Textual Condition Research Articles

GUESS: GradUally Enriching SyntheSis for Text-Driven Human Motion Generation.

In this paper, we propose a novel cascaded diffusion-based generative framework for text-driven human motion synthesis, which exploits a strategy named GradUally Enriching SyntheSis (GUESS as its abbreviation). The strategy sets up generation objectives by grouping body joints of detailed skeletons in close semantic proximity together and then replacing each of such joint group with a single body-part node. Such an operation recursively abstracts a human pose to coarser and coarser skeletons at multiple granularity levels. Notably, we further integrate GUESS with the proposed dynamic multi-condition fusion mechanism to dynamically balance the cooperative effects of the given textual condition and synthesized coarse motion prompt in different generation stages. Extensive experiments on large-scale datasets verify that GUESS outperforms existing state-of-the-art methods by large margins in terms of accuracy, realisticness, and diversity. Please refer to the supplemental demo video for more visualizations.

Vaivorykštė be saulės: tekstinė refrakcija sovietmečio vertimuose

Light waves change direction—refract—as they pass through different environments. Similarly, Western literary works, even after leaking through the barrier of the Soviet Index Librorum Prohibitorum, never reached the USSR reader in their authentic form. The most evident components of the unfavourable environment were the proxy of the Moscow Raduga and Progress publishing houses, ideologically committed literary criticism, the hunt for honorariums, the lack of reference books, and the poverty of printing technology. All these adverse factors together caused the chronic syndrome of texts that seemed authentic but in fact were not. So far, individual agents and effects of textual refraction have been researched, and interesting case studies have been carried out. However, there is a lack of both a systematic classification of the different agents of influence and an assessment of their long-term effects. The methodological study of refraction-affected editions tests the possibility of integrating the concept of textual condition with the assertions of the postcolonial theory regarding secondary cultural colonisation. The paper attempts to raise the hypothesis that the efforts of professional translators and editors to perform their work with the utmost craftsmanship had sometimes paradoxically reinforced the refraction of the overall meaning of major literary works. That resulted from the contrast between a relatively reliable translation and the implications generated by the bibliographic code and metatexts, as well as from the canonisation of translations that had become iconic in the Soviet-era.

Text and Instruction Necessary for the Facilitation of EFL Reader’s Predictive Inference Generation

Inference generation is necessary for reading to understand stories. However, it may be difficult for English as a Foreign Language (EFL) readers to generate inferences owing to their limited cognitive resources that are mostly used in lower-level processing such as lexical and syntactical analysis. Predictive inference, which facilitates readers’ context processing and construction of a situational model, can be challenging for EFL readers to produce during reading. This study focuses on textual conditions and teacher’s task instructions to suggest the appropriate text choices and task instructions to help EFL readers produce predictive inferences. Two story versions (High-predictability Target vs. Control) and two different instructions (Predict the end of the story vs. Memorize the names of characters) were compared using recall rates. The findings indicated that the combination of a high-predictability target story with instructions to predict the end of the story would be the most effective pair for predictive inference.

Reject Decoding via Language-Vision Models for Text-to-Image Synthesis

Transformer-based text-to-image synthesis generates images from abstractive textual conditions and achieves prompt results. Since transformer-based models predict visual tokens step by step in testing, where the early error is hard to be corrected and would be propagated. To alleviate this issue, the common practice is drawing multi-paths from the transformer-based models and re-ranking the multi-images decoded from multi-paths to find the best one and filter out others. Therefore, the computing procedure of excluding images may be inefficient. To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of decoding, we exploit a reject decoding algorithm with tiny multi-modal models to enlarge the searching space and exclude the useless paths as early as possible. Specifically, we build tiny multi-modal models to evaluate the similarities between the partial paths and the caption at multi scales. Then, we propose a reject decoding algorithm to exclude some lowest quality partial paths at the inner steps. Thus, under the same computing load as the original decoding, we could search across more multi-paths to improve the decoding efficiency and synthesizing quality. The experiments conducted on the MS-COCO dataset and large-scale datasets show that the proposed reject decoding algorithm can exclude the useless paths and enlarge the searching paths to improve the synthesizing quality by consuming less time.

TextControlGAN: Text-to-Image Synthesis with Controllable Generative Adversarial Networks

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in the realm of text-to-image synthesis. Nevertheless, conventional GANs employing conditional latent space interpolation and manifold interpolation (GAN-CLS-INT) encounter challenges in generating images that accurately reflect the given text descriptions. To overcome these limitations, we introduce TextControlGAN, a controllable GAN-based model specifically designed for text-to-image synthesis tasks. In contrast to traditional GANs, TextControlGAN incorporates a neural network structure, known as a regressor, to effectively learn features from conditional texts. To further enhance the learning performance of the regressor, data augmentation techniques are employed. As a result, the generator within TextControlGAN can learn conditional texts more effectively, leading to the production of images that more closely adhere to the textual conditions. Furthermore, by concentrating the discriminator’s training efforts on GAN training exclusively, the overall quality of the generated images is significantly improved. Evaluations conducted on the Caltech-UCSD Birds-200 (CUB) dataset demonstrate that TextControlGAN surpasses the performance of the cGAN-based GAN-INT-CLS model, achieving a 17.6% improvement in Inception Score (IS) and a 36.6% reduction in Fréchet Inception Distance (FID). In supplementary experiments utilizing 128 × 128 resolution images, TextControlGAN exhibits a remarkable ability to manipulate minor features of the generated bird images according to the given text descriptions. These findings highlight the potential of TextControlGAN as a powerful tool for generating high-quality, text-conditioned images, paving the way for future advancements in the field of text-to-image synthesis.

Effects of auditory context on nonnative recognition of reduced speech: Does meaning explain it all?

Previous studies have shown that acoustic cues in the sentential context improve native (L1) listeners’ recognition of reduced speech (Janse & Ernestus, 2011). That is, when hearing a reduced target in casual speech (e.g., too into /twntə/), L1 listeners would be more accurate in recognizing it in its surrounding speech (e.g., she’s too into computers) than if they merely see the text of its context (e.g., she’s ____ computers), even though semantic/syntactic information is equivalent in both conditions. It is unclear, however, whether nonnative (L2) listeners make use of the acoustic cues in the context to facilitate reduced speech recognition to the same extent as L1 listeners do. This study investigates this question by comparing L1 and L2 listeners of English in their recognition of reduced words that were aurally presented in three conditions—Isolation, Textual (with surrounding text given), and Auditory (with both text and auditory forms of context)—in a repetition task. Results showed that L2 listeners were significantly more accurate in the Auditory than Textual condition, and such difference was not distinguishable from L1 listeners. These findings lend support to the hypothesis that the facilitative effects of context acoustic cues are language general.

Dynamic attentional bias for pictorial and textual food cues in the visual search paradigm

Previous studies have found that individuals have an attentional bias for food cues, which may be related to the energy level or the type of stimulus (e.g., pictorial or textual food cues) of the food cues. However, the available evidence is inconsistent, and there is no consensus about how the type of stimulus and food energy modulate food-related attentional bias. Searching for food is one of the most important daily behaviors. In this study, a modified visual search paradigm was used to explore the attentional bias for food cues, and eye movements were recorded. Food cues consisted of both food words and food pictures with different energy levels (i.e., high- and low-calorie foods). The results showed that there was an attentional avoidance in the early stage but a later-stage attentional approach for all food cues in the pictorial condition. This was especially true for high-calorie food pictures. Participants showed a later-stage conflicting attentional bias for foods with different energy levels in the textual condition. They showed an attentional approach to high-calorie food words but an attentional avoidance of low-calorie food words. These data show that food-related attentional bias varied along with different time courses, which was also modulated by the type of stimulus and food energy. These findings regarding dynamic attentional bias could be explained using the Goal Conflict Model of eating behavior.

On Pluviality: Reading for Rain in Namwali Serpell’s The Old Drift

Pluviality, a term I have developed in relation to heavy rainfall and flooding – its timescapes and material and textual conditions – is the focus of this analysis of Namwali Serpell’s magisterial 2019 novel, The Old Drift. Located largely in Zambia, it is nevertheless a novel of the Zambezi watershed, and of hydrocolonial and southern African regional proportions. Encompassing both human and non-human narrators and protagonists, its centrepiece is the Kariba Dam, the largest hydro-electrical dam in the world at the time of its construction. This is a very rainy novel, alert to the region’s histories of flooding and to the ever-heavier rainfall of accelerating climate change, in one of the regions of the world most susceptible to its present and coming effects. I focus on the novel’s pluviality as material, historical and narrative mode, traced in its registers of water and wit, prescience and prophecy, as it surges, silts and drifts across the literary landscapes of African fiction.

Lowercase or uppercase letter in the names of fairytale heroes and literary characters (from the materials of the academic description of Russian spelling)

This article aims to create a rule explaining the choice of a lower-case or upper-case letter to spell literary characters’ names. The rule should be unambiguous, intrinsically logical, and it should not contradict the codified lexical material. Several formulations of the rule given in reference books were analysed; discrepancies between the rule and dictionary codifications were identified. Additionally, questions and answers related to this issue and obtained from the Russian language query services were studied. As a result, the research revealed types of discrepancies in the recommendations given in the rule and in dictionaries, ambiguous rule formulations that can be interpreted in two ways, and textual conditions that permit different understandings of proper name boundaries. The analysis of the real usage of proper names and their combinations with appositions, attributes, and accompanying words in different types of texts (i. e. in texts created by authors, in fairy tales, byliny, and other authorless texts) resulted in determining several textual conditions which permit or prohibit using this or that combination in the function of a proper name. As for authorless texts, it turned out important to consider the character’s name not only in the work under analysis, but also in the cultural context in its entirety, in the entire fairy tale or heroic epic world. Another significant factor is understanding the boundaries of the proper name and the common nouns accompanying it accepted in this world. Authors are free from the tradition of naming a character in the texts they produce, but at the same time they should take into account the intratextual conditions governing the choice of either a proper name or a common noun. As a result, a special note to the general rule concerning proper name spelling was formulated for the new edition of "The academic rules of orthography". This note identifies different options to understand the boundaries of proper names for various structures. The choice of spelling proper names with a lower-case or a capital letter in a given text depends on the chosen way of understanding the proper name boundaries.

Norma językowa jako fakt społeczny fundowany na uzusie. Uwagi w kontekście Słownika właściwych użyć języka

The prescriptive approach has been prevalent in discussions about the linguistic norm for many decades. Many linguists question the primacy of social custom and make many arbitrary changes to establish the subjective form of the norm. In connection with the planned The Dictionary of Proper Uses of Languagethe author of the article presents the best structuralist traditions and calls for research on the linguistic norm which is based on descriptive methods. It is necessary to completely break away from all manifestations of arbitrariness and subjectivity in contemporary prescriptive linguistics. The fundamental premise that the linguistic norm is a fact based on usus must be reflected in relevant procedures aimed at analyzing corpora consisting of millions of words. Such an approach will make it possible to establish a model that comprises more than just individual language uses. As far as dictionary definitions are concerned, the most frequent, widespread and thus typical linguistic units should be primarily considered to be normative. Typicality, determined by frequency, as well as textual, social and territorial conditions, is the most important category.

Faraway Women and the "Atlantic Monthly," by Cathryn Halverson

Reviewed by: Faraway Women and the "Atlantic Monthly," by Cathryn Halverson Miranda Hickman FARAWAY WOMEN AND THE "ATLANTIC MONTHLY,", by Cathryn Halverson. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2019. 272 pp. $90.00 hardback; $27.95 paperback; $21.99 ebook. Halverson's book, Faraway Women and the "Atlantic Monthly," offers a vivid overview of the work and adventures of four western women writers, all of whom enjoyed what they saw as the good fortune of publishing their life-writing—developed from correspondences and diaries—in the prestigious Atlantic Monthly under the editorship of Ellery Sedgwick, during his long tenure (1908–1938). Halverson's featured writers are Elinore Pruitt Stewart and Hilda Rose, who wrote of homesteading in Wyoming, Idaho, and Alberta; Juanita Harrison, whose My Great, Wide, Beautiful World (1936) follows her travels around the world; and Opal Whiteley, whose diary, supposedly capturing her youth as a child prodigy, was reconstructed by Sedgwick into The Story of Opal (1920). These women contributed to the magazine as newcomers to the profession of writing; appearing in the Atlantic Monthly (publishing in which even acclaimed writers such as Mark Twain and Henry James sought as a plume) brought them new cultural status as bestsellers. Sedgwick sought out such "faraway women," as he called them, to bring to the Atlantic Monthly readership the experiences, expressed in "authentic" prose, of women in parts of the United States remote from the magazine's base in the northeast (p. 39). Sedgwick's [End Page 171] decision to feature the life-writing of many such women writers formed part of his strategy for boosting circulation and re-creating the Atlantic Monthly; he was known for shifting the publication's former emphasis on "literature with a big 'L'" (Sedgwick's phrase), preferred by predecessors such as Bliss Perry, to greater accent on "human interest" and "journalistic" directions (pp. 2, 19). Halverson's richly researched, subtly drawn account brings out the allure such writing held for Atlantic Monthly readers. Halverson herself favors the "faraway" designation since it evokes not only the geographical but also the cultural and socioeconomic distance between these writers and their readers, endowing their narratives with glamour, shaping their style, and conditioning the cultural work achieved by their writing. Their accounts conjured what it was like to pioneer new ground either as homesteader (Stuart and Rose) or traveler and adventurer (Whiteley and Harrison), living beyond received ideas about women's lives. Audiences often felt so connected to such long-distance writers that when Rose wrote of her need for economic assistance in northern Alberta, readers actually sent her provisions and money. Halverson's two previous books—Maverick Autobiographies: Women Writers and the American West (2004) and Playing House in the American West: Western Women's Life Narrative (2013)—likewise brought new serious critical attention to such western women writers, and here she deepens this engagement. Her introduction elegantly articulates the book's contributions. Faraway Women and the "Atlantic Monthly" affords critical revisions of these writers, and it offers the first study focused on early twentieth-century working-class women writers of the American West. Its broader ambition is to provide a "new optic" on western writing by "remapping," "through a sequence of microhistories, the coordinates of American literature," challenging "binary assumptions about East and West, national and regional, cosmopolitan and local, gender and power" (pp. 9, 3). It is also the first study devoted to this era in the evolution of the publication now known as The Atlantic. The book's theoretical framework is constructed from textual scholarship, research on women's partnerships, studies in print culture, and periodical studies. Invoking Jerome McGann, Halverson limns the "textual condition" of these narratives, restoring them to their original periodical context to illuminate their genesis, reception, and impact (p. 10). Her portrait thus features not only these women's writing but also the sociomaterial conditions and collaborative processes generating their work, as well as highlighting both Sedgwick and the powerful cultural phenomenon of the Atlantic Monthly. Tracing the influence of the Atlantic Monthly requires spotlighting Sedgwick himself. Sedgwick's work as editor was crucial to the "making" of these women writers, often right down to the details of preparing their [End...

The Textual Condition of The Dream of the Rood lines 75–7

The Textual Condition of The Dream of the Rood lines 75–7

CHANDRAKANTBAKSHI’S GUJARATI SHORT STORIES: CONCEPTS, CULTURE AND PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH AN ANALYSIS

Translation is a tool of communication in education. Translation is an intelligent activity, requiring creative problem-solving in novel, textual, social and cultural conditions. A translator is the first ‘reader’ of the other culture as is shown in the foreign language text and he is expected to present the other in a primary process. Cultural substitution is a strategy of replacing the source language (SL) expression with a target language (TL) item that “does not have the same prepositional meaning but is likely to have a similar impact on the target reader”. In view of all these, we find it less than convincing to consider the notion of “cultural translation” as a sort of extension or overcoming of the linguistic concept of translation. The concept of culture is fundamental to any approach to translation. The objective of this paper is to discuss the concepts, cultural dimensions and the problems of translation from an Indian language text into English, especially, Chandrakant Bakshi’s Gujarati short stories into English language.

Contingency, Irony … Textuality: A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and Textual Criticism

This essay explores the representation of contingency within A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in relation to the textual history of James Joyce's novel. There is a fundamental split in this word between haphazard, chance forms of contingency and contingency as determining circumstances. First, I map these conflicting meanings on to Joyce's presentation of Stephen Dedalus and his drive towards artistic autonomy; then I use this tension to explore the textual condition of Joyce's novel, which seems, paradoxically, to demand a hyper-correct text in order to convey the vulnerability of printed works to unforeseen interventions.

Circulating Queerness: Before the Gay and Lesbian Novel by Natasha Hurley

Reviewed by: Circulating Queerness: Before the Gay and Lesbian Novel by Natasha Hurley Jessica Floyd Natasha Hurley Circulating Queerness: Before the Gay and Lesbian Novel Minneapolis: Minnesota University Press, 2018. xviii + 320 pp. Moby-Dick begins with the echoing and enduring statement "Call me Ishmael," which identifies the narrator and commands readers to consider his identity immediately. The opening imperative sets the stage for learning the character's inner workings, especially as he interacts with everything around him, and demands that the reader attend to a complex interiority as it is juxtaposed against the raging tides of the sea. In Circulating Queerness: Before the Gay and Lesbian Novel, Natasha Hurley considers one of Melville's earlier novels, Typee, along with other late nineteenth and early twentieth-century American novels, short stories like Mary E. Wilkins Freeman's "A New England Nun," letters like those passed between Charles Warren Stoddard and Walt Whitman, and the literary collection of Stoddard himself, as sites of world-making and identity circulation, especially gay and lesbian identities, with a focus on the same inner voice and circular relationship between self and world crystallized in the scene of Ishmael's call. Her argument is predicated on the idea that these cultural objects are the site of an emergent queer identity: that they capture a synergy between articulating a sense of self and actively shaping identity for the outside world. The key term throughout her analysis is circulation, and she threads this circularity both inside and outside the fictive worlds investigated. Circulation is paramount to her argument, which is that if we look closely at circulation, whether how narratives represent it or how texts are passed around, we can chart a slow emergence of queer identities that announce themselves as forcefully as Ishmael. Hurley's exacting inquiry provides an opportunity to contemplate the shaping of identity differently, to find the pulse of human interiority in circuits that hum across the narratives of late nineteenth and early twentieth-century American literature, eventually connecting together to make way for later, more concrete articulations of identity and personhood. Circulating Queerness challenges scholars "to queer the very ways we read texts" (xv) and produces a critical argument that contains the promise to [End Page 97] impact multiple fields, including Melville studies, nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American studies, potentially early modern British and American literary research, and gender and sexuality studies. The book "track[s] the force of literary objects and representations as accumulated, interactive, side-by-side, engagements of texts with other texts that make it possible to conceive of queer subjectivity itself" (xi). Hurley attends to literature that has historically been earmarked as queer and argues that if scholars place such works along a continuum, a steady materializing of immanent queer identities comes into focus. Unlike other scholars who have explored queer identities in literature, she decided that "rather than take as my object of study the figure of the subject of sexuality as a matter of textual representation," she would "examine instead the textual conditions of its possibility" (xi). Queer lives develop in literature through a constant process of relation that is sometimes only historical and situational but is, just as often, born of what she presents as a subtle process of circulation both within and outside of cultural material that delivers it into contemporary consciousness. For Hurley, contemporary thought visits its theoretical frameworks onto literature but is also influenced by the worlds generated through literature. She ventures that "the gay and lesbian novel emerges at the intersection of two different, yet connected, processes of cultural development: sexual type evolution and the emergence of a subgenre for the novel" (14). She points to an embryonic queer identity, predicated on circulation, found in narrators and characters attempting to capture complex interiorities at odds with the world around them and, too, to novels in which queer identities and characters come to acquire queerness. Queer identities are those that are forever in the process of being shaped through relationships internal and external. Each chapter calls attention to particular novels, characters, or collectors. Typee, the archival papers of Stoddard, literature about the lives of old maids, The Bostonians, and the writings...

A coesão referencial em textos traduzidos do inglês para o português: a questão dos sujeitos nulos

Understanding and writing a text arise from several factors. Among them, coreference relations, which allow for the identification of the referents of linguistic expressions, are of particular importance, since they ensure referential cohesion and, thus, contribute to text cohesion. One context in which recognizing referential relations is crucial involves reference chains with anaphoric pronouns. Although all languages exhibit coreference relations, the linguistic means to establish them may vary. Thus, in the context of translation, maintaining reference chains often implies the use of adaptation strategies: when working with non-null subject source languages, such as English, and null subject target languages, such as Portuguese, translators should recognize the contexts in which, in the latter, they may or must omit the subject, without affecting interpretation nor creating vagueness, conflict of interpretations or referential ambiguity. In this work, some data about reference chains in the context of English to Portuguese translation is discussed. We identify the main mismatches in translations done by university students and present clues to help train students in translation, promoting their mastering of the grammatical and textual conditions that determine the omission vs. the realization of the subject. The results show that the main problems result either from calque of the source language properties or from the overgeneralization of null subject contexts in the target language.

Tytuły utworów w cyklu „Na Skalnym Podhalu” Kazimierza Tetmajera – struktura syntaktyczno-semantyczna, uwarunkowania stylistyczne i tekstowe, funkcje

The Titles of Stories in the “Na Skalnym Podhalu” Collection by Kazimierz Tetmajer – Syntactic and Semantic Structure, Stylistic and Textual Conditions, Functions The theme of the description and analysis are the titles of stories in the collection „Na Skalnym Podhalu” by Kazimierz Tetmajer, as well as the title of the whole book itself. The aim of this description is to indicate the formal (syntactic) and semantic differentiation of titles, to present their stylistic and textual conditions and determine the function which they have in the structure of individual stories and in the whole collection. As far as the form is concerned, one can distinguish between double (3) and simple (36) titles. A considerable number of simple titles are in the form of a sentence (10), one title represents announcements (nominal sentences), the remaining ones (25) are the titles in the form of notification. The most common and the most characteristic titles for that collection are the titles-sentences with a structure of Jak umarł Jakub Zych and determining announcements with a structure of O Wojtku cudaku. In terms of semantics, the titles of stories represent the basic type which is informative and descriptive one because they provide information on the content of stories: most often about main characters or plot themes, less frequently about the place of the action, theme or type of the text. One of the titles has an interpretative value. The titles occurring in “Na Skalnym Podhalu” strongly correlate with the style of texts in the collection, where the dominant principle is folklore. This principle is visible in the stylisation of the Podhale dialect and in the stylisation of a tale as the form of oral folk tale. Thus, the presence of dialect forms and dialect lexis as well as many proper names which were authentic lexically and often also denotatively, being connected with geographical and cultural space of the Podhale region and Tatra mountains. Furthermore, the pattern “O + miejscownik” (About + locative) referring to metatextual and pragmatic frame of oral folk tales also occurs very often. The titles of stories in the collection “Na Skalnym Podhalu” not only perform the typical delimitative, distinctive and identifying functions but also descriptive and — as in the case of the title of the whole book — integrative ones.

박지원(朴趾源)의 「불이당기(不移堂記)」와 ‘채움’의 수사학 : 액자 구성과 예술 체험 간의 상관성에 주목하여

By a close reading of Park, Ji-Won (朴趾源)’s 不移堂記 (A Monumental Document for the Hall of No-Defection) one will notice the interrelationship between the thematics and the distinctive discursive structure which this text seems to involve. I aimed to investigate the textual conditions showing the semantic relationship between a proper name and its substance, signifying a new house or a pen name, corresponding to its form of frame and the theme; it had already been known as the structural isomorphism.BR The repeating construction of the narrative frames in 不移堂記 brings about the rhetorical effects very strongly which strengthen and harden the argumentative foundation that is the nature of writing of traditional monumental documents in Far East. As the new frame is presented again and again in this text, we, the readers, could identify a character’s whole life progressing forward the growth of his whole person. Here, the function of the framing structure invites us to join his journey of life and to gaze at it from the critical distance.BR On the aspect of the thematic horizon, 不移堂記 widens its basic issue, which has begun from concrete artistic symbols and conventions, as far as it includes the whole artistic act and the value system in the traditional world. With this frame-serial, we can appreciate that the various symbolic signs and codes often employed in the context of the East Asian traditional liberal arts, and the serious interpretive matters in the intellectual community, such as a black-and-white painting by a noble man, has been evolving into the whole system of the art and hermeneutics lying in the traditional world.BR In particular, the narrators in each frame show that they turn the conventional code and interpretation into their own intrinsic meaning through the thorough reforming of character by their own experience; it designates the procession of inserting a frame into another frame, on the phase of the isomorphic structure. This reflexive usage of framing takes the inner process of self-reflection to the concrete linguistic and discursive form, by the act of art producing as the core virtue of a noble man (君子).BR Therefore, through the framing structure of interactions between the critical distance and the life experience of reforming, 不移堂記 represents the problem of artistic appreciation and communication and that it should be achieved through the devotion of entire lives of the interpreter, the reader as well as the artistic creator.

Finding Form in David Copperfield: The Architectural Installment

Abstract Almost every formal study of the serial installments of Victorian novels has emphasized their textual condition, linking the installment's formal aspects to the circumstances of its publication and the experience of its readers. This essay takes a different approach, arguing that many Victorian novels use their serial structure to express and shape their meanings in an architectural sense, irrespective of the experience of reading or the mediations of print culture. Considering the example of David Copperfield, the essay shows that the shape of the numbers has a significant bearing on issues central to the novel, including the failures of patriarchy, David's erotic development, the politics of homelessness, and the equivocal character of Daniel Peggotty's rescue efforts. Indeed, the numbers of Copperfield stage intricate formal operations that are not revealed, and are in some way obscured, by a focus on the book's number plans, its publication history, or the temporalities of serial reading. The essay therefore proposes that we approach the serial installment with the same double-vision we train on other narrative forms, viewing the numbers as both registering their textual condition and expressing a self-contained narrative logic.

Finding Form in David Copperfield: The Architectural Installment

Abstract Almost every formal study of the serial installments of Victorian novels has emphasized their textual condition, linking the installment's formal aspects to the circumstances of its publication and the experience of its readers. This essay takes a different approach, arguing that many Victorian novels use their serial structure to express and shape their meanings in an architectural sense, irrespective of the experience of reading or the mediations of print culture. Considering the example of David Copperfield, the essay shows that the shape of the numbers has a significant bearing on issues central to the novel, including the failures of patriarchy, David's erotic development, the politics of homelessness, and the equivocal character of Daniel Peggotty's rescue efforts. Indeed, the numbers of Copperfield stage intricate formal operations that are not revealed, and are in some way obscured, by a focus on the book's number plans, its publication history, or the temporalities of serial reading. The essay therefore proposes that we approach the serial installment with the same double-vision we train on other narrative forms, viewing the numbers as both registering their textual condition and expressing a self-contained narrative logic.