Texture Depth Research Articles

Study on the Influence of Surface Texture Parameters of Oil Production Screw Motor Rotor on the Tribological Properties of Its Friction Pair

By researching the influence of micro-groove texture on the surface tribological properties of the stator and rotor pair of oil production hydraulic motors, this paper aims to reduce the frictional resistance moment of the spiral pair of hydraulic motors, and further solve the problem of the difficult restart of the pump of a certain type of hydraulic-driven screw pump. According to the spiral pair of screw motors, a metal-rubber flat plate reciprocating friction model is established, and rectangular micro-grooves with different texture angles and depths are machined on the surface of the metal specimen. A combination of finite element simulation and tribological tests is used to carry out a study on the influence of different texture parameters on the friction performance of the hydraulic motor spiral pair. The results showed that at a certain texture angle, the friction coefficient of each specimen basically increases with the texture depth. When the texture depth is constant, the friction coefficient increases first and then decreases with the increase of the texture angle. The texture angle is the main factor affecting the friction coefficient. Under the same test conditions, the friction coefficient of the textured specimen can be reduced by 20.2% compared with the untextured specimen. In the metal-rubber contact pair of the stator and rotor of the hydraulic motor, the friction reduction mechanism of the texture mainly transport the lubricating medium through the micro-grooves to improve the lubricating conditions. Samples with a reasonable design of texture parameters can effectively reduce the friction coefficient of the friction pair without reducing the service life of the hydraulic motor, which is conducive to the smooth restart of the oil production system of the hydraulically driven screw pump.

Comparison of adhesive joint strength of laser fabricated dimple textured Al–Mg alloy in different environment

Joining of aluminium alloys using adhesives has got tremendous applications in aviation, marines, and unmanned aerial vehicles. Surface preparation plays a crucial role in the adhesive joining of two surfaces. In this research work, the nanosecond fibre laser was used to create dimple-shaped textures on aluminium–Mg alloy (AA5754). Dimple-shaped textures were created under three different atmospheric conditions. Experiments were performed in open-air conditions, under static water conditions, and under flowing water conditions. Texture depths differed by varying the scanning speed of laser beam. Texture pitch was also varied at two different levels, that is 300 [Formula: see text]m and 400 [Formula: see text]m in both texturing directions. Two different scanning speeds of 2.5 and 5 mm/s of the laser beam were investigated. Surface contact angle of each sample was evaluated using a goniometer to measure surface hydrophobicity/ hydrophillicity. Surface roughness and dimensions of dimples were measured using a digital microscope. Scanning electron microscopes were used to evaluate the morphology of textured surfaces. An epoxy-based adhesive (partite) was uniformly spread over textured zones and samples for standard tensile tests were prepared as per ASTM. Shear lap tensile tests were carried out to evaluate the shear lap strength of each joint on a universal testing machine. Surfaces prepared in static water conditions and flowing water conditions resulted in completely different morphology compared to open-air processing. It was observed that dimple patterns fabricated under flowing water conditions had the highest bonding strength among all the three processing environments.

Performance analysis of drills with structured surfaces when drilling CFRP/AA7075 stack under MQL condition

When drilling multi-stack materials, the dissimilar material response, severe tool wear, and long hot metal chips pose serious challenges in achieving the requisite hole quality. There is difficulty in effectively lubricating the cutting zone as the drill penetrates deep into the drilled hole. Structuring the surfaces of cutting tools is an approach to improve their tribological performance. Micro-textures are created on the drill flute and margin surfaces using laser micro-machining to improve the micro-pool lubrication effect and reduce the friction during machining CFRP/aluminum alloy stacks. The performance of four different textured drills - dimple on flute, groove on flute, perpendicular and parallel grooves on margin – is compared with that of the non-textured drill. The thrust force, hole quality (roughness, roundness and delamination), tool wear (BUE and cutting edge rounding), and chip morphology are analyzed. Among the four textured drills, the dimple textured drill results in the best performance due to the improved micro-pool lubrication effect of micro-dimples in the flute region, thereby producing short metal chips and best hole quality. It also retains the texture depth for a longer duration as compared to the other textured drills.

Fused Thermal and RGB Imagery for Robust Detection and Classification of Dynamic Objects in Mixed Datasets via Pre-Trained High-Level CNN

Smart vehicles with embedded Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technologies are currently equipped with different types of mounted sensors, aiming to ensure safe movement for both passengers and other road users. The sensors’ ability to capture and gather data to be synchronically interpreted by neural networks for a clear understanding of the surroundings is influenced by lighting conditions, such as natural lighting levels, artificial lighting effects, time of day, and various weather conditions, such as rain, fog, haze, and extreme temperatures. Such changing environmental conditions are also known as complex environments. In addition, the appearance of other road users is varied and relative to the vehicle’s perspective; thus, the identification of features in a complex background is still a challenge. This paper presents a pre-processing method using multi-sensorial RGB and thermal camera data. The aim is to handle issues arising from the combined inputs of multiple sensors, such as data registration and value unification. Foreground refinement, followed by a novel statistical anomaly-based feature extraction prior to image fusion, is presented. The results met the AV challenges in CNN’s classification. The reduction of the collected data and its variation level was achieved. The unified physical value contributed to the robustness of input data, providing a better perception of the surroundings under varied environmental conditions in mixed datasets for day and night images. The method presented uses fused images, robustly enriched with texture and feature depth and reduced dependency on lighting or environmental conditions, as an input for a CNN. The CNN was capable of extracting and classifying dynamic objects as vehicles and pedestrians from the complex background in both daylight and nightlight images.

Evaluation of skid resistance of asphalt pavement covered with aeolian sand in desert areas

Particulate contaminants adhering to a desert road can significantly affect the contact characteristics of tires and pavements. The effects of sand quantity, temperature and wearing on the skid resistance were analyzed through the laboratory tests. Image analysis and generalized regression neural networks (GRNN) were used to obtain the macrostructure, followed by reconstructing a three-dimensional model and predicting the texture depth of asphalt pavements. Finally, decay prediction models of skid resistance were established. The results show that the 3D model reconstructed by digital images can clearly show the sand distribution on the road. Furthermore, the GRNN model was found to be reliable, with an average relative error of only 3.4%. Aeolian sand amount, temperature and wearing cycles all affect the skid resistance, while the sand has the greatest influence. The skid resistance model can predict the friction capacity well and it provides a reference for determining the maintenance time for asphalt pavements in desert areas.

РАЗРАБОТКА АЛГОРИТМА РАСПОЗНАВАНИЯ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ КОМБИНАЦИИ АЛГОРИТМОВ ПОИСКА ПО ФОРМЕ И ТЕКСТУРЕ

The article discusses image’s recognizing methods by a contour, for an object’s color characteristics highlighting, and object’s recognizing by an various angles. Each of these methods has its own implementation features, advantages and disadvantages. The paper considers a search method for shape and texture characteristics through Tamura analysis, such as histograms of individual colors and texture depth. An algorithm is also considered for obtaining Fourier descriptors, which allows you to match the shapes of areas using graph matching methods. To describe the image’s contour when selecting an object from the background, the Grid method is used. This method allows you determination the image’s contour, and then search for this contour, comparing it with the standard. The Grid method is used to describe the image’s outline with it’s selection from the background. The work implements an image search for all three parameters simultaneously during to a methods combination that described above for errors reducing in the algorithm. This method will not depend on the original and recognized images angle, on the shooting quality difference between the original and recognized images. The image searching algorithm involves comparing the image with the samples, that stored in the database. Comparison with the sample can be made with determining the characteristics inherent in the product or products’ group. The paper presents of the resistance to errors study to the proposed method, the correctness of image’s recognition by it and also considers its speed. The article considers image’s recognizing methods by a contour, by an object’s color characteristics highlighting, and object’s recognizing from various angles. Each of these methods has its own implementation features, advantages and disadvantages. The paper considers a search method for shape and texture characteristics through Tamura analysis, such as histograms of individual colors and texture depth. An algorithm is also considered for obtaining Fourier descriptors, which allows matching the shapes of areas by graph matching methods. To describe the image’s contour when selecting an object from the background, the Grid method is used allowing to determine the image’s contour and then search for this contour, comparing it with the standard. In the paper, an image search using all the three parameters simultaneously is realized by combining the methods described above while reducing the errors in the algorithm. Such a method will not depend on the original and recognized images angle, on the shooting quality difference between the original and recognized images. The image searching algorithm involves comparing the image with the reference standards stored in the database. Benchmarking is done by identifying the characteristics inherent in the product or products’ group The paper presents a study in the resistance to errors of the proposed method, in the correctness of image’s recognition by it and also considers its processing speed.

Light Field Reconstruction Via Deep Adaptive Fusion of Hybrid Lenses.

This paper explores the problem of reconstructing high-resolution light field (LF) images from hybrid lenses, including a high-resolution camera surrounded by multiple low-resolution cameras. The performance of existing methods is still limited, as they produce either blurry results on plain textured areas or distortions around depth discontinuous boundaries. To tackle this challenge, we propose a novel end-to-end learning-based approach, which can comprehensively utilize the specific characteristics of the input from two complementary and parallel perspectives. Specifically, one module regresses a spatially consistent intermediate estimation by learning a deep multidimensional and cross-domain feature representation, while the other module warps another intermediate estimation, which maintains the high-frequency textures, by propagating the information of the high-resolution view. We finally leverage the advantages of the two intermediate estimations adaptively via the learned confidence maps, leading to the final high-resolution LF image with satisfactory results on both plain textured areas and depth discontinuous boundaries. Besides, to promote the effectiveness of our method trained with simulated hybrid data on real hybrid data captured by a hybrid LF imaging system, we carefully design the network architecture and the training strategy. Extensive experiments on both real and simulated hybrid data demonstrate the significant superiority of our approach over state-of-the-art ones. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first end-to-end deep learning method for LF reconstruction from a real hybrid input. We believe our framework could potentially decrease the cost of high-resolution LF data acquisition and benefit LF data storage and transmission. The code will be publicly available at https://github.com/jingjin25/LFhybridSR-Fusion.

Investigation on the fractal characteristic of asphalt pavement texture roughness incorporating 3D reconstruction technology

<abstract> <p>The textural roughness of asphalt pavement surface is an important indicator to characterize pavement skid resistance. In this paper, multi-visual technology was applied to capture the surface image of asphalt pavement which was transformed into a visualized 3D point cloud model. Then, based on the principle of the digital elevation model (DEM), the disordered 3D point cloud is rasterized and projected into a 2D matrix which contains generalized point cloud elevation information. Meanwhile, the 2D matrix is transformed into grayscale to build the equivalent grayscale image. Furthermore, the fractal dimensions were calculated in terms of one-dimensional pavement section profile, two-dimensional grayscale, and equivalent grayscale to characterize the pavement roughness. The results showed that the fractal dimensions are positively correlated with the mean texture depth (MTD), and the fractal dimension of equivalent grayscale has the best correlation with MTD. It should be highlighted that the equivalent grayscale image is directly transformed by the reconstruction of the three-dimensional point cloud, and the grayscale value of each point can represent the elevation of different pavement surfaces. Therefore, the equivalent grayscale image can better reflect the real roughness of the pavement surface. Meanwhile, the proposed method in this paper can effectively reduce the influence of some factors (e.g., light and color, etc..) on the texture detection of the pavement surface.</p> </abstract>

Road pavement friction determination at various testing conditions

Pavement skid resistance has a direct and indubitable influence on road safety. The level of measured friction is influenced by many factors such as speed, water film presence and depth, tire type, measuring principle, and of course pavement surface texture. The article deals with the comparison of results measured at different types of wearing courses according to various combinations of good and bad microtexture and macrotexture, with two different longitudinal friction measuring devices and two devices for texture depth measurement. Measurements were performed at 10 selected road sections with diverse types of wearing courses and with miscellaneous traffic load and age. The results describe the measure of dependence of coefficient friction on macrotexture and microtexture as well as the influence of different testing conditions.

Study the Effect of Parameters on Tire-Pavement Interaction Noise (TPIN)

The present study was prepared to determine the effect of different parameters on tire-pavement Interaction noise (TPIN). TPIN was calculated utilizing the Onboard Sound Intensity Method (OBSI) using apparatus Lutron 801 sound level meter single probe 1 kHz of one microphone is placed at the right back test tire with a specific distance. A total of 30 sections were selected for the main roads in Baghdad city, with 134 meters for each test section in length. TPIN data was calculated for various parameters such as different pavement types, various test vehicles, different speeds (40, 56, and 72) km/h, various types of tires, different pavement aging, and different mean texture depth (MTD) values Which is measured by a sand patch test. The sound intensity dBA increases when MTD value and vehicle speed increase in both types of pavements. On the other hand, the sound intensity dBA increases when age increases for asphalt pavement type while it decreases in asphalt concrete pavement type. In addition, the sound intensity dBA in the asphalt pavement type is lower than in the asphalt concrete pavement when compared to the condition of the new pavement. The opposite is in the case of old pavement surfaces. As well as, the sound intensity dBA in Bus is greater than in the passenger car, and the silver stone tire is lower than the Dunlop tire in the passenger car. Finally, it is concluded that TPIN may be reduced or increased due to the effect of different parameters.

Modeling and Assessment of Land Degradation Vulnerability in Arid Ecosystem of Rajasthan Using Analytical Hierarchy Process and Geospatial Techniques

Wind erosion is a major natural disaster worldwide, and it is a key problem in western Rajasthan in India. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), the Geographic Information System (GIS), and remote sensing satellite images are effective tools for modeling and risk assessment of land degradation. The present study aimed to assess and model the land degradation vulnerable (LDV) zones based on the AHP and geospatial techniques in the Luni River basin in Rajasthan, India. This study was carried out by examining important thematic layers, such as vegetation parameters (normalized difference vegetation index and land use/land cover), a terrain parameter (slope), climatic parameters (mean annual rainfall and land surface temperature), and soil parameters (soil organic carbon, soil erosion, soil texture, and soil depth), using the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) and geospatial techniques in the Luni River basin in Rajasthan, India. The weights derived for the thematic layers using AHP were as follows: NDVI (0.27) > MAR (0.22) > LST (0.15) > soil erosion (0.12) > slope (0.08) > LULC (0.06) > SOC (0.04) > soil texture (0.03) > soil depth (0.02). The result indicates that nearly 21.4 % of the total area is prone to very high degradation risks; 12.3% is prone to high risks; and 16%, 24.3%, and 26% are prone to moderate, low, and very low risks, respectively. The validation of LDV was carried out using high-resolution Google Earth images and field photographs. Additionally, the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve found an area under the curve (AUC) value of 82%, approving the prediction accuracy of the AHP technique in the study area. This study contributes by providing a better understanding of land degradation neutrality and sustainable soil and water management practices in the river basin.

Investigations on the long-term skid resistance of epoxy asphalt mixture based on accelerated loading test

Under long-term vehicle loads and large attenuation degrees, asphalt pavements are expected to have reduced slip resistance that does not meet the code requirements, thus impacting driving safety. Epoxy asphalt mixture has been widely used in road construction throughout recent years. Accordingly, it is necessary to explore the long-term skid resistance of epoxy asphalt mixture. Therefore, based on the indoor accelerated loading testing methodology, this paper investigates the anti-skidding performance attenuation of epoxy asphalt and SBS-modified asphalt mixtures at room and high temperatures. The rule of skidding resistance of asphalt mixture with loading times is analyzed, and the feasibility of epoxy asphalt in improving the long-term skid resistance of asphalt pavement is also explored. In general, the study results have shown that the decay rates of British Pendulum Number (BPN), the mean texture depth (MTD), and mean profile depth (MPD) epoxy asphalt mixtures are lower than those of SBS-modified asphalt ones under normal and high temperature loading conditions. Moreover, the fractal dimension of the epoxy asphalt mixture is larger and decays more slowly, and its section texture can be preserved to a greater extent during the loading process. Besides, it is observed that epoxy asphalt mixtures have better long-term skid resistance and greater retention of section texture than the SBS-modified asphalt ones.

Road pavement macrotexture estimation at the design stage

Road performance (e.g., rolling resistance, friction, noise, and hydroplaning) is affected by surface macrotexture. The characteristics above need to be controlled and predicted at the design stage because of the consequences on sustainability and safety. However, macrotexture is quite difficult to govern when designing a mixture and this fact poses many issues, especially when focusing on Low-nominal maximum aggregate size, NMAS, mixtures. Consequently, tools are needed, at the design stage, to better predict a pavement surface macrotexture (e.g., mean texture depth, MTD). For these reasons, the main objective of this study is to set up and implement a model to predict MTD at the design stage. To this end, three main data sets of bituminous mixtures were taken into account. The first data set was created considering technical specifications limits, the second one consisted of data from the literature, and the third one consisted of mixtures especially created in the laboratory (low- NMAS mixtures). Modelling was carried out by setting up several equations, which are based on the sphere packing model and on the concept of filling volume, FV, herein introduced. Results demonstrate that (1) NMAS and FV can explain up to 88 % of MTD variance, (2) the lower specification limits set up in technical specifications must not be considered as good descriptors of the expected MTD, and (3) for low-NMAS mixtures the impact of FV appears less important, while the impact of NMAS seems to be still important. Results can benefit both researchers and practitioners.

Texture shape optimization induced higher load carrying capacity of sealing ring based on improved PSO algorithm

An improved particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is presented to optimize the texture shape of the sealing ring in order to enhance the load carrying capacity (LCC). The shape optimization uses the unrelated generation method of the texture curves, and two splines are applied to fit the boundary of the texture to improve the continuity. The inertia factor is adjusted through the differential strategy to enhance the local optimization capacity. The optimization model is verified by two optimization cases. The optimized texture is bullet-shaped. The increase of inlet oil pressure transforms the optimized texture from the bullet shape to the inner spiral shape. In addition, the increase of the texture depth leads to the gradual elongation of the texture shape. The increase in the number of textures flattens the seal texture. The results shows that the improved PSO algorithm has high global optimization ability of the texture shape for the sealing ring in the vehicle transmission through appropriate parameter settings.

Effect of Micro-Dimple Geometry on the Tribological Characteristics of Textured Surfaces

The introduction of external surface features on mating contact surfaces is an effective method to reduce friction and wear between the contact surfaces. The tribological properties of the contact surfaces can be improved by controlling the geometrical parameters (shape, size, depth) of the surface texture effectively. In the present study, the tribological properties of Al6061-T6 cylindrical workpieces with various micro-dimple-texture geometries and an AISI 52100 steel stationery block are tested experimentally, in a rotating cylinder-on-pin configuration of the friction test. The dual-frequency surface texturing method is employed to create micro-dimple textures using a polycrystalline diamond tool. The effect of a hierarchical micro-dimple texture is then investigated under boundary lubrication conditions. Hierarchical micro-dimples, with an increase in length, show a lower friction coefficient under high load and sliding speed conditions. Secondary hierarchical nano-structures help in improving the tribological characteristics by generating an additional hydrodynamic lift effect.

Friction dependence on the textured structure of an amorphous carbon surface: A reactive molecular dynamics study

Amorphous carbon (a-C) film provides ultralow friction when combined with lubricating oil. However, it is unclear how textured surfaces affect the friction behavior of a-C at atomic scale, specifically the transformation of interfacial structure and the flow of lubricating oil, owing to the limitations of experimental characterization. Here, a-C films with different textured surfaces were fabricated, and the friction behaviors of mating a-C surfaces with textured parameters, including nanoscale depth and width, were examined by reactive molecular dynamics simulation. Results indicate that compared to that under dry condition, the introduction of a textured surface reduces the friction coefficient of a-C under oil lubrication condition. However, its efficiency highly depends on the depth and width of textured surface, exhibiting different effects on hydrodynamic lubrication. The increase in textured depth causes the friction coefficient decreased first and then increased, attributing to the lubrication from hydrodynamic to boundary state as primary mechanism. The regional aggregation of lubricant atoms with a textured width on the a-C surface occurs at the friction interface following the increased friction coefficient. These results provide insights into the underlying friction mechanism of a-C films induced by surface texturing and enable the development of highly efficient lubrication systems for applications.

Influence of thin water film on asphalt pavement skid resistance: from indoor to in-situ test

ABSTRACT Pavements skid resistance, especially in wet states, is an essential indicators of traffic safety. However, the existing testers cannot reflect actual road friction situations and oversimplify water’s effect on texture and skid resistance. Therefore, this study compared a traditional British pendulum tester (BPT) with actual vehicle braking. A simplified water coverage simulation programme was proposed, and the BPT characterised the influence of different thin water films on skid resistance in the laboratory. Besides, several freshly constructed road sections (AC-13, SMA-13, and PAC-13) were tested with both BPT and vehicle braking during rainfall. The results showed that water film, even thin, is unfavourable for pavement skid resistance. The BPT results were inconsistent with that of the vehicle braking. Because the tribological properties characterised by BPT are provided by micro-texture and partly macro-texture within the rubber-texture interaction depth (0.1 mm). Larger texture depth and more tortuous and connected pores will offer pavements larger water capacity and higher water permeability, which is beneficial for alleviating braking distance reduction during rainfall. In general, an ideal skid resistance tester should consider characteristics within the rubber-texture contact depth and should consider braking conditions such as speed, water film thickness, drainage method, and slip rate.

Effect of bio-inspired surface texture on the resistance of 3D-printed polycarbonate bonded joints

Surface preparation before adhesive bonding is crucial to improve the resistance and durability of the joint by altering the surface properties of the adherend. The purpose of surface treatment is to clean the surface from contaminants, activate the adherend surface and create an optimal surface structure to promote adhesion mechanisms. In that context, this work aims to investigate the influence of substrate surface texturing on the resistance of adhesive joints. Two bio-inspired surface textures were investigated, Fish scale (FS) and Tree frog (TF). Polycarbonate (PC) specimens with different surface patterns were manufactured using the fused deposition modelling process. Surface morphology, such as pattern dimension (shape and depth), surface roughness (Ra), and wettability, were used to characterise the substrates. The influence of these texture patterns on the shear strength of adhesively bonded joints was evaluated through the standardised block shear test method ASTM D4501-01. Moreover, the shear strength of the structured joints was compared to the results from bonding with polished surfaces (surfaces abraded with 80, 600 and 1000 grit paper), and with as-printed surfaces. The results revealed that the FS and TF surface textures enhanced the shear strength by 242% and 283% compared to the adhesive joints with polished surfaces. It was also shown that the variation in depth of the bio-inspired surface texture has no significant impact on the joint strength. Failure analysis demonstrated that the fracture mode of bonded joints with polished surfaces was the adhesive failure while mixed failure (cohesive and adhesive) characterises the as-printed, TF and FS surfaces. Worthy results are obtained rising the effectiveness of surface texture for the PC's bonded joints. Graphical Abstract [Formula: see text] This is a graphical representation of the abstract.

Study on the Thermohydrodynamic Friction Characteristics of Surface-Textured Valve Plate of Axial Piston Pumps.

The purpose of this paper is to study the oil film and friction characteristics of valve plates with a micro-textured surface and to explore the influence of textures of different shapes and sizes on the valve plates. Firstly, on the basis of thermohydrodynamic theory, this paper established the lubrication model of the oil film on the valve plate pair of swashplate axial piston pumps, according to the Reynolds equation. Secondly, the micro-texture was added to the mathematical model of the valve plate pair's oil film. A combination of the energy equation, oil-film-thickness equation, elastic deformation equation, viscosity-pressure and viscosity-temperature equation, the finite difference method, as well as the relaxation iteration method, was used to solve the problem, and the textured and non-textured valve plate surfaces were simulated. The nephogram of the oil-film-thickness distribution, elastic deformation distribution, oil-film-pressure distribution and oil-film-temperature distribution were generated. Then, the control variable method was used to change the cylinder rotational speed, tilt angle, oil viscosity, initial oil film thickness and other parameters to analyze their effects on oil film characteristics. In addition, the friction characteristics of non-textured surfaces, square textured surfaces, triangular textured surfaces and circular textured surfaces were compared and analyzed. It was found that the textured surface of valve plates can obviously improve friction efficiency under the same operating conditions. The square texture, especially, is the preferable shape, rather than the triangular texture and the circular texture, and the friction performance is at its best when the texture depths are between 20 μm and 50 μm. The results provide a theoretical basis for the design and improvement of the valve plate.

Friction and Sealing Performance of the Textured End-Face Seal in the Internal Mixer

To improve the friction and sealing performance of the end-face seal device in the internal mixer, surface texture technology was introduced into the end-face seal device. Based on the hydrodynamic lubrication theory, the effects of different shape textures on the end-face sealing performance under steady and unsteady conditions were simulated, and friction-wear experiments were carried out by the Swiss Anton Paar Friction-Wear Tester TRB3. The theoretical study indicates that under the same conditions, the friction performance and seal effect of Ellipse⊥ and Triangle⊥ textured end-face seals are better, with lower leakage and better average dimensionless pressure. The experimental study indicates that under the same texture parameters, the Triangle⊥ and Ellipse⊥ textured pins have the lowest friction coefficient when the texture depth is 6 μm and 9 μm respectively, and the texture area ratio is 5.56%. In addition, the Triangle⊥ texture has the best friction performance under lower texture depths and the same area ratio. Therefore, it’s concluded that reasonable texture shapes and parameters can effectively improve the friction and seal performance of the end-face seal device in the internal mixer.