Study Of Texts Research Articles

The Practice of Meditation in Hugh of Saint-Victor’s Didascalicon: A Rhetorical Analysis through Memory, Textual Study, and Spiritual Unity

Abstract The present article provides a novel rhetorical analysis of Hugh’s conception of the practice of meditation as he describes it in his most celebrated, influential, and widely read composition, that is, the Didascalicon de studio legendi. In order to examine that practice, it draws together, from a rhetorical perspective, the main features of Hugh’s pedagogy as explained in the Didascalicon, namely, the ultimate goal of human learning, the practice of textual study (lectio), and the different functions of memory in our intellectual lives. In this way, and in opposition to other construals, it attempts to explain Hugh’s notion of meditation in terms directly rooted in the Didascalicon.

Urbanscape, Land Use Change and Centralization in the Region of Uruk, Southern Mesopotamia from the 2nd to 1st Millennium BCE

We produce results that bridge the gap between physical and textual study of the ancient Mesopotamian landscape in the region south and west of the city of Uruk (Biblical Erech, Modern Warka). A brief survey of gazetteers of Mesopotamia, volumes listing place-names drawn from translated and published cuneiform texts from the 2nd and 1st Millennium BCE, are presented. The various gazetteers were reviewed for relevant place-names, and the results were recorded and analyzed. These are described in detail below, as are their implications. The resulting data are then compared to the results of a recently completed archaeological survey of the same region. The synthesis of textual and archaeological surveys indicates a more exacting methodology to add geographic objectivity to textual results, while connecting physical results to the qualitative detail available within the Uruk textual record. More broadly, we demonstrate how long-term historical records align with archaeological data, delineating state-level and local land use efforts around a major Mesopotamian city. In the 2nd millennium BCE, settlements were generally small but more numerous, but in the 1st Millennium BCE there was a shift towards fewer and larger settlements connected to the city of Uruk. These shifts reflect deliberate central, government policy and local responses.

Hymns and the Singing Community: The Formation of the Canaan Hymns in Contemporary Chinese Churches

Abstract This article studies the formation of the Canaan Hymns (Jianan shige 迦南诗歌) in relation to the history of the contemporary Chinese indigenous church. Over the last thirty years, Lü Xiaomin (吕小敏, 1970–) has composed more than two thousand hymns. They reflect not only her own personal life and evangelism, but also the growth of the Fangcheng Fellowship (方城团契) in Henan Province from a local home gathering to a national mission movement. Through textual studies, interviews, and archival research, this article examines how local congregants adopted Lü’s hymns, which are distinct from both western traditional hymns and Chinese rural spiritual songs (lingge 灵歌). These hymns represent a unique form of theological meaning-making within the indigenous church movement and serve as a pointer to the Chinese understanding of missio Dei as a whole.

MISOGYNY IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S SURFACING

The aimed of this study is to show misogyny exposed by male character in Margaret Atwood’s Surfacing. Margaret Atwood unveils patriarchal practice in a seemingly perfect marriage. Surfacing tells the story of the wife who lives under the pressure of her husband. Using feminist literary approach, this novel is scrutinized by applying close reading method. The source of data for this study is Surfacing the novel, book reviews, and articles written by and about author of the book. This is a textual study, in collecting the data, the researchers applied the data gathered in the form of words, phrase and sentence Some steps are taken in collecting the data, the first step is reading and understanding the theme, character, and the backdrop of the story. The next step is Identifying the words, quotations, and dialogs relating to the theme. The data are analyzed descriptively. Based on the analysis, misogyny exposed in this novel is embedded in a culture and internalized the customs. The inferior position of woman is a result of male domination in all aspects of life. It is concluded that woman is oppressed economically, traditionally and ideologically. Patriarchal ideology exposed in this novel shows that wife/woman is like goods that which can be treated according to the wishes of the husband/owner.

Finding Religious Moderation on the Indonesian Endorsed Social Studies Textbooks: Critical Discourse Analysis

<p class="06IsiAbstrak"><span lang="EN-GB">Religious moderation manifests an attitude that is not excessive, neutral, and in a middle position. Religious moderation is crucial in a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, and multi-religious society like Indonesia. This study aims to reveal how indicators of religious moderation are displayed in compulsory social science textbooks in Indonesia—using critical discourse analysis to analyze visual and verbal texts in textbooks. The results show that indicators of religious moderation such as national commitment, tolerance, non-violence, and accommodating to local culture have been included in social science textbooks, although in an unequal proportion. This textual study suggests that other researchers conduct textbook studies using different methods. So, various perspectives will be obtained that can be used as material for future textbook development policies.</span></p>

Virtue, Piety and the Law: A Study of Birgivī Meḥmed Efendī’s al-Ṭarīqa al-Muḥammadiyya By Katharina Anna Ivanyi

Birgivi Mehmed Efendi (d. 981/1573) ranks among the most prolific and controversial scholars of early modern Ottoman history. However, despite his significance, especially for the Muslim revivalist tradition, we have seen very little scholarly interest in his life and work in Western academia, and certainly no dedicated studies in the English language. That is until now. Katharina Ivanyi’s examination of Birgivi’s monumental al-Tariqa al-Muhammadiyya (TM) marks what I hope will be a reversal of the status quo. This meticulous study (volume 72 of Brill’s ‘The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage’ series) departs from the typical historical/historiographical approach in Ottoman studies and adopts instead careful textual excavation and exploration along thematic lines. Along the way, Ivanyi engages with an impressive range of primary and secondary scholarship in several languages, including Ottoman, modern Turkish, Arabic, French, German and Bosnian. The end product is an engaging monograph replete with original insights. Neatly spread over five chapters, with extensive footnotes throughout, the book begins with a survey of Birgivi’s life, scholarly oeuvre and historical epoch, then examines the intellectual framework of TM, before presenting its close textual study of the TM in the final three chapters. The first of these (ch. 3) provides an overview of the structure and contents of TM, the second (ch. 4) addresses a key strand in the text, namely sincerity, and the last (ch. 5) explores issues related to the Ottoman moral economy, including Birgivi’s position on cash waqfs. Through her close analysis of TM, Ivanyi sheds light on Birgivi’s thought as it relates to practical ethics, exhortation and advice. Her most significant finding is that Birgivi’s project of individual and societal reform was premised on an uncompromising rigidity of approach that led to inevitable clashes with powerful members of the Ottoman state, not least Ebu’s-Sucud Efendi, Shaykh al-Islam of the realm from 952–82/1545–74.

VIIShakespeare

Abstract This chapter has four sections: 1. Editions and Textual Studies; 2. Shakespeare in the Theatre; 3. Shakespeare on Screen; 4. Criticism. Section 1 is by Edward B.M. Rendall; section 2 is by Peter J. Smith; section 3 is by Elinor Parsons; section 4(a) is by Chloe Fairbanks; section 4(b) is by Emanuel Stelzer; section 4(c) is by Shirley Bell; section 4(d) is by Ben Haworth; section 4(e) is by Vanessa Lim; section 4(f) is by Sheilagh Ilona O’Brien; section 4(g) is by Luca Baratta.

A Rhetorical Comparative Study of Kathmandu- Terai/Madhesh Expressway Through Media

Nepal Army is a committed institution. Its involvement in constructing Kathmandu-Terai/Madhesh Expressway or, Fast-track (K-TME/KTFT) is from 2011 A. D. but still this fast track progresses just 16.10 percent of the total work, which is quite unbelievable. This article discusses different obstacles of the national pride and other projects which the army is also facing in the fast track work. Keeping in mind the rhetorical theory and ethics, this article has abundant media concerns for comparative studies, the textual study through different texts, and the accidental partly but unofficial fast track visit of the author so, a quasi-experimental method works here. To make army, the government, involved companies and the people realize their common goals towards the fast track among many hurdles, and to act accordingly with high degree of morality, which their language hear, the army will accomplish the work in time and there will be overall benefits.

The Medieval and Early Modern Reception of Marco Polo's Description of the World: An Introduction

The Medieval and Early Modern Reception of Marco Polo's Description of the World:An Introduction Mark Cruse The four essays in this special issue of Digital Philology are devoted to Marco Polo's Description of the World (1298). Or, to be more precise, these essays examine what happened to the Description after it left Marco Polo's hands and ventured into the world, there to be transformed in many ways. In these four essays we discuss a host of actors—compilers, hagiographers, humanists, kings, mendicants, missionaries, printers, and translators—who refashioned the Description to their own ends. We trace their interventions from the early fourteenth century to the seventeenth century, in manuscripts and print. We show how the Description defies strict definitions of authorship, periodization, and genre and emblematizes a textual culture of adaptation and alteration that has become much more familiar in the digital era. It is particularly appropriate to dedicate a special issue of Digital Philology to the Description of the World, given this journal's origins. One of the founding editors of Digital Philology, Stephen G. Nichols, was a proponent of the new philology of the 1980s and 1990s, which questioned the privileging of the urtext and insisted upon the value of individual textual witnesses.1 New philology prized idiosyncrasy and variation over authority and uniformity. Combining reconceptualizations of the author with manuscript studies, new philology asked medievalists to embrace the otherness of medieval textuality—its improvisations, adaptations, compilations, and multiple authors. As a practice and an ethos, digital philology is the realization of new philology's ambitions. By harnessing the computer's ability to record textual variation, digital philology has enabled scholars to illuminate the value of individual manuscripts and texts in unprecedented ways by examining [End Page 233] scribal intervention, versions across time and space, inventory records, marginalia, illumination, compilation, networks, and palimpsests, to name but a few of the dimensions unlocked by the digital. This journal thus represents the culmination of a decades-long transformation in medieval textual studies whose effects are particularly visible in work on the Description of the World. Variance, adaptation, and (inter)textual networks are the focus of the essays in this special issue. Indeed, it could hardly be otherwise. Even before Marco Polo's death in 1324, the Description had apparently already acquired different forms. The text was composed in 1298 in Franco-Italian, a dialect of Old French comprehensible to those who read or spoke the langue d'oil (French of northern France).2 Polo likely chose French because it was an international lingua franca, particularly around the Mediterranean, and assured him a wide audience. It was also the language in which his amanuensis, Rustichello da Pisa, had composed an Arthurian compilation. Within twenty-four years the Description had been translated into Tuscan, Venetian, and Latin and adapted into Old French; by 1503, translations appeared in Catalan, Czech, Gaelic, German, Portuguese, and Spanish. As it moved to new languages and audiences, the text also changed titles and content. The Description has never been known by a single title. To cite but a few examples: in French it has been Le romant du grant Kam, Le devisement du monde, and the Livre de Marc Paul et des merveilles; in Latin, the De conditionibus et consuetudinibus orientalium regionum (the title given to it by the translator Francesco Pipino [see Gadrat-Ouerfelli infra]) and the De Regionibus orientalibus libri III (its title in the Novus Orbis print compilation of 1532 [see Pochmaliki infra]), among others; in Venetian, the Libro de lo savio et honorevole homo e fidele signore miser Marcopolo de Venesia (among others); and in Tuscan Il Milione (see Klarer and Alisade infra), a title that appears to derive from a nickname for the Polo family but that is traditionally said to refer to the text's descriptions of the great wealth of Kubilai Khan.3 This variance extends to the text's contents, as the copies in different stemmata preserve different passages. One of the most salient examples of this variance concerns manuscript Z (Toledo Cathedral, MS Zelada 49.20, in Latin), which contains several passages that do not appear in the oldest surviving manuscript (Paris, BnF, fr...

From A. A. Zimin’s Scholarly Heritage: The Publication of the Poganaya Kniga

This work publishes a previously unknown paper by Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zimin (1920–1980), an outstanding Soviet historian, source study specialist, and archaeographer, discovered in the personal archive of his student Margarita Evgenyevna Bychkova (1936–2014). It is a publication of the so-called Poganaya Kniga prepared following several copies. The Poganaya Kniga is a genealogical pamphlet of the seventeenth century based on the Votskaya Pyatina cadastre from 1500 by scribe Dmitry Kitaev. In the Poganaya Kniga, several noble families were ranked among serfs (kholopy) who received estates in Novgorod Land after its annexation by the State of Muscovy. A. A. Zimin repeatedly referred to this source in his research and, as it transpires, he was preparing its publication. This work was never completed; Bychkova was supposed to continue it as an acknowledged specialist in the textual study of genealogical books. However, having supplemented Zimin’s publication with the variants found in the copies she had identified, she did not publish it for some reason. Considering the scale and scholarly significance of A. A. Zimin’s and M. E. Bychkova’s papers, the author assumes that this publication of the Poganaya Kniga will be of interest to those dealing with source studies and historiography.

Material in text, text in material: a tamil christian lullaby

In this article, I present a material-centered analysis of a Tamil Christian song titled Tiruchabai Tarattu, which was composed in 1813 by Vedanayaka Sastriar. Through this focused case study, I address the question of what is—or what ought to be—the relationship between material and textual analysis in the discipline of religious studies. Rather than positioning material religion as a discrete approach to the study of religion, one that is often contrasted with textual studies, I propose that textual studies finds in material religion an invitation for significant growth since texts are mediated through the material. I am especially interested in sensory experiences and objects, the mainstays of material analysis, as they are found embedded in texts. By focusing on the sensuous and material elements highlighted by the poet, a study otherwise focused within the bounds of textual sources can pivot and expand to include non-textual sources. My assembly, description, and analysis of sources and experiences that span across media in and outside of texts allows me to build what I call a sensory corpus by which we understand the meaning—better, meanings—of South Asian Christianity.

Behind the Scenes at ApertureScience.com: Portal and Its Paratexts.

Portal (2007) presents an unusually complex example for the study of video game paratexts. This article uses the case of the game's promotional website ApertureScience.com to consider how paratextuality and the associated concepts of ephemerality and materiality may be further refined to open up new dimensions of video games as objects of interpretation and play. The article draws from the field of textual studies, which specializes in the particularities of media, and in the entanglement of technical detail with interpretation and meaning. The first part re-evaluates the nature of the book as an analogy for the materiality of video games, and critiques Gérard Genette's conception of bookish paratexts and its applicability to video games. The article then offers a detailed analysis of ApertureScience.com as a paratext, including its satirical critiques of positivism and corporate research, and concludes with a discussion of the materiality of digital paratexts.

Dzieci nędzy – from a narrative poem to a novel. A preliminary study towards a reconstruction of Stanisław Przybyszewski’s creative process

The origins of Dzieci nędzy (1913) and the story of its writing offer interesting insights into the creative work of Stanisław Przybyszewski, the most prominent writer of the Young Poland period. The study has revealed, e.g., his aversion (or inability rather) to introduce radical modifications to already finished texts and that his literary efficiency increased the further he was from big cities. A collation of the novel and a reading of private documents have enabled me to ascertain that the final shape of Dzieci nędzy was to a large extent influenced by Przybyszewski’s personal complications and trying circumstances, which severely determined (or rather undermined) his writing process, as well as the interventions by his editor who demanded additions to the work, with which the writer always agreed and added several chapters. Those diligently developed corrections proved how important the editorial remarks of the need to improve the text were to the writer.
 However, the most important discovery resulting from the textual study is that of the author’s decision to abandon his initial intention to author an epic poem in prose and shift to the novelistic form. That resolution, a kind of a surrender in the struggle with matter, proves Przybyszewski’s innovative approach to the novel and as a result of it Dzieci nędzy are an artistically interesting modern record of psychological states. In terms of structural and narrative solutions, it is clearly one of the most interesting novels by Przybyszewski.

Uzlah dan Zikir Dalam Tafsir Sufi Isharī al-Baḥr al-Madīd Karangan Ibn ‘Ajībah

Ibn ‘Ajībah has integrated the knowledge of taṣawwuf with the Qur’anic knowledge by writing about the ‘uzlah and dhikr in his Tafsir Sufi Isharī called al-Baḥrul Madīd. Tafsir Sufi Isharī is one of the forms of exegesis to describe the meaning of al-Qur’an. It is an interpretation based on hidden signals that are contrary to the interpretation of the verses of al-Qurʾan. However, this type of interpretation requires a meticulous study, so it is not based on lust as it does by the deviant Shī‘ah Baṭinīyah or it aims to illustrate that the meaning of Allah’s word is too broad. The purpose of this article is to identify Ibn ‘Ajībah’s views about ‘uzlah and dhikr in al-Baḥr al-Madīd. Then, it will evaluated the interpretation of Ibn ‘Ajībah in his works whether it is coincides with the requirements set by the scholars or not. This research is based on the textual study by using content analysis method in criticism and evaluation. Generally, Ibn ‘Ajībah has outlined his views regarding ‘uzlah and dikr. Some of his views are coincide with the requirements and conditions by ‘ulama’ while some others are contrary to what is outlined.

Uncovering the Secrets of a New Archaeological Case at Dunhuang—A Textual Study on the Newly Found Qianzi Wen Written on the South Wall in Mogao Cave 9

Uncovering the Secrets of a New Archaeological Case at Dunhuang—A Textual Study on the Newly Found Qianzi Wen Written on the South Wall in Mogao Cave 9

The term altruism in the Noble Qur’an through the terminological study method: between lexical study and textual study

The term altruism in the Noble Qur’an through the terminological study method: between lexical study and textual study

A Note on Nahash

Abstract The long plus of 4Q51 at 1 Sam 10:27, describing the Ammonite attack on the Reubenites and Gadites and the flight of the fugitives to Jabesh-Gilead, has been accepted as original by Cross, Tov and others, whereas it has been viewed as a secondary expansion by other scholars, first and foremost Barthélemy. Since both sides have advanced important arguments, this discussion has led to a stalemate (Kratz). The present study shows that syntactic-stylistic analysis indicates significant differences between the style of the Jabesh tale (1 Sam 11) and the plus of the scroll. In particular one notes a series of long noun groups in antecedent and relative clause mentioning “anybody among the Israelites be[yond the Jordan wh]ose right eye was no[t go]uged out by Nahash, king of the Ammonites.” Since such constructions are extremely rare in 1–2 Samuel, and in classical biblical narrative in general (although they do occur in rhetorical discourse, such as Deut 4:8, and in headings and endings, such as Lev 26:46; Deut 4:45–46; Ezra 7:11), it is important to point out that expressions of such complexity are not infrequently found in Qumran texts, such as 1QS 5:8–10; 1QpHab 2:6–10. In biblical texts this constellation is so exceptional that it is impossible the disregard it. Thus, syntactic-stylistic analysis leads to the virtually inevitable conclusion that the long plus concerning Nahash represents secondary expansion, possibly inspired by 1 Chron 5:10, 18–22. The analysis of syntactic-stylistic features, then, is an indispensible part of textual study.

Texts, Manuscripts, Versions, Canon

Texts, Manuscripts, Versions, Canon Christopher T. Begg, Timothy M. Willis, Joseph E. Jensen, Richard A. Taylor, William J. Urbrock, and Fred W. Guyette Christopher T. Begg Catholic University of America Timothy M. Willis Pepperdine University Joseph E. Jensen Old Testament Abstracts Richard A. Taylor Dallas Theological Seminary William J. Urbrock University of Wisconsin Oshkosh Fred W. Guyette Erskine College and Seminary 1023. [1 Samuel 1 and Samuel's Status as a Nazirite] Anneli Aejmelaeus, "Was Samuel Meant to Be a Nazirite? The First Chapter of Samuel and the Paradigm Shift in Textual Study of the Hebrew Bible," Text 28 (1, 2019) 1-20. My article aims to demonstrate the urgency of a new methodological thinking through the analysis of a particular biblical passage, i.e., 1 Samuel 1. Its main focus is on two segments of the text, vv. 11 and 22-23 in which Hannah articulates her vow. Was that vow originally meant as a Nazirite vow on behalf of an unborn child? My analysis leads to the identification of an editorial reworking, esp. in MT, and to a lesser extent in 4QSama, whereas the Septuagint mainly represents an older Hebrew Vorlage, which is often in agreement with 4QSama. The series of changes concerning Hannah's vow in MT seems to have been prompted by halakic considerations. The fact that the textual evidence shows itself to be revelatory of processes at work during the editorial history of the text makes it clear that the border-line between the so-called "lower" and "higher" criticism no longer exists. The paradigm shift after the Qumran discoveries thus entails a paradigm shift for historical-critical methodology as well. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1024. [Latin Versions of the Bible] Jesús Ma Aguiñaga Fernández, "Versiones latinas de la Biblia," EfMex 38 (2020) 262-93. A.'s article highlights the point that the Latin translation of the Bible exists in several distinct versions, the Vetus Latina, the Vulgata of Jerome and the so-called Neo Vulgata. In the course of his article, A. provides characterizations of each of these versions and compares them with each other. In the case of the Vulgate, he presents samples of Jerome's renderings of the Gospels and the Psalms. See also #1083. [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1025. [The Göttingen Septuagint] Felix Albrecht, "Report on the Göttingen Septuagint," Text 29 (2, 2020) 201-20. This article provides a brief history of the Göttingen Septuagint Editions up to 2019 and then focuses on the new Psalter Project "Editio maior des griechischen Psalters" sponsored by the Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, which started at the beginning of 2020. In particular, my article illustrates some of the challenges facing this project, using Psalm 1 as a test case. First, I provide an overview of the editorial history of the LXX Psalter, from the earliest printed editions that reveal a major influence of the Lucianic recension, to the Sixtine edition that marked a turning point in this editorial history, and continuing with subsequent modern editions, e.g., those of P. A. de Lagarde and A. Rahlfs. Second, I call attention to one of the most urgent research tasks for the above project, i.e., the reconstruction of the fragmentary hexaplaric tradition of the Psalter, citing as examples the hexaplaric fragments of Psalm 1 transmitted in ms. Rahlfs 113 (Cod. Ambros. B 106 sup.) and Rahlfs 271 (Cod. Vat. gr. 1747). [Adapted from published abstract—C.T.B.] Google Scholar 1026. [The Textual History of the Ethiopic OT Project (THEOT)] Daniel Assefa, Steve Delamarter, Garry Jost, Ralph Lee, and Curt Niccum, "The Textual History of [End Page 382] the Ethiopic Old Testament Project (THEOT): Goals and Initial Findings," Text 29 (1, 2020) 80-110. Our article offers an introduction to the THEOT project. This includes an account of the background for the project and its primary purpose, i.e., to map the transmission of the Ethiopic OT. We devote the bulk of our article to summarizing the project...

A Systematisation of Transcriptions of Early Olonkho Recordings According to Plot Peculiarity

Abstract The article* presents the results of textual studies of the early recordings of the Yakut heroic epic Olonkho, recorded from the second half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that scientific research of the texts of the early recordings of Olonkho with full broadcasts of the plot is most widely, systematically carried out. At the same time, researchers today continue to pay less attention to early recordings of Olonkho, producing brief or incomplete schematic statements of content. A review of early texts on Olonkho shows that these reviews have incomplete, overly concise, summaries of the plot, although they do confirm the stability of the ancient thematic content, plot structure, motifs, and image system. The richness of the poetic language and the beauty of the style, and the surprisingly artistic content and archaic motifs, which can be seen even in translations, are of considerable value for establishing a full picture of the unique oral creativity of the Yakut people. This study attempts for the first time to systematise transcriptions of early recordings of Olonkho using a summary of the plot in Russian compared with a summary of the plot in the original language. The systematised texts will be used in a comparative study of Olonkho texts recorded in the 19th and 20th centuries. This analysis shows that there has been a transfer of plot with epic texts of the late period in order to maintain a degree of continuity, using both common and specific features to bridge between traditional and modern forms of Olonkho, taking into account regional and local features.

At Penpoint: African Literatures, Postcolonial Studies, and the Cold War

At Penpoint: African Literatures, Postcolonial Studies, and the Cold War