Degree Of Texture Research Articles

The Effect of Packaging Type and Pasteurization Time on Changes in The Quality of Getuk Lindri

Getuk Lindri is a traditional food made from boiled cassava which is mashed and mixed with granulated sugar. Getuk Lindri is not widely produced as a souvenir because Getuk Lindri is a semi-wet food that has a short shelf life of 1-2 days. The research was conducted based on the potential of Getuk Lindri as a souvenir. Efforts to maintain the quality of Getuk Lindri in this research are by using a thermal pasteurization process with variations of 10 minutes and 15 minutes and using EVOH (Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol) and PP (Polypropylene) plastic packaging. The parameters observed in this research were the degree of acidity, color, brix levels, texture, and organoleptic (aroma, taste, and texture). This research aims to determine the effect of packaging type, pasteurization time, and a combination of packaging type and pasteurization time on the observed parameters. The results of this research show that the type of packaging (K) has a significant effect on texture and aroma (organoleptic), texture, degree of acidity, and color with EVOH packaging (K3) as the best choice. Pasteurization time treatment (P) has a significant effect on taste (organoleptic) and texture with 10-minute pasteurization (P1) as the best choice. The combination of packaging type and pasteurization time (KxP) has a significant effect on all variables of Getuk Lindri with K3P1 (EVOH packaging with 10-minute pasteurization) as the best combination.

Piezoelectricity in excess of 30 pC N−1 with a high Curie temperature of 950 °C in strongly textured CaBi2Nb2O9 ceramics

The Na/Sm co-doped CaBi2Nb2O9 textured ceramics with a high texture degree of 95–98% were successfully prepared by improved grain growth method, achieving the highest piezoelectric coefficient (d33 > 30 pC N−1) in the CaBi2Nb2O9 systems.

Effects of wheat gluten-soy protein ratios and moisture levels on high-moisture extruded meat analogues for burger patties.

In response to the growing demand for plant-based meat alternatives, this study explores the impact of incorporating wheat gluten (WG) into soy protein isolate (SPI) on both the proximate and functional properties of protein blends. The research also examines the effects of high moisture extrusion processing, varying feed moisture levels (60%, 65%, and 70%), and WG-SPI blends on extruder response, as well as the textural, rheological, and solubility characteristics of the resulting extruded meat analogues. Moreover, the prime objective was to gain insights into the impact of using HMMA made at different ratios and feed moisture levels on plant-based burgers. As the WG incorporation level increased in SPI, the RVA viscosity, water absorption, and oil absorption capacities, and foaming stability exhibited a decrease while foaming capacity increased. As feed moisture and WG incorporation levels in SPI increased, the system parameters, rheological, and textural parameters of high moisture extruded meat analogs decreased. WG25-SPI75 showed the highest degree of texturization or sulfide bonds, and its extruded meat analogues at 60% feed moisture level burger patties resemble a similar textural to a chicken burger patty. This study is pivotal in understanding how wheat gluten in SPIs and feeding moisture level influence the textural and rheology properties of HMMA.

Three-dimensional honeycomb structured BaTiO3-based piezoelectric ceramics via texturing and vat photopolymerization

Textured piezoelectric ceramics have attracted significant attention due to their ability to achieve ultra-high piezoelectric properties comparable to single crystals at a lower cost. Traditional processing techniques, such as tape casting, can efficiently produce textured piezoelectric ceramics with simple structures but are inadequate for fabricating three-dimensional structures with high complexity, thereby limiting their applications in specific fields. Vat photopolymerization (VPP), an advanced additive manufacturing technology, can rapidly and accurately create intricate three-dimensional structures. Crucially, VPP can provide the necessary shear force to align the templates, resulting in the highly-textured piezoelectric ceramics. In this study, BaTiO3-based piezoelectric ceramics with a high degree of texture (97.2 %) were produced using VPP technology. These ceramics exhibited a large piezoelectric coefficient (d33 = 511 pC/N), which was 66 % higher than that of non-textured ceramics. Furthermore, textured ceramics with a honeycomb structure were fabricated, demonstrating their potential in sensing applications. This work confirms the feasibility of using VPP technology to prepare high-performance, complex-structured textured ceramics, thereby promoting the development and application of textured piezoelectric ceramics.

Improvement on Qm in high-power piezoelectric ceramics through [111]c texture engineering

Improving mechanical quality factor Qm is of great significance for high-power applications. Here, a new strategy of the [111]c texture engineering was proposed to enhance the performances of high-power piezoelectric ceramics. The 5 vol% BaTiO3 (BT) templates with the [111]c preferred orientation were introduced into matrix powders of 0.03 Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.33Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.28 PbZrO3–0.36PbTiO3 (28PZ(R)) to form the [111]c textured ceramics (28PZ(T)), possessing a texture degree of 74 %. The multiple of uniform density in EBSD increased from 0.63 in randomly oriented 28 PZ(R) to 6.63 in 28PZ(T). The good lattice matching between BT templates and textured grains was observed using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, confirming the microscopic origin of the [111]c texture. The maximum phase angle θmax of 88.2° was quite near 90° in 28PZ(T), ensuring the optimal Qm value of 1275 and the great figure of merit of 255,000 pC/N. The increased Qm in [111]c texture ceramics was confirmed due to the reduced intrinsic polarization directions rather than the pinning effect of the internal bias field. Larger grain sizes with larger domains restrained the movement of domain walls in 28 PZ(T), which was also favorable to higher Qm. This work may provide a new promising route for further high-power applications.

Research progress in the study of textured piezoelectric ceramics

Piezoelectric ceramics have the advantages of uniform composition, excellent performance, good electromechanical coupling performance, and high cost performance. They are currently one of the important materials for manufacturing sensors and semiconductor components on the market. Although piezoelectric ceramic materials are widely used because of their many advantages, how to improve their piezoelectric properties is still a hot and difficult research spot. Previously, the piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric ceramics were affected by adjusting the grain size, but due to its limited enhancement effect, researchers hope to find other ways to improve the piezoelectric properties of ceramics more efficiently. Research has found that texture process can enable isotropic ceramics to obtain similar characteristics to single crystals that exhibit anisotropy. This greatly improves the piezoelectric properties of ceramics. During the texture process, the type and content of the template, texture degree and texture orientation, and other factors will significantly affect the piezoelectric properties of textured ceramics. With the continuous development of texture technology and process, the piezoelectric properties of textured ceramics have been significantly improved, but the practical application is less. Based on this, this article expounds the design principles of textured ceramics, summarizes the progress in the preparation of textured piezoelectric ceramics, and systematically explains the importance of template and texture orientation selection in texture processing. Finally, this paper also analyses the application of textured ceramics, and looks forward to the optimization methods and development prospects of piezoelectric ceramics. It is hoped to help the application and development of piezoelectric ceramics.

Use of House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Powder in Yoghurt Products.

This study aims to implement and increase values regarding the use of cricket powder in food. This is due to the need to increase the range of products enriched with cricket powder in order to increase the market and acceptance of insects in the diet. The work analyzed properties of yoghurt with cricket powder added (chemical composition, acidity, colour, consistency, degree of syneresis, texture and sensory analysis). Research has shown that the greater the addition of cricket powder, the higher the protein, fat and dry matter content and the lower the hardness of the yoghurt. As the content of cricket powder in yoghurt increased, the brightness (L*) and redness (a*) decreased, while the yellowness (b*) of the samples increased. A change in the colour of the yoghurt was observed with the increase in the cricket powder content; the yoghurt had a darker, browner colour. The best overall sensory rating compared to the control variant (6.4) was given to the yoghurt with 1.5% cricket powder added (5.7), while the worst rating was given to the yoghurt with 5% powder added (2 points out of 7).

Effects of Different Soybean and Coconut Oil Additions on the Physicochemical and Sensory Properties of Soy Protein-Wheat Protein Mixture Subjected to High-Moisture Extrusion.

A protein mixture was prepared using a blend of soybean protein isolate, soybean protein concentrate, and wheat protein through high-moisture extrusion. This study investigated the effects of soybean oil/coconut oil additions (2%, 5%, and 8%) on the physiochemical properties of a soy protein-wheat protein mixture subjected to high-moisture extrusion. The protein extrudates underwent assessment for textural properties, fiber degree, sensory evaluation, microstructure, protein solubility, and protein secondary structure. The findings indicated that plant oils significantly reduced the hardness, springiness, and chewiness of the extrudates, and 5% plant oil significantly increased the fiber degree of the extrudates. In addition, the highest fiber degree and sensory evaluation score were achieved with 5% coconut oil. Observation of the macro- and microstructure indicated that the presence of unsaturated fatty acids in soybean oil did not benefit the improvement of the fibrous structure of protein extrudates during high-moisture extrusion processing. SDS-PAGE and FTIR results revealed that coconut oil, rich in saturated fatty acids, caused the clustering of medium- and low-molecular-weight subunits in texturized protein. Additionally, coconut oil elevated the ratio of 11S protein subunits containing sulfur-based amino acids and facilitated a shift from β-turn to β-sheet. The inclusion of plant oils increased the development of hydrogen and disulfide bonds, resulting in a denser, fibrous structure. DSC demonstrated that plant oils reduced the thermal stability of the texturized proteins but enhanced the order of protein structure.

Achieving enhanced piezoelectric properties in BiFeO3-PbTiO3 based ceramics by a synergistic effects of texturing and structure engineering in reactive template grain growth-like process

A synergistic strategy of texturing and structure engineering in reactive template grain growth-like process has been validated on fabricating 0.66Bi0.9Sm0.1FeO3-0.34PbTiO3 piezoelectric ceramics with enhanced properties. A considerable texture degree is successfully obtained by optimizing sintering conditions. The template is fully dissolved into the matrix after sintering, driving a structure transformation from rhombohedral to pseudo-cubic phase. In comparison to its non-textured counterpart, the textured ceramics show a 69 % increase on large-signal piezoelectric coefficient d33* and a 43 % increase on small-signal piezoelectric coefficient d33. Good high temperature piezoelectric performance is also revealed. At 225 °C, the maximum strain and calculated d33* are 0.22 % and 436 pm/V, respectively, which increase by 49 % compared with corresponding parameters at room temperature. The study not only signify a promising strategy to design high performance BFO based functional materials, but also broaden the scope of texture technology in the development of piezoelectric ceramics.

High Mechanical Property and Texture Degree of Hot-Extruded Bi0.905Sb0.095

Bi1−xSbx crystal is one of the best n-type thermoelectric materials below 200 K, but its weak mechanical strength hinders practical applications for deep refrigeration. Herein, we adopted the mechanical enhancement method of hot extrusion to investigate the comprehensive mechanical and thermoelectric properties of Bi0.905Sb0.095. It revealed that reducing the grain size of the matrix and increasing the extrusion ratio can improve the gain size uniformity and mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the thermoelectric performance depends on the texture, grain size, and local composition. The extruded sample prepared by ingot with the high extrusion ratio of 9:1 generated uniform small grains, which resulted in the high bending strength of Bi1−xSbx~130 Mpa and a high power factor of ~68 μW·cm−1·K−2@173 K, as well as the relatively high figure of merit of 0.25@173K. This work highlights the importance of the uniform distribution of the grain size and the compositions for Bi1−xSbx, as well as the required universal key parameter for the hot extrusion method.

Thermoelectric enhancement in perovskite type textured Me0.85TiO3 ceramics by synergistic high-entropy and microstructure manipulations

Enhancing the figure-of-merit (ZT) for thermoelectric ceramics essentially needs strategies that aim to concurrently optimize electron and phonon transport properties to decouple their coupling relationship. This work developed 〈001〉 -textured Me0.85TiO3(Me = La, Sr, Ba, Ca) ceramics (LSBC-T) with a texture fraction of 92 % fabricated by a tape casting process combined with template grain-growth method, in which 10 wt% (001) oriented plate-like SrTiO3 serves as template seed and A-site deficient high-entropy (La0.25Sr0.25Ba0.25Ca0.25)0.85TiO3 composite was used as matrix material. A peak ZT of 0.27 was attained at 1073 K in the sample parallel to the tape casting direction which was twice the ZT = 0.13 of the non-textured sample. Quantitative analysis of atomic displacement disorder of A-site elements would provide an atomistic-scale understanding of grain orientation evolution with high texture degree and the low thermal conductivity of 1.79 W/(m‧K) at 1073 K. The complex multi-scale defects consist of cation and oxygen vacancies, edge dislocations, parallel grain boundaries, phase interfaces, nanoscale metal/inorganic coexisting clusters, and metal Bi sandwich layer, which act as additional phonon scattering centers while affecting carrier transport, covering all frequency phonons (100 GHz-15 THz). In addition, multi-scale parallel interfaces, including atomic-scale crystal (00l) plane of SrTiO3 seed, nano-scale “core-shell” interface parallel to the (00l) plane, metal Bi particle forming a sandwich layer in SrTiO3 seed, and “brick-wall” textured grain boundaries, make the electrical and thermal conductivity exhibiting obvious anisotropy in this LSBC-T high-entropy textured ceramics. By utilizing texture engineering in high-entropy systems, this work provides a theoretical foundation and technical support for the advancement of microstructure manipulations to reduce the inherent lattice thermal conductivity, achieve electrical and thermal conductivity anisotropy to decouple the electron–phonon coupling relationship, and thereby enhance thermoelectric properties.

Dual-template textured BNT-based ceramics with ultra-low electrostrain hysteresis

The biggest difficulty facing the grain growth (TGG) method is the compatibility between template and ceramic matrix. Different templates show great differences in texture degree. Consider the limitation of conventional single-template method, the strategy of dual-template textured ceramics and sintering aids were introduced in this work. With the addition of ST and NN templates into BNT system, the texture degree is higher than 90% and the electrostrain reach ∼ 0.5% with ultra-low hysteresis ∼ 15%, which cannot be realized in single template textured ceramics. The two templates and sintering aids play different roles in grain orientation growth, which is important for the compatibility among matrix and templates, leading to unique microstructures. Sintering processes clearly reveal the growth mechanism of textured ceramics under the joint action of two templates, and of course, the sintering aids are also indispensable. Regard to domain structure, the polar nanoregions can respond quickly under electric field, providing assistance for the realization of ultra-low hysteresis.

Preserving manipulated and synthetic Deepfake detection through face texture naturalness

With the rapid development of deep learning and face recognition technology, AI(Artificial Intelligence) experts have rated Deepfake cheating as the top AI threat. It is difficult for the human eye to distinguish the fake face images generated by Deepfake. Therefore, it has become a popular tool for criminals to seek benefits. Deepfake can be mainly divided into two types, a manipulated Deepfake that falsifies images of others by targeting real faces, and a synthetic Deepfake using GAN to generate a new fake image. So far, seldom cybersecurity system is able to detect these two types simultaneously. In this article, we aim to propose a hybrid Deepfake detection mechanism (HDDM) based on face texture and naturalness degree. HDDM constructs a unique texture from a facial image based on CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) and builds a naturalness degree recognition model via DNN(Deep Neural Network) to help cheating detection. Experimental results have proved that HDDM possesses a sound effect and stability for synthetic and manipulated Deepfake attacks. In particular, the WildDeepfake simulation has demonstrated the possibility of applying HDDM to the real world.

Grain boundary density on realizing anisotropic thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9-based ceramics with excellent texturation

Texturation and anisotropic performance of Ca3Co4O9-based ceramics fabricated by spark plasma sintering were reported, showing promising thermoelectric properties. With template seeds simultaneous additives, the high degree of texturing was obtained. Electrical resistivity decreased from 16.9 to 6.1 mΩ cm and Seebeck coefficient increased from 75.8 to 187.6 μV/K for the sample with 10 wt% templates, which were dominated by a synergistic combination of the grain orientation and grain boundary density. The obvious anisotropic power factors presented, mainly coming from the texturing characteristic. A low total thermal conductivity of 1.16 W/(m·K) were greatly suppressed by tuning broad wavelength phonon scattering, which was ascribed to the layered nanostructures at grain boundaries. Furthermore, the ZT value of 0.31 was obtained at 1073 K for the sample perpendicular to pressure direction, yielding 138 % enhancement compared with that of the other direction. The work confirmed clear evidence that the textured ceramics with template seeds addition have a great influence on thermoelectricity in oxides materials.

Fine grained textured BaTiO3-based piezoelectric ceramics with outstanding strain properties for the lead-free multilayer actuator

Textured BaTiO3-based piezoelectric ceramics show the excellent application potential as their piezoelectric characteristics almost approach the commercial lead-based ceramics. Piezoelectric multilayer actuators (MLAs) with low driving voltages and compact structures are great in line with the equipment trend of miniaturization and functional integration. However, the coarse textured grains result in few grain layers in each thin ceramic layer of MLAs, hardly guaranteeing the electromechanical dependability. In this work, we combined the composition regulation with a modified template grain growth (TGG) to prepare fine-grained textured ceramics. The Zr4+ and Sn4+ co-substituted (Ba0.95Ca0.05)(Ti0.94Zr0.05Sn0.01)O3 (BCZTS) was chosen as the matrix composition. Unreacted BaCO3 (BC, 7.3 % in content) was artificially introduced into matrix to realize the partial reaction template grain growth (RTGG), reducing textured grains from 9.7 μm to 6.9 μm. Textured BCTZS-BC MLAs achieved high texture degree of 92 % and further smaller grain size of 3.4 μm at 1300 °C, due to inhibition on mass transfer and improvement on thermal conductivity of Pt electrodes. The high strain of 0.12 % in textured MLAs is almost 2.3 times enhancement compared to non-textured counterparts, and the ultralow strain hysteresis Hs of 5.6 % at 30 kV/cm is equivalent to that in PZT MLAs. The microscopic coercive voltage is 3.1 V with a maximum displacement of 210 p.m., which is mainly ascribed to the smaller domain sizes and the favorable “4O” domain configuration in textured MLAs.

Near-infrared spectroscopy to quantify overall thermal process intensity during high-moisture extrusion of soy protein concentrate

High-moisture extrusion (HME) is widely used to produce meat analogues. During HME the plant-based materials experience thermal and mechanical stresses. It is complicated to separate their effects on the final products because these effects are interrelated. In this study we hypothesize that the intensity of the thermal treatment can explain a large part of the physicochemical changes that occur during extrusion. For this reason, near–infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used as a novel method to quantify the thermal process intensity during HME. High–temperature shear cell (HTSC) processing was used to create a partial least squares (PLS) regression curve for processing temperature under controlled processing conditions (root mean standard error of cross-validation (RMSECV) = 4.00 °C, coefficient of determination of cross-validation (R2CV) = 0.97). This PLS regression model was then applied to HME extrudates produced at different screw speeds (200–1200 rpm) and barrel temperatures (100–160 °C) with two different screw profiles to calculate the equivalent shear cell temperature as a measure for thermal process intensity. This equivalent shear cell temperature reflects the effects of changes in local temperature conditions, residence time and thermal stresses. Furthermore, it can be related to the degree of texturization of the extrudates. This information can be used to gain new insights into the effect of various process parameters during HME on the thermal process intensity and extrudate quality.

The open texture of ‘algorithm’ in legal language

AbstractIn this paper, we will survey the different uses of the term algorithm in contemporary legal practice. We will argue that the concept of algorithm currently exhibits a substantial degree of open texture, co-determined by the open texture of the concept of algorithm itself and by the open texture inherent to legal discourse. We will substantiate our argument by virtue of a case study, in which we analyze a recent jurisprudential case where the first and second-degree judges have carved-out contrasting notions of algorithm. We will see that, thanks to our analysis of the open texture of the notion of algorithm in legal language, we can make sense of the different decisions taken by the judges as different contextually-determined sharpenings of the concept of algorithm. Finally, we will draw some general conclusions concerning the use of technical terms in legal instruments that address new technologies, such as the EU AI Act.

Exploring the influence of anisotropy and microstructure of the sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet using nanoindentation and scratching tests

This study evaluated the influence of magnetic anisotropy and microstructure on the mechanical properties and material removal mechanism of anisotropic sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet. Nanoindentation tests were performed to measure the hardness (H), elastic (Es) and shear (G) modulus on two faces and main phases of the Nd-Fe-B material. To understand the contribution of the Nd2Fe14B1 and Nd-rich phases on material removal mechanism, scratching tests were also employed in the present study. Results showed that the Nd-Fe-B exhibits magnetic anisotropy with a high degree of uniaxial texture. Fracture analysis on the parallel and perpendicular faces related to the c-axis revealed no difference in fracture mechanisms. The load-displacement curves indicated that there is similar elastoplastic deformations induced by the penetration of indenter on the analyzed faces. Although Nd-Fe-B exhibits high magnetic anisotropy, the mechanical properties obtained from the two faces studied had not statistic difference. Nd-Fe-B is composed of hard and soft phases, where the Nd2Fe14B1 grain exhibited H = 12.5 ± 0.5 GPa, Es = 191.6 ± 12.6 and G = 77.3 ± 5.1 GPa, whereas the Nd-rich phase had values of H = 6.5 ± 0.7 GPa, Es = 124.0 ± 12.3 GPa and G = 50.0 ± 4.8 GPa. The Nd2Fe14B1 and Nd-rich phases strongly influenced scratch groove formation, being observed intergranular microcrack, replacement of Nd2Fe14B1 grain and bulging of Nd-rich grain boundaries. The mechanical properties of the Nd-Fe-B magnet were not affected by magnetic anisotropy or the high degree of uniaxial texture. However, the Nd2Fe14B1 grain presents higher hardness, elastic and shear modulus than the Nd-rich phase. Such characteristics can affect the machined surface formation when employing abrasive machining processes.

Fabrication of silicon nitride with high thermal conductivity and flexural strength by hot‐pressing flowing sintering

AbstractThe silicon nitride (Si3N4) possessing enhanced thermal conductivity and flexural strength was sintered by a hot‐pressing flowing sintering (HPFS) method. The effects of extrusion deformation and sintering additives on the density, phase, microstructure, and performances of Si3N4 fabricated by HPFS were investigated. As the strain increased from 67% to 167%, the mean grain diameter of Si3N4 with MgSiN2 as an additive increased by 49%, reaching 1.36 ± .6 µm. The addition of MgSiN2–Y2O3 resulted in a significantly stronger degree of texturing and smaller grain diameter in Si3N4, compared to the incorporation of MgSiN2 alone. The thermal conductivity of Si3N4 with added MgSiN2–Y2O3 increased to 109.1 W m−1 K−1 in the flow direction, and the flexural strength reached the maximum value of 1250.8 ± 39 MPa in the hot‐pressing direction. The results showed that the thermal conductivity and flexure strength of Si3N4 were enhanced due to the formation of texture and the reduction of flaws induced by HPFS. Moreover, HPFS method exhibited outstanding controllability over the microstructures and properties of materials.

Effect of additive content on texture evolution and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics prepared by hot pressing

The purpose of this research is to investigate influence of additive content on sintering behavior, texture evolution and mechanical properties of Si3N4 ceramics systematically. Si3N4 ceramics with different additive contents are prepared by hot pressing at 1750 °C for 1h. XRD analysis confirms that the densification process is dominated by particle rearrangement instead of phase transformation. Grain morphology characterization demonstrates that additive content affects relative amount between textured β-Si3N4 grains and β-Si3N4 nuclei during initial sintering. During subsequent sintering, β-Si3N4 nuclei surrounded by residual liquid phase elongated randomly, and then weaken texture degree of Si3N4 ceramics. The texture degree of Si3N4 ceramics decreases first and then increases as additives increase steadily. Based on the CTE misfit model and the stochastic model of crack propagation, texture degree, residual stress and grain size have a synergistic effect on crack propagation behavior of β-Si3N4 ceramics. The outstanding flexural strength (1096 MPa) and fracture toughness (10.61 MPa ∙ m1/2) is achieved in hot pressed SN21 with a relatively high texture degree (fL = 0.213).