Text Structure Research Articles

Exploring Qualitative Geographies in Large Volumes of Digital Text: Placing Tourists, Travelers, and Inhabitants in the English Lake District

Thus far, approaches to analyzing geographies in large collections of digital texts have used coordinate-based locations derived from toponyms (place names). Although this approach provides a useful starting point, it ignores both nontoponym references to place and textual structure while stressing Euclidean space. This article addresses these issues. Focusing on a corpus of writing about the English Lake District before 1900, it explores the different geographies associated with tourists, travelers, and inhabitants. Alongside toponyms, we identify the concept of a geo-noun to associate place with geographical features. Sense of place is then identified using the adjectives, nouns, and verbs that writers associate with locations and locales. This methodology allows us to identify and define places described in large volumes of digital text both holistically and textually.

StructuredFuzzer: Fuzzing Structured Text-Based Control Logic Applications

Rigorous testing methods are essential for ensuring the security and reliability of industrial controller software. Fuzzing, a technique that automatically discovers software bugs, has also proven effective in finding software vulnerabilities. Unsurprisingly, fuzzing has been applied to a wide range of platforms, including programmable logic controllers (PLCs). However, current approaches, such as coverage-guided evolutionary fuzzing implemented in the popular fuzzer American Fuzzy Lop Plus Plus (AFL++), are often inadequate for finding logical errors and bugs in PLC control logic applications. They primarily target generic programming languages like C/C++, Java, and Python, and do not consider the unique characteristics and behaviors of PLCs, which are often programmed using specialized programming languages like Structured Text (ST). Furthermore, these fuzzers are ill suited to deal with complex input structures encapsulated in ST, as they are not specifically designed to generate appropriate input sequences. This renders the application of traditional fuzzing techniques less efficient on these platforms. To address this issue, this paper presents a fuzzing framework designed explicitly for PLC software to discover logic bugs in applications written in ST specified by the IEC 61131-3 standard. The proposed framework incorporates a custom-tailored PLC runtime and a fuzzer designed for the purpose. We demonstrate its effectiveness by fuzzing a collection of ST programs that were crafted for evaluation purposes. We compare the performance against a popular fuzzer, namely, AFL++. The proposed fuzzing framework demonstrated its capabilities in our experiments, successfully detecting logic bugs in the tested PLC control logic applications written in ST. On average, it was at least 83 times faster than AFL++, and in certain cases, for example, it was more than 23,000 times faster.

Language-based machine perception: linguistic perspectives on the compilation of captioning datasets

Abstract Over the last decade, a plethora of training datasets have been compiled for use in language-based machine perception and in human-centered AI, alongside research regarding their compilation methods. From a primarily linguistic perspective, we add to these studies in two ways. First, we provide an overview of sixty-six training datasets used in automatic image, video, and audio captioning, examining their compilation methods with a metadata analysis. Second, we delve into the annotation process of crowdsourced datasets with an interest in understanding the linguistic factors that affect the form and content of the captions, such as contextualization and perspectivation. With a qualitative content analysis, we examine annotator instructions with a selection of eleven datasets. Drawing from various theoretical frameworks that help assess the effectiveness of the instructions, we discuss the visual and textual presentation of the instructions, as well as the perspective-guidance that is an essential part of the language instructions. While our analysis indicates that some standards in the formulation of instructions seem to have formed in the field, we also identified various reoccurring issues potentially hindering readability and comprehensibility of the instructions, and therefore, caption quality. To enhance readability, we emphasize the importance of text structure, organization of the information, consistent use of typographical cues, and clarity of language use. Last, engaging with previous research, we assess the compilation of both web-sourced and crowdsourced captioning datasets from various perspectives, discussing factors affecting the diversity of the datasets.

Automation of manuscript typographic formatting using MS Word

The article describes the goals, methods, and results of developing a set of versatile requirements for formatting scientific manuscripts, the application of which can be automated. The experience and results of testing the developed requirements and methods of their automation are presented. The set of requirements for formatting scientific manuscripts in an editable format allow the document to be circulated between the authors, editors, reviewers, and layout designers, thus optimizing labor- and time resources. The developed requirements meet the text document standards adopted in the Russian Federation and are approved by typographic specialists. The requirements are supported by built-in MS Word automation tools (macros) and are executed automatically. The author’s time spent on mastering the requirements and automation tools is compensated by accelerating the formatting of lengthy documents in the future. The requirements can be customized according to individual preferences and specific publisher requirements. The developed tools were tested as part of the specialized course “Preparation of a Scientific Article for Publication” at Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University. It was found that students become to acknowledge the importance of using formatting styles when the text is initially aligned according to the IMRAD format. By that means, the text structure and formatting tasks are interrelated, complementing each other during the article preparation process. The presented set of requirements seems promising in terms of developing a generally accepted standard.

UNVEILING ‘PROFIL PELAJAR PANCASILA’ THROUGH A NAS DAILY VIDEO: A CRITICAL EXAMINATION OF CHARACTER EDUCATION VALUES IN DIGITAL NARRATIVES

Character education is one of the goals of our National Education System. Teaching character education can be accomplished by various media, one of them is watching inspiring videos. This study explores the character education values implied in a video retrieved from Nas Daily YouTube channel. The character values focused in this study are the six dimensions of ‘Profil Pelajar Pancasila’ in the Merdeka Curriculum. This study uses the model of critical discourse analysis by Teun A. Van Dijk that examines the discourse in three elements; text structure, social cognition, and social context. The findings revealed that the video embraces all of the six dimensions of ‘Profil Pelajar Pancasila’ in the Merdeka Curriculum. This could strengthen the insight of educators to seek more character-empowering shows for the learners.

RAR: Recombination and augmented replacement method for insertion-based lexically constrained text generation

Lexically constrained text generation aims to generate text by indicated keywords. Previous work has employed non-autoregressive insertion methods which iteratively insert tokens between keywords to generate complete sentences. However, the semantic constraints imposed by discrete tokens limit the flexibility of generated text, leading to a lack of diversity and regularity in the generated text. To address this issue, we introduce the RAR model which builds upon the iterative insertion-based generation method. This model uses recombination and augmented replacement method to change the structure and regularity of the text to enhance text quality, the RAR model offers flexibility by adjusting the positional relationships between tokens by recombination method. Meanwhile, we use two kinds of custom token-level classifiers to divide the Replacement method into two parts: hard replacement and soft replacement. The “Hard Replacement” involves substituting words to improve text structure, while the “Soft Replacement” focuses on modifying text regularity through word form adjustments. We adopt different replacement methods according to the different stages of text generation, bringing more flexibility to the generation process. Experimental results on multiple datasets demonstrate that RAR achieves significant improvements in text fluency and diversity. Our code is released on https://github.com/Kenfree0/RAR.

Вербализация информационной структуры англоязычных бизнес-мемуаров

The purpose of the study is to identify universal and specific parameters of the verbalization of the information structure of the memoir texts of British and American entrepreneurs. The article defines the elements of the information structure of English-language business memoirs, which is considered in the form of a number of thematic groups. The main attention is paid to the description of multi-level language tools with which a specific thematic group is implemented. In addition, a comparative analysis of linguistic means in the memoir texts of British and American entrepreneurs is presented, through which similarities and differences in the verbalization of their information structure are determined. The scientific novelty of the research consists in the definition and systematization of text-building tools of business memoirs of English-speaking entrepreneurs based on their generalized information structure. As a result of the study, it was found that in the process of verbalization of the information structure in the texts of English-language memoirs of entrepreneurs, the use of both universal language tools and specific ones is observed. The language specifics are directly dependent on a certain thematic group. Also, English-language business memoirs have revealed some differences of a text-building nature due to differences in British and American mentalities.

A novel feature integration method for named entity recognition model in product titles

AbstractEntity recognition of product titles is essential for retrieving and recommending product information. Due to the irregularity of product title text, such as informal sentence structure, a large number of professional attribute words, a large number of unrelated independent entities of various combinations, the existing general named entity recognition model is limited in the e‐commerce field of product title entity recognition. Most of the current studies focus on only one of the two challenges instead of considering the two challenges together. Our approach proposes NEZHA‐CNN‐GlobalPointer architecture with the addition of label semantic network, and uses multigranularity contextual and label semantic information to fully capture the internal structure and category information of words and texts to improve the entity recognition accuracy. Through a series of experiments, we proved the efficiency of our approach over a dataset of Chinese product titles from JD.com, improving the F1‐value by 5.98%, when compared to the BERT‐LSTM‐CRF model on the product title corpus.

The evolution of artistic conflict in the work of V.S. Makanin

The subject of the study is the artistic conflict in the works of V. S. Makanin. The object of the study is the evolution of this conflict during various periods of the writer's work. The author examines in detail such aspects of the topic as the impact of social and historical changes on the structure and content of artistic conflict. Special attention is paid to the analysis of three key stages in the development of the conflict: the period of the Soviet era, the time of social reforms and the modern stage of the integration of Russian literature into the world literary context. The main thematic and stylistic changes that took place in literature in response to social and cultural transformations are analyzed. The research is of interest for a deep understanding of the specifics of Russian literature of the late XX – early XXI century, as well as for studying the interrelationships of the literary process with historical and social changes in the country. The research methodology includes a morphological analysis of the structure of Makanin's works, stylistic analysis as a culture-specific code of the author, and a modeling method for predicting literary trends and creating variations of texts. The main conclusions of the conducted research are the identification and analysis of the three-stage development of artistic conflict in the works of V. S. Makanin. The first stage reflects the transformation of Soviet and Russian society, the second – the spread of social tolerance in the last years of the USSR, and the third – the modernization and integration of Russia into world culture since 1991.The author's special contribution to the research of the topic is an in-depth analysis of the changes in artistic conflict in the context of sociocultural transformations of society. The study shows how external social and cultural changes affect the inner world of characters and the structure of literary texts. The novelty of the research lies in a multidimensional approach to the analysis of artistic conflict, which allows not only to consider it within the framework of a literary structure, but also to reflect a wide range of relationships between a literary work and changes in society over various historical periods. This allows us to better understand the mechanisms of interaction between literature and society, as well as to evaluate the individual contribution of the writer to the reflection and interpretation of these changes through the prism of artistic conflict.

Research on narrative design of handicraft intangible cultural heritage creative products based on AHP-TOPSIS method

To address the issues of subjectivity and bias that designers face in selecting and constructing narrative cultural themes when introducing narrative design methods into the design of handicraft intangible cultural heritage cultural and creative products, a model incorporating quantitative analysis methods into the narrative theme selection process is proposed. First, based on the theory of cultural levels and semiotic structure, a new narrative text structure is developed to enrich the narrative cultural themes of handicraft intangible cultural heritage. Second, a process model for constructing narrative texts of handicraft intangible cultural heritage is established using kansei engineering, factor analysis, and the TOPSIS method, to minimize the impact of subjective factors in the narrative theme selection process. Finally, using the design of Huangmei Cross Flower cultural and creative products as an example, the feasibility of the model is validated. This method model effectively reduces the transmission bias of cultural features in the narrative design process of handicraft intangible cultural heritage, providing a theoretical foundation for further design practice of handicraft intangible cultural heritage products.

Improving Students’ Listening Skill in Procedure Text through Playing Video at the Eleventh Grade of Senior High School

By listening, people are able to receive message accurately in communication process. 20123 Curriculum at the Eleventh grade of SMAN 1 Tuhemberua expects the students to catch contextually meaning of procedural text. There were some research problems namely: the students are unable to understand the meaning of the sentence convey, the students are quickly forgetting meaning of the sentence what is heard, the students are unable to understand the generic structure of procedure text, the students are unable to use the connective sentence of procedure text. The purpose of this research is to improve listening skill in English lessons. In improving the students’ listening skill, the research used playing video and applied Classroom Action Research. The research has been conducted in two cycles, which each cycle consisted of two meetings, there were four steps in conducting the research, namely Planning, Action, Observation, and Reflection. In Cycle 1 there were 10 students (50%) got score among 40-59 got level of less, 8 students (40%) got score among 60-74 got level of enough, and 2 students got score 75-84got level of good, while in cycle II there were 10 students got score among 75-84 got level of good, 10 students (50 %) got score among 85-100 got level of very good. Based on the result of the research, it can be concluded that playing video improves the students’ listening skill. Finally, the researcher writes some suggestion; a) The teacher are encourage to apply playing video in procedure text, because it has a better effect on students’ ability and motivate students to learn more fun teaching-learning activities, b) The teacher needs to explain the purpose of the technique to get a good result, c) In teaching listening through playing video, the teacher should select the listening material for the students to make them interest and active in the teaching-learning process.

Contextual Hypergraph Networks for Enhanced Extractive Summarization: Introducing Multi-Element Contextual Hypergraph Extractive Summarizer (MCHES)

Extractive summarization, a pivotal task in natural language processing, aims to distill essential content from lengthy documents efficiently. Traditional methods often struggle with capturing the nuanced interdependencies between different document elements, which is crucial to producing coherent and contextually rich summaries. This paper introduces Multi-Element Contextual Hypergraph Extractive Summarizer (MCHES), a novel framework designed to address these challenges through an advanced hypergraph-based approach. MCHES constructs a contextual hypergraph where sentences form nodes interconnected by multiple types of hyperedges, including semantic, narrative, and discourse hyperedges. This structure captures complex relationships and maintains narrative flow, enhancing semantic coherence across the summary. The framework incorporates a Contextual Homogenization Module (CHM), which harmonizes features from diverse hyperedges, and a Hypergraph Contextual Attention Module (HCA), which employs a dual-level attention mechanism to focus on the most salient information. The innovative Extractive Read-out Strategy selects the optimal set of sentences to compose the final summary, ensuring that the latter reflects the core themes and logical structure of the original text. Our extensive evaluations demonstrate significant improvements over existing methods. Specifically, MCHES achieves an average ROUGE-1 score of 44.756, a ROUGE-2 score of 24.963, and a ROUGE-L score of 42.477 on the CNN/DailyMail dataset, surpassing the best-performing baseline by 3.662%, 3.395%, and 2.166% respectively. Furthermore, MCHES achieves BERTScore values of 59.995 on CNN/DailyMail, 88.424 on XSum, and 89.285 on PubMed, indicating superior semantic alignment with human-generated summaries. Additionally, MCHES achieves MoverScore values of 87.432 on CNN/DailyMail, 60.549 on XSum, and 59.739 on PubMed, highlighting its effectiveness in maintaining content movement and ordering. These results confirm that the MCHES framework sets a new standard for extractive summarization by leveraging contextual hypergraphs for better narrative and thematic fidelity.

Strategi Inovatif Pemanfaatan Teks Proposal untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Bahasa Indonesia di Sekolah Dasar 101961

The proposal text is one of the text types taught in Indonesian language learning in elementary schools. However, the teaching of proposal texts is often carried out using conventional methods that do not actively involve students. This research aims to explore innovative strategies in utilizing proposal texts to improve Indonesian language learning outcomes for elementary school students. The research method used is classroom action research by applying a project-based learning strategy through group assignments to develop proposal texts. The research subjects were fifth-grade students at Public Elementary School X in City Y. Data were collected through observations, written tests, and interviews with teachers and students. The research results show that innovative strategies for using proposal texts can improve student learning outcomes, including writing skills, understanding of text structure, and vocabulary and language elements. Students become more motivated and actively involved in the learning process. They also develop critical thinking, creativity, and collaboration skills in developing proposal texts. This strategy has proven effective and can be implemented in Indonesian language learning in other elementary schools to improve student learning outcomes and language skills.

A TEMPLATE FOR TECHNICAL DESIGN DOCUMENTS TO HELP DISTRIBUTED SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT TEAMS COLLABORATE BETTER

Technical Design Documents (TDD) are commonly adopted documents in the software development industry that describe the technical solution implementation design. These documents are informal and lack strict requirements regarding their content. The structure often differs from organization to organization. Lack of standardized structure often results in low-quality design documents that can hinder successful technical solution implementation. In this paper, we applied a grounded theory method to analyze various organization-specific TDD structures and proposed a standardized structure for this document. In addition to the plain text structure, we visualized it in the form of a mindmap to facilitate the adoption of this template. Organizations can use the proposed TDD template structure as a basis for the company-specific structure of TDD and may include all or part of the sections proposed.

Learning Through Practice: On How Kemyt Contributed to Crafting and Transmitting Scribal Knowledge

Summary This paper is conceived as a first step towards the Kemyt (re)contextualization. By exploring the specific layout and paratext of Kemyt, it intends to shed light on the scribes who wrote the many partial copies of this letter-like composition and in which circumstances. I first address the layout, the ink choices, and the writing orientation. I then turn my attention to the text structure: dividers, ending marks, as well as colophons, dedications, and underwriting. The dated ostraca and their frequent identification as school exercises are discussed before moving on to the textual revision practices and looking for an explanation to the low proportion of corrected texts despite faulty content. All this enabled me to highlight a set of scribal practices, in which scribes draw, some being proper to the Kemyt, some being common to the rest of the text production. These practices revealed a complex network, from beginning students to senior scribes, through assistant scribes and early career scribes, which contributed to the crafting and the transmission of scribal knowledge during the New Kingdom.

Increasing The Students’ Ability In Reading Comprehension By Using Shared Reading Strategy At The Eighth Grade Of SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsitoli In 2022/2023

Reading was a part of four skills in mastering English that should be taught at school because it an important skill to be mastered. In learning English there were four basic skills that should be mastered by students. They were listening, speaking, reading and writing. Reading had to be mastered by students because it could help students got a lot of information and could increase their knowledge for example by reading; the students were expected to build their own comprehension of the text. Based on the observation that was done by researcher in SMP Negeri 3 Gunungsitoli, especially in the eighth grade, most of the students could not achieve the MCC 70. Problems faced by students in learning reading comprehension: the students lacked of vocabulary, the students were not able to identified the topic of the recount text, the students lacked an understanding of the meaning of words in the text, the students could not know the generic structure of the recount text. The research did aim to address students’ problems in reading comprehension through shared reading strategy. This research used a quantitative method and used Classroom Action Research (CAR) design which consists of planning, action, observation, reflection. This research was carried out two cycles and each cycle was conducted two meetings. In cycle I showed that there were 20 students who did not pass the MCC out of 30 students and the average student score was 51.66. In addition, in Cycle I there were results from student evaluations with the lowest score of 20 and the highest score of 85. In Cycle II, all students had passed the MCC out of 30 students and with an average student score of 85.16 and there was a lowest score of 70 and the highest score of 100. Based on the results of the study, the researcher concluded that the used of shared reading strategy could improve students’ reading comprehension skill.

Специфика функционирования проксемной информативной текстовой структуры в романе Г. Джеймса «Женский портрет»

The article deals with the English text space. The purpose of the study is to identify the specific features of the proxemic informative text structure of H. James’s The Portrait of a Lady. A new concept of “proxemic informative text structure” is introduced into text theory as a segment of text architectonics that describes the spatial parameters nominated by proxemes. Proxemes are considered as nominations of spatial parameters of the text. The typology of textual proxemes is specified and the existing proxemes-spacenаmes, proxemes-verbs of movement, proxemes-placenames, proxemes-landscape units are supplemented with such types of proxemes as a metaphorical landscape unit, an interior proxeme and a distant proxeme. The metaphorical landscape unit means a metaphorically marked proxeme that nominates a landscape description in the text. An interior proxeme is understood as a nomination of the interior decoration of a house. The interior proxeme revealed in the novel is a socio-cultural interior proxeme, interpreted as a socio-cultural informative construct in which two societies intersect: French, namely Parisian, and Spanish. A distant proxeme, i.e. a distant literary placename is understood as a proxeme that nominates a plot-textual reference to a location in which the described events do not occur at the moment when they are mentioned. Socio-cultural toponym-landscape unit is understood as a landscape nomination reflecting the socio-cultural aspect of the location. For the first time, bi-kernel proxemes were identified, which are constructs of a set of kernels of the same type and constructs of a set of kernels of different types. The bi-kernel feature of proxemes is one of the parameters of the specific features of the proxeme informative text structure in the work of H. James. Socio-culturally marked proxemic units, aligning various European cultural markers in the plot-thematic matrix of a work of fiction, are revealed in the proxemic informative text structure of H. James’s The Portrait of a Lady.

A Codicological Analysis of the Judeo-Persian Sefer Ha-Melitza Dictionary (Evr. I 75–76) from the Collection of the National Library (St. Petersburg)

The article presents a codicological analysis of the medieval Judeo-Persian dictionary Sefer ha-Melitsa. Two items in the NLR collection, Evr.I75 (a volume) and 76 (separate fragments), can be divided into two separate manuscripts: the first manuscript is a codex dated back to 1340 and the latter seems to be a later manuscript, which was used as a restoration of the first one’s losses, at first glance. However, a detailed analysis of the text structure suggests that the two manuscripts existed independently, since they repeat each other’s texts. Given the codicology of the monuments and the text of the colophon (f.87a), we can assume that we are dealing with a copy of the original work, but, unfortunately, not with the autograph of the medieval dictionary.

Control program for the dosing system of dry bulk feed components

The development of intensive farming technologies is impossible without the introduction of modern technologies. The problem of compound feed production in the voiced aspect can be solved not only through the development of new machines and equipment, but also the introduction of modern control systems. The article presents an analysis of existing dispenser control systems. Based on the analysis of programs and control systems, it was revealed that almost all programs are designed to work in limited conditions, some of them do not take into account a number of factors affecting the accuracy of the material supply. Therefore, a control program for a twin-screw dispenser is proposed. When developing the management program, we started from the technological process of dosing. The possibility of controlling two augers was taken into account: first, a large auger (driven by an asynchronous electric motor) turns on and feeds the main part, then it turns off and the second small auger (driven by an asynchronous or stepper motor) turns on, which carries out the filling of the remaining part. In this case, signals about the amount of material supplied are transmitted from weighing sensors (strain gauges). The proposed control program for the twin-screw dispenser is developed for the TM241C24R PLC in the Structured Text (ST) programming language, one of the languages of the IEC61131-3 standard, in the EcoStruxure Machine Expert programming environment. The control is displayed on a liquid crystal display. The main screen displays basic information: the parameters of the electric motor, the recipe and the readings of the weighing sensors. The program allows you to control the operation of dispensers in several modes. In automatic mode, each dispenser supplies only one component. In manual control mode, the dispensers are started and stopped by the operator from the control panel. In this case, it is possible to set the rotation speed of the dispenser shaft. In the dosing mode with two augers, one component is dispensed with two augers. The proposed program will improve the accuracy of dosing in automatic mode.

Perception of Violence in Multimodal Text: Cross-Disciplinary Approach

The article deals with the linguistic and psychological concepts explaining the perception of multimodal texts that imply information about violence. The importance of the subject is verified by the task of countering the spread of ideologies of violence, extremism, and terrorism in Internet communication. The multimodal text is considered a popular means of propagating radical ideas relating to incitement to social discord. The absence of complex models explaining the transmission of violence through multimodal texts is observed. It is shown that linguistic and psychological concepts can be relevant resources for building such a model. The purpose of the article is to generalize concepts in the form of intra- and extralinguistic factors that determine the perception of information about violence in a multimodal text. The generalization of cognitive linguistic theories into the group of intralinguistic factors is complemented by the conclusion that the semantic structure of a multimodal text is formed by visual, sign, and verbal coding systems; the perception of information about violence is determined by the typicality of linguistic means and the presence of logical and semantic links between the elements of a multimodal text. The conclusion is made about the influence of aggressiveness, personal attitude toward violence, and the experience of using violence on the perception of multimodal information about violence by the reader. The article may be interesting to linguists, psychologists, and a wide range of researchers in the field of humanities and humanities-related social sciences.