Text Of Manuscript Research Articles

Textual Criticism and Bibliography: The Case of Qurʾānic Studies

Abstract Philological studies on Arabic and Islamic literature have traditionally been limited in many respects. The approaches to the texts and their editing have mostly reflected a primary interest in diffusing texts without sharing the editing methodology or discussing the specific problematic aspects of Arabic. In the realm of Qurʾānic studies most of the research has been devoted to the formation of the text and early manuscript evidence with some significant results but without addressing many other aspects and critical problems which still await the attention of scholarly research. Later manuscript attestations and the history of the printed Qurʾān have also been in general neglected fields of critical research.

Volatile and Non-Volatile Organic Compounds Stimulate Oviposition by Aphidophagous Predators.

Simple SummaryEvidence that volatile and non-volatile organic compounds stimulate aphid-eating predators to lay eggs is scattered throughout the scientific literature. The objectives of this review are to compile records indicating that organic compounds stimulate egg laying, calculate an egg production ratio for stimulated predators, and determine if the egg production ratio is correlated with vapor pressure and molecular weight of active compounds. Results indicated that both volatile and non-volatile compounds stimulated egg laying behavior by coccinellid beetles and syrphid flies, but not chrysopid lacewings. The egg production ratio was greatest for syrphid flies. Regardless of predator taxa, the egg production ratio was negatively and positively correlated with molecular weight and vapor pressure, respectively. In conclusion, volatile organic compounds stimulate syrphid flies to lay more eggs than coccinellid beetles and chrysopid lacewings. Volatile organic compounds could be used to manipulate predators to lay more eggs in mass rearing systems or on aphid-infested plants in greenhouses or high tunnels. Introduction: Evidence that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and non-VOCs stimulate oviposition by aphidophagous predators is scattered throughout the literature. The objectives of this review are to (1) compile records indicating that VOCs and non-VOCs are responsible for oviposition stimulation, (2) calculate an egg production ratio (EPR) for stimulated predators, and (3) determine if EPR is correlated with vapor pressure and molecular weight of active compounds. Methods: The USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), National Agricultural Library, online digital catalog system was used to retrieve abstracts, then the full text of manuscripts on oviposition stimulants for predators. Oviposition-stimulating VOCs and non-VOCS were tabulated with molecular weights and vapor pressure estimates. EPRs were calculated for stimulated coccinellids, syrphids, and chrysopids. Results: Both VOCs and non-VOCs stimulated oviposition behavior by coccinellids and syrphids, but not chrysopids. EPR was greatest for syrphids. Two VOCs, (E)-β-farnesene and 3-methyl-2-butenal, stimulated very high EPR values by the syrphid Episyrphus balteatus. Regardless of predator taxa, EPR was negatively and positively correlated with molecular weight and vapor pressure, respectively. Conclusions: Syrphids (rather than coccinellids or chrysopids) produce more eggs in response to VOCs. Organic compounds with low-to-moderate molecular weights and moderate-to-high vapor pressures might be most effective oviposition stimulants for aphidophagous predators.

Shafi’i Scholars in Malay Manuscript

Malay manuscripts are handwritten documents mostly written in the Jawi-Arabic script and dates as early as the 15th century. Among the Malay text manuscripts Mir'at al-Tullab written by Shaykh Abd al-Rauf alSingkili, it is a book of Islamic jurisprudence, written in the 17th century AD, and has been distributed widely throughout the Malay Archipelago by copying methods. This study uses the tahqiq approach to prove that it is the book of al-Shafi'i. The object of the study was a manuscript of Mir'at alTullāb obtained from the British Library (OR16035). Subsequently, the contents of the Mir'at al-Tullāb manuscript will be retained for evaluation of the authenticity of the manuscript. The results of this study prove that altullab mir'at is the book of al-shafi'i sect. The author of the book Mirāt alTullab, Shaykh Abd Al-Rauf al-Shafi'i sect, has referred to books of alShafi sect such as Ibn Hajar al-Haytamiyy

Synonyms and Lexical Substitutions in Texts of the Old English Life of Saint Mary of Egypt

ABSTRACT Among the unusually high number of variants in the three surviving texts of the Old English Life of Saint Mary of Egypt are many instances in which a scribe has changed an inherited reading by substituting one word for another. Many of the substitutions are the result of error or unconscious scribal preference but this article demonstrates that all three texts of the Old English Life, which is of likely Anglian origin, also reveal a pattern of deliberate rewording. This rewording arises from a desire to regularise and “improve” the language of the Life, bringing it more into line with the norms of Late West Saxon, the literary language generally in use in the period when our scribes were at work. No such pattern of substitution is evident in other hagiographical texts in the same manuscripts. The Life of Saint Mary of Egypt was clearly viewed by compilers of late Anglo-Saxon hagiographical manuscripts as a work worthy of inclusion but, unlike other lives, as one in need of some linguistic revision to make it fit in with accepted literary standards.

Query Translation for Multilingual Content with Semantic Technique

Cross-lingual information retrieval (CLIR) allows user query in a different language from the language of target resources. Thus, translation is the key element in the query processing. There are three translation approaches: query, document, or hybrid query-document. However, query translation is very challenging due to the polysemy problem. Different linguistic nature of the languages will lead to ambiguity of meaning subsequently user’s true intention could be misinterpreted. This paper presents a semantic technique on query translation for a multilingual knowledge repository to improve the query processing. Offline translated documents or parallel corpora in English, Arabic, and Malay language including Jawi text was used as the data. Set of keywords were constructed preidentified by expert related to prophetic food. These keywords were annotated with the relevant Quranic verses, Hadith texts, Manuscript text images and scientific article determined by expert. The synonym and context-based translation was annotated together with the specific keyword. A query will do a three-way pattern match based on the keyword indexing list that link to the relevant documents. A one-stop knowledge repository on prophetic food was developed as a proof of concept using sources are from al-Quran, Hadith, classical manuscript, and scientific articles verified by experts to ensure the content authenticity and integrity.

A novel binarization technique based on Whale Optimization Algorithm for better restoration of palm leaf manuscript

Palm leaf manuscript is a rich source of information pertaining to culture and heritage from the ancient period which is written on Palm leaves. They share surplus knowledge base in the field of art, medicine, culture, science, astronomy, astrology, crafts, literature, etc. Due to environmental effects and various other factors like handling, storage methods, etc. these manuscripts undergoes degradation. Hence for preservation of the information contained in the palm leaves, digitization of the manuscript is needed. The manuscript is either scanned or photographed for digitization and stored for preserving the content. For storage, enormous storage space is required and in addition, the degradation due to the noise should be removed for restoration of the text in the Palm leaf manuscript. Textual retrieval is done by using binarization method. Many binarization techniques such as Local threshold methods, Global thresholding, Otsu histogram thresholding, Adaptive thresholding techniques are available in the literature. Even then lots of challenges are present due to the degradation of the Palm-leaf manuscript. Swarm intelligence techniques are gaining importance in almost all domains for the optimization of parameters. In this present work, an attempt is made to use Whale Optimization Algorithm for optimization of Adaptive thresholding and the results are compared with the existing techniques. It proves the ascendance of the proposed technique over the prevailing techniques.

A Poetics of Editing. By Susan L. Greenberg

In putting more than two words on paper you are bound to experience the editorial moment: the correction and rewriting that is the subject of a cartoon so famous its originator seems untraceable. A figure is busily crossing out and rewriting a wall inscription that says ‘The strongest drive is not Love or Hate [insert image of pencil‐sharpener] It is one person's need to change modify amend correct alter fix chop to pieces EDIT improve another's copy’. The habit of correction is an ancient one, appearing long before the third‐century BC Alexandrians compared manuscript texts, or the sixteenth‐century scholar Erasmus reviewed the printed sheets of his books as they came off the press. Once upon a time correction (let's call it editing) had status and legitimacy, but in the past three centuries it has been de‐legitimized successively by the forces of romanticism, scientific empiricism, conflicting forms of critical theory, and the excesses of popular journalism. Susan Greenberg sets out to craft a general theory of editing that will respond to what she sees as its undeserved invisibility, which as a professional editor she feels keenly.

Cannabis and Radiation Therapy: A Scoping Review of Human Clinical Trials

Abstract Introduction It is estimated that at least 20% of Canadian patients with cancer use cannabis to alleviate symptoms of their disease and/or cope with the side effects of their treatment. Most patients want to learn more about cannabis from their healthcare team, but most oncology professionals feel too uninformed to make recommendations. The purpose of this scoping review was to address this oncology professionals’ knowledge gap, by summarizing the literature on evaluations of the benefits and harms of cannabis use before, during, or after radiation therapy (RT). Methods and Materials A literature search was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guidelines, using multiple electronic databases and combinations of key terms. To be included, studies must address the use of cannabis in patients undergoing RT. In vitro and in vivo evaluations, reviews, and editorials were excluded. Eligible full text manuscripts were then subjected to a formal risk of bias assessment using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 or ROBINS-I frameworks. Results A total of 48 records were identified, and 8 articles were included after vetting. These 8 studies suggest that the use of cannabinoids may calm anxious patients about to start RT, reduce nausea and vomiting consistent with the contemporary standard of care, reduce the symptoms of relapse for patients with glioma, and provide symptom relief >3 years after head and neck RT but not during or immediately. Six of these studies contained a high risk of bias (eg lack of randomization, poor blinding, and subjective outcome assessments). Most studies reported mild episodes of drowsiness and dry mouth with Δ9tetrahydrocannabinol, but substantial rates of dizziness, fatigue, and disorientation were also seen. It is important to note that these studies did not measure the impact of long-term cannabis consumption. Conclusions The existing body of literature evaluating the use of cannabinoids by patients undergoing RT is very limited. Well-designed randomized controlled trials are urgently needed, which address the significant design flaws of previous studies and evaluate the impact of phytocannabinoids in patients undergoing RT.

Working with Multi-Language Authors

MODERATOR: Dana Compton American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, Virginia SPEAKERS: Ben Mudrak American Chemical Society Durham, North Carolina Bryan Hamman Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen, Thailand Adriana Romero-Olivares University of New Hampshire Durham, New Hampshire REPORTER: Becky Rivard American Mathematical Society Providence, Rhode Island In a brief introduction, moderator Dana Compton summed up the purpose of this talk: “How can we make the publishing process as positive as possible for all authors around the globe while ensuring highest quality publication?” The term “multi-language authors” came from a tweet by Ignacio Escalante (@RandallIgnacio), who was referring to a comment made by a workshop attendee. It seemed fitting to use this inclusive, positive term rather than “English as a second language” (ESL). First, Ben Mudrak of the American Chemical Society (ACS) set the stage from the publisher perspective. The ACS received submissions from 141 countries and territories in 2019—clearly, research is global. Ben discussed the results of a published survey1 that asked 2500 multi-language authors about the top challenges faced when submitting to an English-language journal. The top 2 answers were “correcting the English text of my manuscript” and “responding to reviewers’ comments.” In addition, 33% said they would like resources for editing or translating their manuscripts. Respondents were asked to rank ways they thought publishers could help, including providing templates for the manuscript format, suggesting other journals that may be a better fit, listing resources for translating the manuscript, and making the website user friendly. In response to author feedback […]

Etika di Tempat Suci menurut Lontar Kramapura

<em>The rapid flow of globalization has changed the order of life of Hindus in behaving. Not infrequently Hindus are trapped in a behavior that is not in accordance with sesana as Hindu, so it affects the behavior that deviates. The phenomenon of Hindus dressed in fashion to the temple, the number of gambling operations in the plate of Pura is a deviant behavior that is not in accordance <em>with sesana as Hindus. So it needs to be explored guidelines to behave for Hindus. One of the guidelines for behaving in the shrine is the Lontar Kramapura Manuscript. This manuscript text is a type of papyrus Sesana that contains the teachings of behavior to maintain the sanctity of the temple. This Lontar Manuscript outlines the teachings and prohibitions that are not allowed if you want to enter the temple. The teachings contained in this Lontar Kramapura (1) The doctrine of preserving the sanctity of the Pura where this doctrine contains the duties for the pengempon and pemaksan Pura to keep the holiness is maintained. (2) The Doctrine of Sesana Pemangkuan, in this doctrine contains the obligations of stakeholders as Pangempon Pura in maintaining the sanctity and sacredness of the temple through the improvement of jnana with the obligation to learn sesana become Pemangku. This manuscript of Lontar Kramapura also contains restrictions on holy places such as (1) Various kinds of offerings that should not be placed in the temple, (2) Prohibition for people entering temples like for men who are menstruating, cuntaka and others. (3) Prohibition for people who behave badly like confessing kerauhan, stealing in the temple, saying that is not good at the temple, people who fight in the temple, and behave that do not know the courtesy.</em></em>

ANALISIS TEKS DAN KONTEKS TEKS DRAMA KARYA SISWA SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS

<em>This study aims to determine the textual and contextual aspects of the drama text by the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo school year 2016-2017. The research used in this study is analysis of the content analyses with a qualitative approach. The primary Data used in this study was a collection of drama text by the XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo class. The secondary Data used is the form of articles, books, journals and research results conducted by some researchers. The Data used is taken by the purposive sampling method. To test the validity/validity of data in this study using the source triangulation techniques, and triangulation theory. The results of the study were 179 reference data, 23 60 data for the The researchers found three reference data, i.e. persona, demonstrative, and comparative references. The details are as follows: There are 122 data-refering personas, 41 demonstration reference data, and 16 comparative refering. In the drama text by the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo also found a lexical aspect. The lexical aspects found are: (1) Reps, (2) Sinonimi, (3) Antonimi, and (4) collocations. Details are as follows: 37 data reps, 6 data Sinonimi, 12 data Antonimi, and 16 colocation data. In this study there were four principles that became a reference in the contextual analysis of the drama text, namely: 1) The principle of personal interpretation, 2) The principle of locational interpretation, 3) The principle of temporal interpretation, and 4) the principle of analogy. Based on this, it can be noted that there is a conjugual element in the collection of drama text by the students of the class XI SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo. The manuscript of a drama text by SMA Negeri 1 Sukoharjo is a textual aspect, lexical and grammatically. There are four principles that are referenced in the contextual analysis of the drama text, i.e. personal interpretation principles, locational interpretation principles, temporal interpretation principles, and analogy principles.</em>

Role Of Apocrypha and Saints’ Lives, Their Transmission and Readership in The history of Childhood and Family

The article proposes to explore the potentials of examining Apocrypha and saints’ lives in pursuit of knowledge about children, childhood, and family in the past. It first stresses a necessity to accurately define Apocrypha and saints’ lives within early Christian literature. The transmission of Apocrypha and saints’ lives in their textual varieties, the number of manuscripts they appear in, and their absence of authorship also demand further discussion. Scholars additionally do not reach the consensus over their readership, reputation, and audience in the same period. 
 Although a great deal of potential remains in these genres for the pursuances named above, one has to bear in mind the restrictions. One has to be cautious when prying out social realities from hagiography. One also has to distinguish the theological and religious aspects from the social realities and realities of everyday life in such texts, as well as to pay attention to their literary and genre aspects. Finally, one may wish to trace varieties of individual texts in manuscripts, because they sometimes give different information about our matters of interest.

Editorial Policy

Editorial Policy

SUN-294 The Effects of Traumatic Brain Injury on Pituitary Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on pituitary function remains unclear. Yet, applying appropriate diagnostic and treatment strategies for affected patients is crucial for mitigating morbidity related to hypopituitarism and improving patient outcomes. Currently, data regarding the prevalence of post-TBI hypopituitarism and its predisposing factors are inconsistent. The goals of this systematic review and meta-analysis were to evaluate the prevalence of acute and chronic post-TBI hypopituitarism and assess for predictors of pituitary dysfunction. Methods: Ovid MEDLINE In-Process & Other Non-Indexed Citations, Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Ovid Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, and references of key articles were searched from inception to 2019. Studies enrolling ≥20 adult patients with TBI and reporting on pituitary dysfunction were included. A total of 992 studies were generated by the initial search. Titles and abstracts were screened in duplicate by two independent reviewers for inclusion criteria. Of these, 265 full text manuscripts were subsequently reviewed for eligibility. Predefined data were extracted from 14 representative studies for the preliminary analysis (7 cross-sectional studies, 6 prospective studies, and 1 retrospective study). Results: There was a total of 813 (78% male) patients with TBI. Of those with available data, 124/248 (50.0%) had mild TBI, 112/476 (23.5%) had moderate TBI, and 308/569 (54.1%) had severe TBI. Mean age at TBI diagnosis was 34.2±4.6 years, with time to evaluation of pituitary function following TBI ranging from 0 days to 120 months (mean, 27.1±35.1 months). Acute and chronic hypopituitarism was reported in 10.7% and 19.6% of patients, respectively. TBI was associated with increased risk for hypopituitarism compared to the general population (RR=765.8, 95% CI 538.8-1088.5). Secondary hypogonadism was noted in 15.7% of patients, growth hormone deficiency in 15.7%, secondary adrenal insufficiency in 11.6%, secondary hypothyroidism in 8.7%, and diabetes insipidus in 0.2%. Older age (40.4±5.5 vs 36.7±1.0 years, P<0.0001) and higher BMI (25.0±0.7 vs 23.9±0.2 kg/m2, P<0.0001) were associated with increased risk of post-TBI hypopituitarism. Conclusion: Available moderate- to low-quality evidence suggests that post-TBI hypopituitarism is common and correlates with older age and higher BMI. Secondary hypogonadism and growth hormone deficiency are the most predominant pituitary deficiencies. Further investigations are warranted to determine the most effective strategies for identifying patients at risk for post-TBI hypopituitarism in order to implement prompt assessment and management.

Barriers and facilitators to the implementation of nutrition standards for school food: a mixed methods systematic review protocol.

Background: The importance of nutrition during childhood and the high prevalence of child and adolescence obesity has resulted in several countries implementing nutritional standards for school food as a way of providing healthy school food environments. Yet there has been less focus on the barriers and facilitators influencing the process of implementing school food standards. This mixed methods systematic review aims to address this evidence gap by synthesising the empirical evidence on the factors that may influence implementation of school food standards. Methods: This mixed methods systematic review will use qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods evidence from peer reviewed publications retrieved from the following databases; PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Grey literature will be accessed through Google Scholar, Open Access Theses and Dissertations, OpenGrey, RIAN, EThOS, ProQuest, WorldCat, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations, and public health organisation websites will also be accessed. Screening reference lists and citation chaining of all included studies will also be undertaken. No restrictions on publication date or language will be applied, however, only primary research studies relevant to supply-side stakeholders will be eligible for inclusion. Study quality will be assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Study titles and abstracts will be screened to decide whether the full text manuscript should be retrieved. For screening reliability, a second review author will assess a random sample of 20%. Kappa statistics will be used to assess inter-rater reliability, with values of 0.75 and higher representing high agreement. Two authors will independently extract data and factors reported to influence implementation. This will be synthesized using the Theoretical Domains Framework. Discussion: A comprehensive understanding of these factors can provide guidance to relevant stakeholders to enhance the adaption, implementation and sustainability of nutrition standards for school meals. Systematic review registration: PROSPERO CRD42019117904.

Medieval Punctuation, mise en texte and the Digital World

Studies of medieval histories tend to concentrate almost exclusively on the discursive content of manuscript text to the exclusion of the effect on the reader of the physical disposition on the page. The article takes advantage of recent digital advances to analyse material aspects of the Alfonsine Estoria de Espanna manuscripts, and proposes that questions of mise en page and mise en texte were central elements of the Alfonsine approach to the organization of knowledge

Indications and results of osteosynthesis for proximal humerus fragility fractures in elderly patients.

Proximal humerus fractures (PHF) are common injuries in the elderly population. Conservative treatment is indicated for undisplaced and stable fractures, which account for almost 80% of the cases. More complex fracture patterns might need surgery, with a wide variety of indication criteria and surgical techniques described in the literature. Surgical treatment should be reserved for patients in good clinical conditions, autonomous in daily living activities and able to adhere to postoperative rehabilitation protocols. In the elderly population with severe osteoporosis, cognitive impairment and clinical comorbidities, the risk of surgical failures is high. In these patients, the choice between surgical and conservative treatment, as well as for the type of procedure, is even more difficult, with no general consensus in the literature. Final indication is usually conditioned by surgeon’s experience and preference. Two independent reviewers (B.H and G.G) independently extracted studies on proximal humeral fractures. All selected studies were screened independently (B.H and G.G) based on title and abstract. Then the full text of any article that either judged potentially eligible was acquired and reviewed again. Any disagreement was resolved by discussing the full text manuscripts. Aim of the present paper is to review the literature about indications and results of osteosynthesis for proximal humerus fragility fractures in the elderly population.

HOW OFTEN ARE STUDY DESIGN AND LEVEL OF EVIDENCE MISREPORTED IN THE PEDIATRIC ORTHOPAEDIC LITERATURE?

Background:Observational studies are the most commonly employed study designs in the pediatric orthopaedic literature. The differences between observational study designs are important but not widely understood, leading to potential discrepancies between the reported and actual study design. Study design misclassification is associated with a potential for misreporting level of evidence (LOE).Purpose:To determine the degree of study design and LOE misclassification in the pediatric orthopaedic literature.Methods:The Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science was queried to identify all pediatric orthopaedic observational studies published from 2014-2017. Reported study design and LOE were recorded for each study. The actual study design and LOE were determined based on established clinical epidemiological criteria by reviewers with advanced epidemiological training. Studies with a discrepancy between reported and actual study design and LOE were identified. The following covariates were recorded for each study: subspecialty, inclusion of a statistician coauthor, sample size, journal, and journal impact factor. Chi-square analysis was used to identify factors associated with study design and LOE misreporting.Results:One thousand articles were screened, yielding 647 observational studies. Three hundred thirty-five publications (52%) did not clearly report a study design in either the abstract or manuscript text. Of those that did, 59/312 (19%) reported the incorrect study design (Figure 1). The largest discrepancy was in the 109 studies that were reported to be case series, among which 30 (27.5%) were actually retrospective cohort studies. Three hundred thirteen publications (48%) did not report a LOE. Of those that did, 95/334 (28%) reported the incorrect LOE (Figure 2). Thirty-three studies (19%) reported a LOE that was higher than the actual LOE and 62 (35%) under-reported the LOE.Conclusion:The majority of observational pediatric orthopaedic studies either did not report a study design or reported the wrong study design. Similarly, the majority of studies did not report or misreported their LOE. Greater epidemiological rigor in classifying and evaluating observational studies is required on the part of investigators, reviewers, and journal editors.Figure 1.Sankey diagram demonstrating directions of study design misclassification.Figure 2.Sankey diagram demonstrating directions of level of evidence misclassification.

Competition of Verb Aspects and Its Resolution as a Creative Act (Based on the Material of Aspects Variants in the Texts by F. M. Dostoevsky)

The article considers the competition of verbal aspects from a new perspective. Instead of employing the traditional method of demonstrating this phenomenon — an empirical replacement of the aspect of a verb in a phrase with the opposite — the author examines Dostoevsky’s choice between the variants found in different manuscripts of the same text. For the first time, based on a two-component theory of the semantic invariant of a verb type, the aspectual meaning of the selection of a verb aspect is revealed and, as a result of contextual analysis, an artistic interpretation of the selected type is proposed.

SIGNATURE VISUALIZATION METHOD

In the modern information society, much attention is paid to improving the human and machine interface, which should ensure efficient processing of data and knowledge in simple, fast and accessible ways. One way to organize it is to introduce the manuscript (text input, drawings, drawings, etc.) its use usually does not require special training in a fast, convenient way. In addition, an integral part of the human-machine interface is mathematical and software, which allows you to move from the initial low data to data that directly characterizes the entered information. Currently, modern approaches to modeling the process of creating a handwritten text are considered. When examining the signature, an example of using the model is provided. The proposed visualization technique can be fully used on modern threedimensional monitors. Currently, the work on the computer analysis of the handwritten text is being actively carried out. In this case, from the handwritten text is extracted as transmitted with the help of information (recognition of the handwritten text), and information about the identity of the writer and his condition (identification of the person by handwriting and signature, psychological and medical diagnostics, graphological research).