, flint clay, siltstone, and massive interbeds of quartzarenite. Two distinct facies, whose origins are related to the genesis of the sulfates, have been defined within the sequence. They are the coaly facies, characterized by organic-rich shaly claystone, and the flint-clay facies, composed of massive, homogeneous, and brecciated flint clay. The pure well-ordered kaolinite of the claystone in the coaly facies has mineralogic properties similar to those of the flint-clay facies; both facies were probably formed by similar processes. In contrast to this, the other claystone parts of the host sequence contain higher quartz concentrations, disordered kaolinite, and minor amounts of illite. Inasmuch as the sulfate mineralization occurred in both the flint-clay facies and coaly facies, their origin is postulated as being nonhydrothermal and closely related to the environmental conditions that accompanied deposition. The interpretation of an early diagenetic origin for the Na-alunite is based on the nature of textural fabrics within the alunite pods that were caused by segregation of a kaolinite + epiclastic quartz assemblage from a relatively homogeneous alunite assemblage. Fractionation into a kaolinite + quartz assemblage and an alunite assemblage could only have occurred before compaction, probably by a process of colloidal segregation during stages of dewatering. The mineralogic characteristics of claystone within the flint-clay facies and coaly facies developed mainly in situ within swampy depressions by a process of upward leaching such as that proposed by Keller and others for the origin of Missouri flint clay. Furthermore, authigenic pyrite formed in response to an environment of negative Eh and was subsequently oxidized to H 2 SO 4 by subaerial exposure of the swamp sediments. The diagenetic reorganization of colloidal clays by reaction with the sulfuric acid is considered to be the dominant process in the formation of the alunite.

Los Angeles: Biography of a City by John, LaRee Caughey

Reviews 171 She is kidnapped by a band of Comanches, friends of Devers, and held for an indeterminate time. In a wild battle scene in which Devers and the other villains are killed, MacAshen rescues the still-chaste Karryl, and they get married and begin replenishing the earth. There are several subplots, all fully as cliche-ridden and equally unreal. Song of the Pedernales is just another variant of a James Fenimore Cooper Leather-stocking tale. There is even a Natty Bumppo, an old trapper and guide named Fall, friend of the beautiful couple. The villain is part Indian, the hero and heroine are the best Southern American types, and the chase and rescue scenes are right out of Cooper. And Cooper in The Prairie describes better a setting which he has not seen than Mortimer does a setting which he has seen. In the 1920’s and and 1930’s I traveled every road in the Pedernales and Blanco River valleys many times, in a slow Model-T Ford. Mortimer’s place names are accurate, but the topography he describes resembles only slightly the Hill Country I know. And there are some more important points to consider. The characters speak casually of meeting on “the Uvalde” or “the Brady.” I cannot find mention of any Texas streams with these names. Mortimer writes of “the Pedernales’ particular variety of cacti, the tall w’hite blooms sentinel-like in their solitude” ; he obviously is describing the yucca, which is not a cactus plant. He calls a crew of cowboys a “waddy”; this word is some­ times used for an individual cowboy, but not for a crew. He calls a ranch boss the “wrangler,” a term which was limited to the horse herder. Mr. Mortimer needs to study Ramon Adams’ Western Words. And there is no mention of the cattle trails to the North which were an essential part of rangeland life during the time of the novel. Historical novels ought to be accurate in detail, specific in setting, and believable in plot. Mr. Mortimer achieved none of these criteria. His novel does not fulfill its promise. ORLAN SAWEY, Texas A&I University in Kingsville Los Angeles: Biography of a City. By John and LaRee Caughey. (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1976. xiv + 509 pages, illus., suggested readings, index, $14.95.) Few would dispute the brief that Los Angeles is indeed a remarkable city. In support of that proposition, the Caugheys have compiled a highly readable anthology “of selected writings threaded on historical guidelines [which] tells the city’s kaleidoscopic story,” which should convince any diehard doubters. As a pioneer work, the book has much to recommend it. 172 Western American Literature Firstly, the selections have been well chosen. Ranging from the earliest natives, the Gabrielinos, to present-day ecological and environmental con­ cerns, the included material is concise, contained and pointed in each instance. There is no fluff or padding. To make the 114 selections more meaningful, they have been grouped into appropriate categories under the umbrella of broad chronological or era headings. This is the warf of the book. Cogent and graceful commentaries preface each individual selection, which provides the text’s woof. The end result is a textured fabric that is highly personal: the anthology is Los Angeles as beheld by the Caugheys. It is an affectionate and compassionate view, socially aware and issue oriented. Although the book is rooted in historical writings, only 33 contributions are derived from original sources; the balance are all monographic or secondary. But that is no criticism, for the authors chosen for inclusion have established popular reputations or are trained historians. And one cannot fault the overall coverage. The expected subjects are touched upon: Spanish, Mexican and American early years, water, disasters, Sister Aimee, real estate booms, movies, war and peace, smog, the Dodgers, Watts, free­ ways, and the like. But what is surprising are some omissions. Religion, other than Sister Aimee, gets short shrift; so does “culture” in the finest sense of that word, other than a brief bow to the Music Center. City politics are also slighted; philanthropy ignored. A bit of prejudice (or should one say favoritism) is evident...

An Experiment on Reinforced Plastic Shuttle

A series of our investigations has shown that a shuttle loom costs more expense of wear and tear than a shuttleless loom does.The main reason of this is that a wooden shuttle is low in mechanical durability.From this point-of-view, a plan is afoot to reduce the expense by replacing a wooden shuttle with a plastic one. To carry out the investigation, a German p lastic shuttle is used on an automatic cop changing loom for polyester textured fabric.The main results obtained are as follows : (1) A plastic shuttle can be used in the polyester textured fabric in the similiar condition to the wooden shuttle, (2) Mechanical durability of the plastic shuttle is higher than that of the wooden shuttle, and (3) Therefore, the wear and tear expense of shuttle can be reduced by using a plastic shuttle.