Textile Workshop Research Articles

Predicted Thermal Sensation Index for the Hot Environment in the Spinning Workshop

The spinning workshop is the most typical cotton textile workshop in the textile mill and is characterized by the feature of high temperature all the year. To effectively evaluate the general thermal sensation of the textile worker exposed to the hot environment in the spinning workshop, a new heat index named predicted thermal sensation (PTS) index was proposed in this paper. The PTS index based on the heat balance equation can be derived by the empirical equations of air temperature and heat imbalance. A one-month-long continuous research was carried out to investigate the actual thermal condition and judge the validity of the PTS index. Actual workshop temperatures in the spinning workshop during the measuring period were all above 32°C, belonging to extreme hot environment. The calculated thermal sensation by the PTS index is very close to the actual thermal sensation, which means that the PTS index can accurately estimate the actual thermal sensation of the textile workers exposed to the hot environment in the spinning workshop. Compared to other indices, the PTS index can more effectively predict the mean thermal response of a large group of textile workers exposed to the hot environment in the spinning workshop.

Actual Thermal Condition in Chinese Textile Workshop

To investigate the actual thermal condition in Chinese textile workshop, thermal comfort vote (TCV), actual mean vote (AMV) and thermal acceptability (TA) were carried out in this paper. 41 workers with years of work experience and 23 students with rarely entering into workshop were chosen as the subjects. Though 61% workers and 74% students feel warm or hot in the textile workshop, 24 % workers and 39% students feel very uncomfortable warm or extremely comfortable in the textile workshop, while 100% workers and 96% students were not very resistant to the thermal environment of the textile workshop. Ideally the AMV value should equal to TCV value, in fact only half of the subjects to meet this rule. On average, the TCV value is lower than the AMV value up to 0.6 scale point. Compared to students with rarely entering into the workshop, workers can adapt more easily to the hot and humid environment of the textile workshop.

Research on Control System of Intelligent Creel Multi-Robot

Multi-robot System (MRS) for intelligent creel consists of automatic winder, transferring, transiting and supplying robot and provides the possibilities of the flexibility and automation of textile industry workshop. Based on the principle of centralized management and distributed control the system and designs distributed control system (DCS) of Multi-robot for intelligent creel based on CAN bus. Layered architecture is established consisting of main control layer, communication layer, synchronous coordination layer and execution layer. According to the complex characteristics of the system, a synchronous controller is designed to allocate and coordinate task,improving the intelligence of the system. Coordination controller also realizes function of CAN Bridge.

Heat Transfer Technology for Textile Workshop

Because each workshop heat quantity is different and cannot be reasonable use, the textile enterprise wastes a great deal energy in winter. To solve this problem, this paper puts forward heat transfer technology for the textile workshop, that is, heat transfer between different workshops to reasonable use heat quantity. This technology can be very good effect in energy saving. This paper introduces the principle and method of the technology, and verifies the energy saving effect of this method with engineering project, which provides technical reference for the method of the large-scale application and popularization.

Research on Air Conditioning System Minimum Fresh Air in Textile Workshop

Confirming method of minimum fresh air in air conditioning system of textile workshop is studied. Two types of existing confirming methods and emerging problems are analysed. On this basis, concept of the indoor air refreshing degree is introduced, through combining practical situations including labor intensity, workshop temperature, ventilations type and labor density in textile workshop, the new method of confirming minimum fresh air is put out. Taking a spinning workshop as example, the minimum fresh air is calculated, which shows that the new method not only insure air quality but also reduce fresh air consumption.

Research on Multi-Information Fusion Control System of Textile Workshop Environment

Back propagation network can provide dynamic maps and deal with historical data by increasing self-loop. By using the improved circle back propagation neural network, Multi-information fusion algorithm are realized and used to environment control system of textile workshop. Hardware circuit of the system is designed with the embedded microprocessor and appropriate detection devices. The training and algorithmic design of self-loop back propagation network can be achieved by embedded systems programming based on the portable operating system. Application shows that the multi-information fusion control system of textile workshop Environment, which based on local self-loop back-propagation network, has high control precision.

Sources of Wealth and its Social and Political Implications in Nineteenth-Century Damascus

Two patterns dominate the economy of Damascus in the 19th century: a weak traditional economy based on the guild system facing severe competi tion from European capitalism, and an emerging proto-bourgeoisie combin ing traditional and modern economic practices. Traditional economy based on the guild system functioned smoothly and successfully in the three centuries that preceded the 19th century.1 Guilds maintained the division of labour, regulated the distribution of raw materials among craft members, guaranteed the quality of production, fixed prices of commodities, and levied taxes collectively imposed on guild members in accordance with each members work. The core of business activity was the workshop run by a master aided by journeymen and apprentices. To open a workshop, a master had to buy or rent the gedik (the equipment needed in the shop) and the khilw (the right to use the shop). The gedik of a textile workshop, for example, included looms and their equipment. Islamic tradi tion discouraged partnership among masters to avoid monopolies, to ensure fair prices of commodities, and to encourage competition and creativity among them. The Muslim Shari'a court in Aleppo, for example, ordered the saddlers (sarrdjun) in 1640 to work independently and not to resort to part nership because it was harmful to the Muslims (yashtaghil kull wahid min hum fi dukkan mustaqill wa-la yashtarikun fi-l-'amal li-anna fihi dararan

“To Lose One’s Soul”: Blasphemy and Slavery in New Spain, 1596-1669

“To Lose One’s Soul”: Blasphemy and Slavery in New Spain, 1596-1669

Minimal input models for sound level prediction in fitted enclosed spaces

Highly advanced computer models for the prediction of sound fields in rooms are now available. However, these tools are complex and require a skilled acoustician to use effectively and hence there is a need for more simpler models. A simple model needs to be accurate and quick to use, but most importantly should require a minimum amount of input data to construct the model. This is only achievable if the scope of the model is reduced to one or two acoustic parameters. Three simple models were investigated two empirical based formulae and a geometric acoustic model. The models were validated in six configurations of an experimental room simulating a textile workshop and two real engineering workrooms. It was found that all the models executed near instantaneously, but the obtainable prediction accuracy and consistency was proportional to the amount of input data. The models are now available on the Web, running directly inside Netscape or Internet Explorer.

A proportional mortality study in workers in a Guangzhou dyeing and textile factory

Objective To compare the causes of death of dyeing and textile factory workers with death from the Guangzhou population Methods Causes of death of these workers were recorded and the standardized proportional mortality ratios (SPMR) was calculated Results ① The noise level was ranged 87 8 102 7 dB(A) and the cotton dust concentration was ranged 0.67 1.59 mg/m 3 at the textile workshop. ② The main causes of death were shown to be tumors (43 3%, 29/67) and cardiovascular diseases(32 8%, 22/67) ③ The values of SPMR showed that the worker were more likely to die from malignant tumors or cardiovascular diseases than the Guangzhou population, especially in liver cancer in males and in breast cancer in females. In males, the SPMR of liver cancer was 655 74% in dyeing workers In females, that of breast cancer was 869 57% in textile workers They were all significantly higher than the same gender's PMR of the Guangzhou population Conclusion The carcinogenicity of dyestuffs and their intermediate products cannot be ignored Whether textile workers had higher breast cancer risk than the population needs further investigation Banning of smoking in the workplace should be strongly advocated

Opera Muliebria: Women and Work in Medieval Europe by David Herlihy

350 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Opera Muliebria: Women and Work in Medieval Europe. By David Herlihy. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990. Pp. xiv + 210; illustra­ tions, tables, notes, bibliography, index. $29.95. David Herlihy’s Opera Muliebria: Women and Work in Medieval Europe is a small and focused study on the jobs undertaken by women throughout the whole of the Middle Ages and an examination of how and why this “women’s work” changed over the course of a thousand years. At the heart of Herlihy’s analysis is flax, silk, and especially wool, and the steps and skill with which this raw material was transformed into cloth. The author, through a careful examination of estate surveys, legal texts, and saints’ lives, uncovers a nearly forgotten institution, the gynaeceum, or textile workshop, which formed a significant institution in Western society from ancient times until the central Middle Ages. These workshops survived the period of the fall of Rome and appear to have been a standard feature of the most important estates controlled by great lay and ecclesiastical lords. The women who lived and labored within these shops were in charge of the entire process of cloth production. They carded and spun, and they wove, dyed, and embroidered the high-status material used for court garb, diplomatic gifts, ecclesiastical vestments, and altar cloths. Women’s central role in cloth production survived the urbanization and commercialization of the economy, which occurred in the central Middle Ages, and even continued after men began to enter into cloth-related trades. As Herlihy points out, however, during the course of the 12th, 13th, and 14th centuries, the cloth industry was reorganized. Each step in the manufacturing of cloth became special­ ized and was increasingly undertaken within a household or work­ shop controlled by an entrepreneur; each fell under the control of guilds that excluded women; and participation in much of this process took greater capital than most women could command. As a result, women lost “their traditional importance as cloth producers” (p. 185). Herlihy’s discussion of the evolution of women’s participation in cloth making is convincing. Less satisfactory, however, is the author’s depiction of these gynaecea as the locus of some “Golden Age” of the working woman. The workshops that Herlihy so carefully traces were primarily staffed by women who were born into slavery or had been enslaved because of their crimes, and it is quite clear that many of these servile cloth workers served as prostitutes as well as weavers. These places must have been terrible, and their depiction by Herlihy as a central institution is sobering. Similarly, the author bemoans the technological innovations revolving around windmills and water mills, because these improved technologies supplanted women from their central role in milling grain by hand (p. 54). One could as easily look at this change as a technological leap that improved women’s lives a TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 351 hundredfold. Herlihy’s equating of women’s monopoly of certainjobs as a good thing similarly leads him to discuss, quite happily, the close and special association of women with the preparation of baths, the nursing of the sick, and magical powers. The hauling and heating of water, however, was backbreaking work, the nursing of the sick was a dangerous and low-status undertaking, and accusations of magic were often fatal. After women were eliminated from cloth making and a number of other trades, they labored on nonetheless—within their own homes, within the households of others, in the fields, and in wealthy women’s nurseries. This class of labor, however, because it cannot be construed as “productive,” is not part of Herlihy’s analysis. To understand women’s work, however, it is vital to come to grips with their daily labors as well as their participation in more organized enterprises. Robin Fleming Dr. Fleming is an assistant professor at Boston College. She is the author of Kings and Lords in Conquest England (Cambridge, 1991) and is currently working on towns in Anglo-Saxon England. Medieval Artisans: An Urban Class in Late Medieval England. By Heather Swanson. Cambridge, Mass.: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Pp. xi+189; notes, bibliography, index. $39.95...