Textual Task Research Articles

Language Modeling on Location-Based Social Networks

The popularity of mobile devices with GPS capabilities, along with the worldwide adoption of social media, have created a rich source of text data combined with spatio-temporal information. Text data collected from location-based social networks can be used to gain space–time insights into human behavior and provide a view of time and space from the social media lens. From a data modeling perspective, text, time, and space have different scales and representation approaches; hence, it is not trivial to jointly represent them in a unified model. Existing approaches do not capture the sequential structure present in texts or the patterns that drive how text is generated considering the spatio-temporal context at different levels of granularity. In this work, we present a neural language model architecture that allows us to represent time and space as context for text generation at different granularities. We define the task of modeling text, timestamps, and geo-coordinates as a spatio-temporal conditioned language model task. This task definition allows us to employ the same evaluation methodology used in language modeling, which is a traditional natural language processing task that considers the sequential structure of texts. We conduct experiments over two datasets collected from location-based social networks, Twitter and Foursquare. Our experimental results show that each dataset has particular patterns for language generation under spatio-temporal conditions at different granularities. In addition, we present qualitative analyses to show how the proposed model can be used to characterize urban places.

NILAI-NILAI KARAKTER DALAM BUKU TEKS SEKOLAH DASAR KELAS RENDAH

The study aims 1) describe character values in low-grade elementary school textbooks; 2) describe the strategy of presenting character values contained in low-grade elementary school textbooks. Expected out of the study are research reports relating to character values in low-grade elementary school textbooks and publications in scientific journals. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive method with the researcher as a key instrument. Data collection is done by the listening-note method. Data analysis is qualitatively descriptive. The object of the research is the textbook of elementary school issued by Kemendikbud and Erlangga. Data analysis includes data reduction, data presentation, data verification, and triangulation. This research cover is a scientific article to be published in nationally accredited scientific journals 3-6 and the proceedings of international seminars. The level of technological maturity (TKT) of this research is included at level 1, which is the basic principle of the techniques studied. The results showed that almost all character grades appeared in low-grade elementary school textbooks. The strategy of presenting character values through reading text and various tasks.

К истории одного неуспеха: некрологи С. С. Боброву и формирование посмертной репутации писателя

The article is devoted to the analysis of obituaries about the death of the poet S. S. Bobrov. The article examines the reasons for the “forgetting” of the writer in the subsequent literary generation. Genre elements of the obituary are analyzed in detail as a toolkit that constructs literary reputation. It is concluded that at the beginning of the 19th century the informational task of the obituary text fades into the background, while it’s modeling functions in creating the posthumous image of the writer become dominant.

Random Kernel Forests

Random forests of axis-parallel decision trees still show competitive accuracy in various tasks; however, they have drawbacks that limit their applicability. Namely, they perform poorly for multidimensional sparse data that is frequently input in many text and image processing tasks. A straightforward solution is to create forests of decision trees with oblique splits; however, most training approaches have low performance or are hard to tune. Besides, those ensembles appear unstable and easily overfit, so they should be regularized to find the trade-off between complexity and generalization. This paper proposes an algorithm to train kernel decision trees and random forests. At the top level, this algorithm follows a common greedy procedure to train binary decision trees; however, it produces quasi-optimal linear and kernel splits at the decision stump level. At each stump, the algorithm finds a quasi-optimal distribution of classes to subtrees and trains this stump via optimization of an SVM-like loss function with a margin re-scaling approach, which helps simultaneously optimize the margin between subtree data and arbitrary impurity criteria. We also try to reveal uniform stability-based generalization bounds for those forests and apply them to select the regularization technique. The obtained bounds explicitly consider primary hyperparameters of forests, trees, and decision stumps. The bounds also show a relationship between outliers in decision tree structure, stability and generalization, and how forests smooth these outliers. We performed an experimental evaluation on several tasks, such as studying the reaction of social media users, image recognition, and bank scoring. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm trains ensembles, which outperform other oblique or kernel forests in many commonly-recognized datasets. Namely, the proposed algorithm shows 99.1% accuracy on MNIST and 58.1% on CIFAR-10. It has been confirmed that the selected regularization technique helps reduce overfitting on several datasets. Therefore, the proposed algorithm may be considered a small step toward customized and regularized ensembles of oblique or kernel trees that keep reasonable training performance on large datasets.We believe that the proposed algorithmcan be utilized as a construction element of approaches to training context-aware models on complex problems with integer inputs and outputs, such as text mining and image recognition.

Influence of road traffic noise peaks on reading task performance and disturbance in a laboratory context

The influence of fluctuating road traffic noise on perceived disturbance during a reading task as well as on performance, inside a living room with closed windows, is presented in this paper. Sixteen 2-min sound sequences were created combining two variables: the number of events (four levels varying from one to four car pass-bys) and the peak emergence above the background noise (four levels with a 5 dB(A) step) keeping limited variations ofLAmax, 1s. The noise impact was evaluated through a reading task of texts synchronized with the sound sequences, for participants classified into fast or slow readers, and sensitive or non-sensitive to noise. The comprehension rate of the texts decreases as the background sound level increases. The reading speed decreases during the rising front of a peak, and goes back to its former regular reading speed during the descending front of the peak. This slowdown during the rising front reaches 14% for slow readers. The declared disturbance is higher for slow readers compared to fast readers, and higher for noise sensitive persons compared to non-sensitive persons. The influence of the acoustic indicators on the reading disturbance is very small compared to the influence of personal factors. There is even no influence of the number of events on this disturbance.

An Improved Arabic Sentiment Analysis Approach using Optimized Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classifier

Arabic sentiment analysis has emerged during the last decade as a computational process on Arabic texts for extracting people's attitudes toward targeted objects or their feelings and emotions regarding targeted events. Sentiment analysis (SA) using machine learning (ML) methods has become an important research task for developing various text-based applications. Among different ML classifiers, multinomial Naïve Bayes (MNNB) classifier is widely used for documents classification due to its ability for performing statistical analysis of text contents. It significantly simplifies textual-data classification and offers an alternative to heavy ML-based semantic analysis methods. However, the MNNB classifier has a number of hyper-parameters affects the classification task of texts and controls the decision boundary of the model itself. In this paper, an optimized MNNB classifier-based approach is proposed for improving Arabic sentiment analysis. A number of experiments are conducted on large sets of Arabic tweets to evaluate the proposed approach. The optimized MNNB classifier is trained on three datasets and tested on a different separated test set to show the performance of developed approach. The experimental results on the test set revealed that the optimized MNNB classifier of proposed approach outperforms the traditional MNNB classifier and other baseline classifiers. The accuracy rate of the optimization approach is increased by 1.6% compared with using the default values of the classifier’s hyper-parameters.

The Importance of Metacognitive Listening Strategy in English Listening Improvement: A Review

The metacognitive listening strategy has an important role in the process of enhancing English listening comprehension. This article reviewed six empirical studies related to the impact of metacognitive listening strategy use while learners tried to improve their listening comprehension in different environments. The findings showed that learners used some metacognitive listening strategies to help them to comprehend the listening text tasks. It also indicated that various factors affect learners’ successful learning on their listening comprehension improvement. It can be concluded that the metacognitive listening strategy has had a positive impact while they are used regularly in the language learning process.

Стратегии смыслового чтения в процессе обучения решению текстовых задач в начальной школе

The article deals with the issue of the formation of semantic reading skills in mathematics lessons in elementary school in the process of analyzing and solving plot text problems. Attention is focused on the stages of analyzing the text of the task in accordance with the known types of semantic reading. For each of these stages, a brief description of the students' activities is given. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the formation of semantic reading skills in younger schoolchildren when working with text tasks. As a result, strategies and techniques that contribute to the formation of the foundations of semantic reading in younger schoolchildren are described; examples of the use of some techniques in mathematics lessons are given.

DEVELOPING INTEREST IN MATHEMATICS THROUGH INCLUDING A REGIONAL COMPONENT OUT OF LESSON WORK

The article is devoted to the activation of interest in mathematics among primary school students. The article shows that the development of interest in mathematics among younger schoolchildren can be carried out by composing text tasks of a regional nature in extracurricular classes. The authors give examples of the organization of such work.

TECHNICAL MANUALS READING STRATEGIES OF PRIMARY TEACHER TRAINEES

Primary school teachers use a variety of visual materials in their teaching. In the technical field, it is often the diagrams, designs, and other types of illustrations the teachers accompany their instruction or facilitate practical work of their pupils with. Of course, primary school teacher trainees get acquainted with such materials in the higher education study process as well as within the school study placements. As the materials are intended to express a sequence of production steps, they are often drawn in series where the individual images are phased. Such arrangement is generally accepted as understandable and with greater potential to guide the readers' actions. Nevertheless, the question may occur whether the readers perceive such instruction materials in the same way they perceive ordinary images. This was assessed by, eye-tracking technology, the basic tool of the research, which analyses the respondents’ eye movements when looking at images on the computer monitor screen. The technology can determine what the respondent is looking at while solving the task. The results in the form of qualitative and quantitative data were compared with the data taken with common images and text tasks. Statistically significant differences were found that are discussed in conclusion together with other findings

Gender Approach to Teaching the Ukrainian Language in the Aspect of the Education Seekers’ Professional Self-determination / Becoming

The article focuses attention on the gender approach, which is relevant to modern education, applied to teaching education seekers, in particular teaching the Ukrainian language in terms of their professional self-determination / becoming. The research goal of the article is to analyse the problems of the gender approach in teaching basing on normative documents that govern its implementation in education; to illustrate the gender approach practical implementation to teaching the Ukrainian language in Institutions of General Secondary Education (GSE) and General Vocational and Technical Education (GVTE) in the aspect of education seekers’ professional self-determination / becoming. Methods. The research methods used by the author were observation, abstraction, analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction, systematization, generalization and modeling. The results. The gender approach in teaching is declared by a number of normative documents, but in the content of education, unfortunately, it is at the initial stage of implementation. With this in mind, gender-competent teachers are looking for their own ways, directions, ways, methods and techniques to solve the problem of implementing a gender approach to teaching in Ukrainian language lessons. Conclusions. The author of the article stated that it is possible to apply the gender approach in teaching the Ukrainian language only with purposeful, thoughtful, systematic and regular application of text exercises and tasks to them, which directly and covertly affirm gender equality in Ukrainian society. The author added that, in particular, this could be facilitated by adding some units such as "Introducing to the World of Professions" to Ukrainian language textbooks. Moreover the texts from the units could be used by teachers for dictations, translations or exercises to each section of the school curriculum, and for stimulating schoolboys’ and schoolgirls’ interest in independent choosing a future profession, the ways of further training, in turn it will help to overcome gender stereotypes, avoid gender asymmetry, achieve gender equality in general, be aware of gender-neutral assessment of professions, gender partnership, modernize a career guidance in General Secondary Education and General Vocational and Technical Education. The proposed article contains the examples of such texts.

Identifying constitutive articles of cumulative dissertation theses by bilingual text similarity. Evaluation of similarity methods on a new short text task

Abstract Cumulative dissertations are doctoral theses comprised of multiple published articles. For studies of publication activity and citation impact of early career researchers, it is important to identify these articles and link them to their associated theses. Using a new benchmark data set, this paper reports on experiments of measuring the bilingual textual similarity between, on the one hand, titles and keywords of doctoral theses, and, on the other hand, articles’ titles and abstracts. The tested methods are cosine similarity and L1 distance in the Vector Space Model (VSM) as baselines, the language-indifferent methods Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA) and trigram similarity, and the language-aware methods fastText and Random Indexing (RI). LSA and RI, two supervised methods, were trained on a purposively collected bilingual scientific parallel text corpus. The results show that the VSM baselines and the RI method perform best but that the VSM method is unsuitable for cross-language similarity due to its inherent monolingual bias.

사용자 인터페이스 유형별 스마트폰 파지 자세에 대한 우세손, 손 크기, 그리고 기기 크기의 영향 파악

Objective: This study aims to identify the effects of hand size, hand dominance, and device size on the grip posture of smartphones for physical and graphical UIs.<BR>Background: An inappropriate user interface (UI) causes an inappropriate grip posture and is a cause of lowering smartphone usability. Although studies on smartphone UI elements affecting the gripping posture have been conducted in various fields, there has been no study on the effect of hand dominance for physical and graphical UIs together.<BR>Method: Forty participants with different hand sizes simulated texting and web-surfing tasks using smartphone mock-ups with screen sizes of 3.0

The Three-Part Critique in the Analysis of English Translation of Madurese Cultural Texts

ABSTRACT Cultural translation is a holistic process. The analysis of this process demands a critique that is similarly holistic which proposes that a translation can be examined from the perspectives of translators, documents, and readers. The present study purposes to demonstrate that this three-part critique is crucially interrelated in the English translation of Madurese cultural texts. To do this, in-depth interviews, document analysis, and questionnaire distribution were applied. The results reveal the translators’ competence of translation processes in practice and the readers’ responses regarding work of translation play a significant role in the performance of the translation task of Madurese cultural texts.

Prácticas filológicas en la edición de textos del siglo XX: experiencias de un grupo de investigación

In this article, we intend to show how critical editing of texts has changed over time and how philologist-editors have taken different critique, politic and social attitudes in the task of editing texts, taking into account their interests regarding the editorial project to be developed, the idiosyncrasies of the materials that make up the archive corpus, the commitment to the text and the reading that will circulate at another point in our history (literary and dramaturgical), among other aspects arising from the examined textual situations. We briefly discuss editorial theories and methodologies, seeking to show how the ecdotic method was transformed from the 19th to the 21st century, outlining contemporary philological practice in two aspects: platonic (teleological) and pragmatic (sociological) in paper and electronic support. To illustrate and comment on the editorial practice of 20th-century texts, poems, short stories, and above all censored theatrical texts, we bring a synthesis of the work developed within the Institute of Letters from Federal University of Bahia, in the research group that I coordinate, considering the editorial models adopted (digital facsimile, synoptic-critique, interpretive, critique, genetics, critical-genetics, electronic/digital [hypertextual archive or hyperEditing]), according to the critical, philological, genetic and sociological approaches. Also, we consider that critical-philological studies point to a particular theme selected by the philologist for weave comments and criticism.

A predictive model to quantify joint torques and support reaction forces when using a smartphone while standing with support

The present study had a dual objective: (1) to present and validate a predictive model of standing posture in the sagittal plane, joint torques and support forces for a smartphone user built from biomechanical principles; (2) propose risk scales for joint torques and reaction forces based on simulations in order to use them into the musculoskeletal disorders prevention. Comparison of the modelled data with experimental measurements (400 tested postures with sample size verification) for calling and texting tasks highlights the model's ability to correctly estimate posture and reaction forces on the ground. The model was able to provide estimates of the range of variation of each parameter for a wide range of environmental conditions as a function of the user body mass index (setting between 12.5 and 50). Joint torques risk scales have been constructed, especially for shoulder and elbow, to characterise the risks incurred by the users. Practitioner summary: The proposed model enables the postures, joint torques and reaction forces to be estimated from subject’s body mass index and environmental configuration without resorting to experimentation, which is relevant in industry. This approach allows the proposition of new scales based on joint torques to reinforce the recommendations for MSDs prevention. Abbreviations: BMI: body mass index; LUBA: postural loading on the upper body assessment; MSDs: musculoskeletal disorders; RULA: rapid upper limb assessment; WHO: World Health Organization

Examining students' self-efficacy and perceptions of task difficulty in learning from multiple texts

We examine students' ratings of task difficulty and associate these with self-efficacy and objective and subjective measures of task performance, within the context of learning from multiple texts. Participants were asked to report their self-efficacy for multiple text task completion and then to compose an argument about a controversial topic (i.e., the U.S. adopting a universal basic income). Students were asked to rate and justify their perceptions of task difficulty following multiple text task completion. While self-efficacy was found to be associated both with students' ratings of task difficulty and with measures of subjective task performance, objective task performance was found to only be associated with effort expenditure, as measured by the total time that students devoted to text access. Implications for future research are discussed.

Dimensions of commonsense knowledge

Commonsense knowledge is essential for many AI applications, including those in natural language processing, visual processing, and planning. Consequently, many sources that include commonsense knowledge have been designed and constructed over the past decades. Recently, the focus has been on large text-based sources, which facilitate easier integration with neural (language) models and application to textual tasks, typically at the expense of the semantics of the sources and their harmonization. Efforts to consolidate commonsense knowledge have yielded partial success, with no clear path towards a comprehensive solution. We aim to organize these sources around a common set of dimensions of commonsense knowledge. We survey a wide range of popular commonsense sources with a special focus on their relations. We consolidate these relations into 13 knowledge dimensions. This consolidation allows us to unify the separate sources and to compute indications of their coverage, overlap, and gaps with respect to the knowledge dimensions. Moreover, we analyze the impact of each dimension on downstream reasoning tasks that require commonsense knowledge, observing that the temporal and desire/goal dimensions are very beneficial for reasoning on current downstream tasks, while distinctness and lexical knowledge have little impact. These results reveal preferences for some dimensions in current evaluation, and potential neglect of others.

The impact of cell phone texting on superficial blood flow, touch threshold, and symptoms for individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome.

It is unclear how individuals with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) are affected by texting, or how the texting performance of those with CTS might be impaired or different from individuals without CTS. The primary purpose of this case-control study was to determine the immediate effects of texting on superficial blood flow, sensory threshold, and symptoms of fatigue, numbness, and pain for individuals with CTS compared to asymptomatic age-matched controls. Another objective was to detect differences in texting performance between the two groups. Superficial blood flow, pain, fatigue, numbness, and touch threshold were measured before, and at three time points following a standardized 15-minute texting task. Overall texting speed was compared between groups. Changes in red blood cell concentration after the texting task was not significantly different for either the CTS group or controls for any of the measurement time points. Mean touch thresholds at baseline were 4.0 g/mm2 for the CTS group versus 2.6 g/mm2 for healthy controls; a 53%greater touch threshold. Following the texting task, touch threshold did not change for normal controls, but increased to 6.7 g/mm2 for the CTS group, representing a significant increase in touch threshold from baseline. Texting performance was compromised in people with CTS, and symptoms worsened with a short-term controlled texting task. Our results suggest that texting performance is limited in individuals with CTS and that texting results in a short term increase in touch threshold values for individuals with CTS. Further study is needed to determine the effect of long term texting on carpal tunnel pressures.

W poszukiwaniu rozumowania matematycznego najmłodszych uczniów – doniesienie z badań wdrożeniowych

Mathematical reasoning is a crucial competence for the construction of useful knowledge. The text presents selected results of the study of students of the third grade of an elementary school in the field of text task solving. The conducted educational experiment showed the potential of solving non-standard tasks for developing the reasoning of mathematically weaker students. Contact with tasks that require independent mathematizing allowed to reduce the number of students with the lowest results in the post test. The ways of understanding the role of drawing in exploring mathematical relations described in the task were analysed.