Textile Wastewater Samples Research Articles

CHARACTERIZATION AND COLUMN ADSORPTIVE TREATMENT FOR COD AND COLOR REMOVAL USING ACTIVATED NEEM LEAF POWDER FROM TEXTILE WASTEWATER

The textile wastewater samples before treatment processes has been collected and characterized using standard methods, in which COD, color and other contaminations are high and prior to remove before discharge. Feasibility of column adsorption of components contributing COD and color onto activated Neem Leaf Powder using sulphuric acid (a-NLP) from textile wastewater has been studied in this investigation. The effect of process parameters like different flow rate, bed-height and pH for COD and color removal has been analyzed, in which adsorption reached saturation faster with increasing the flow rate and pH; while it was the advantage of column adsorption with the increase in the a-NLP bed. The data were applied to Thomas, Yoon-Nelson, Bed Depth Service Time (BDST) and Adams and Bohart Model to evaluation of efficacy of the column. The maximum adsorption capacity related to Adams and Bohart model was found to be 725.7 and 380.4 mg/g for COD and color respectively at flow rate of 5 ml/min and bed height of 15 cm when a-NLP was used.

Construction of a high efficiency copper adsorption bacterial system via peptide display and its application on copper dye polluted wastewater.

For the construction of an efficient copper waste treatment system, a cell surface display strategy was employed. The copper adsorption ability of recombinant bacterial strains displaying three different copper binding peptides were evaluated in LB Luria-Bertani medium (LB), artificial wastewater, and copper phthalocyanine containing textile dye industry wastewater samples. Structural characteristics of the three peptides were also analyzed by similarity-based structure modeling. The best binding peptide was chosen for the construction of a dimeric peptide display and the adsorption ability of the monomeric and dimeric peptide displayed strains were compared. The dimeric peptide displayed strain showed superior copper adsorption in all three tested conditions (LB, artificial wastewater, and textile dye industry wastewater). When the strains were exposed to copper phthalocyanine dye polluted wastewater, the dimeric peptide display [543.27µmol/g DCW dry cell weight (DCW)] showed higher adsorption of copper when compared with the monomeric strains (243.53µmol/g DCW).

Preparation and particle size effect of clinoptilolite on the removal of color, suspended solids, and chemical oxygen demand from real textile wastewater

As textile wastewater is a major source of surface water pollutants when not sufficiently treated prior to discharge, strict disposal regulations were set and monitored by environmental authorities. As such, continuous research is necessary in textile wastewater remediation. In this study, real textile wastewater samples were directly collected from the wastewater discharge point of a manufacturer in Prai, Malaysia. Various particle sizes of clinoptilolite were applied to treat the wastewater in a series of batch experiments at a predetermined dosage, pH, and contact time. Removal of three main parameters [i.e. color, suspended solids (SS), and chemical oxygen demand (COD)] was monitored. The removal rates of color, SS, and COD were 47.9, 48, and 37.4%, respectively, at particle sizes larger than 2 mm and then increased to 91, 96, and 62%, respectively, at particle sizes of 75–250 μm. The highest COD removal of 70% was also achieved at particle sizes smaller than 75 μm. These findings indicate that 75–250μm is the optimal size range of clinoptilolite for simultaneous removal of the three parameters under the same experimental conditions. After wastewater treatment, the residual concentration of SS was 10 mg/L, which is within the standard limit of 50 mg/L effluent discharge.

Photodecomposition and color removal of a real sample of textile wastewater using heterogeneous photocatalysis with polypyrrole

A real sample of textile wastewater was successfully decolorized through a simple, fast and efficient photocatalytic treatment using polypyrrole as catalyst. In the optimized operational conditions, the photocatalytic treatment resulted in 95.8% decrease in the units of color and 91.2% photodecomposition. Photocatalysis reduced the COD values from 1111.04mgL−1 to 71.43mgL−1, evidencing 93.6% reduction in the organic matter to be discharged. TOC was also efficiently reduced from 156.75 to 51.74. The efficiency of the photocatalytic process was maintained during repeated use when cycles of photocatalysis were followed by redoping of polypyrrole with 0.1molL−1 HCl solution. The same photodecomposition efficiency was achieved using sunlight irradiation for 30min, with values of photodecomposition up to 98%. Tests of toxicity using Artemia saline resulted in 96.7% survival, indicating that the products generated in the photodecomposition are non-toxic.

Solar photocatalytic decolorization of azo dyes in water and textile wastewater on N-(Cr3+, Fe3+) doped-TiO2 nanoparticle films: optimization of some operational parameters

The photocatalystic decolorization of the mixture of three textile azo dyes, i.e. Reactive Red (RR) 193, RR 198 and RR 239, with N, or Cr3+ or Fe3+doped TiO2 film photocatalysts under solar light irradiation was studied. The effect of different factors, i.e. concentration of dopant, pH of the solution, additive of H2O2 and irradiation source on the photocatalytic decolorization efficiency of the TiO2 film catalysts, was investigated. The optimal doping concentration is 0.2 at.% with N- or Cr3+, with larger than 96% of the decolorizing efficiencies after 4 h irradiation time. The decolorization of the dyes was strongly enhanced by the addition of hydrogen peroxide in the pH of 3.0. Under solar light irradiation in the presence of H2O2, both N-doped and Cr3+-doped TiO2 thin film were also applied to photocatalytically decolorize a textile wastewater sample.

Rapid transfer of methyl red using calix[6]arene as a carrier in a bulk liquid membrane

Abstract In the present investigation, a calix[6]arene-based derivative ( 1 ) is employed as a selective carrier for the efficient transport of methyl red (MR) through bulk liquid membrane (BLM). Initially, the selectivity of 1 towards MR was confirmed among different dyes, such as methyl green (MG), methyl violate (MV), methylene blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), and eosin gelblich (EG) by liquid–liquid extraction experiments. Furthermore, the effect of the initial MR concentration of salts (NaCl, Na 2 SO 4 , and Na 2 CO 3 ) and of the pH of the acceptor phase were also optimized using liquid–liquid extraction. Afterwards, the influence of basic parameters, such as carrier concentration in membrane phase, type of solvent, and stirring rate on MR transport was determined through BLM. Mass transfer of MR through BLM was analyzed by following the kinetic laws of two consecutive irreversible first-order reactions, and the kinetic parameters ( k 1 , k 2 , R m max , t max , J d max , J a max ) were also calculated. Apparently, increase in membrane entrance ( k 1 ) and exit rate ( k 2 ) constants was accompanied by a rise in carrier concentration under a high stirring rate. In addition, CH 2 Cl 2 proved to be a better solvent than CHCl 3 and CCl 4 . The % transport of MR was 99% across the liquid membrane under optimized conditions. Real textile industrial wastewater samples gave also appreciable results in BLM under optimized conditions.

Optimized photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Blue 2 by TiO2/UV process

The photocatalytic degradation of synthetic dye solution of Reactive Blue 2 was investigated using UV irradiation in aqueous suspension of nanotitania as photocatalyst and H2O2 as electron acceptor in a slurry photoreactor. To determine the optimum condition of decolorization, the influential parameters including initial dye concentration, catalyst quantity, hydrogen peroxide concentration, pH value and UV light intensity were evaluated using the Taguchi statistical method. The results indicated that compared to the other parameters, UV light intensity was the most effective. The theoretically predicted value of decolorization efficiency (95.48%) was confirmed by the experimental value (95.22%). The mineralization was considered significant with regard to the obtained values of total organic carbon (TOC) analysis (92.52%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) analysis (94.05%) in the optimum condition. Investigations were also carried out to determine the appropriate adsorption isotherm and kinetic model in the optimum condition. The obtained optimum condition for dye removal was finally examined applying a real sample of textile wastewater containing the dye.

Adsorption of direct black-38 azo dye on p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene immobilized material

The present study demonstrates the adsorption of the direct black-38 (DB-38) azo dye on potential and newly synthesized p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene based silica resin (4). Resin 4 was synthesized via the modification of pure silica 1 as 2 followed by the immobilization of p-tert-butylcalix[6]arene (3) onto modified silica (2). It was characterized by using different analytical techniques such as FT-IR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of adsorbent dosage, pH and the electrolyte effect on the removal of the DB-38 azo dye were evaluated through batch wise adsorption experiments. Maximum adsorption of 91% was achieved at pH 9.0. The textile wastewater samples were used to ensure the field applicability of the newly synthesized adsorbent 4 for the treatment of dye contaminated effluents. All results regarding the removal of the DB-38 azo dye from the aqueous environment prop up resin 4 as an effective adsorbent and it was found that resin 4 has high adsorption efficiency toward the DB-38 azo dye at a wide range of pH as compared to 1 and 2.

Enhanced decolorization of reactive black 5 dye by active carbon sorbent-immobilized-cationic surfactant (AC-CS)

Activated carbon-immobilized-cationic surfactant (AC-CS) was designed to enhance the decolorization behavior of reactive black 5 (RB5), as an anionic dye, from aqueous and industrial wastewater samples in presence of various controlling experimental conditions. Experimental data indicated that the dye adsorption capacity by (AC-CS) was higher in strongly acidic and basic solutions. An anion exchange and ion–ion interaction mechanisms were proposed in the acidic solution, while only anion exchange mechanism was suggested in the basic aqueous solution. The adsorption behavior and thermodynamic parameters were also evaluated. Treatments of textile industrial wastewater and real water samples were successfully established (95.23–100.00%).

The Applicability of an Advanced Oxidation Process for Textile Finishing Waste Streams & Fate of Persistent Organic Pollutants

The trend of sustainable use of available water resources encourages textile finishing enterprisesto implement efficient wastewater treatment technologies that enable water recycling, and not just it’sdischarging into the local wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). This paper presents the results obtainedfrom the H2O2/UV treatment of wastewater from Slovene textile finishing company. Laboratory scaledecolouration experiments were performed on the most representative wastewater samples, collected in three months period. In general 80 % decolouration and 86 % total organic carbon (TOC) reduction was achieved. On the other hand, the use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation to degrade and destroy organic pollutants in textile wastewater could lead to the formation of toxic dioxins and dioxin-like compounds, groups of persistent organic pollutants, especially due to the presence of halogenated compounds in textile finishing processes. For these reasons, textile wastewater samples were analysed for any content of dioxins before and after the treatment with H2O2/UV.

Estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activity of 23 commercial textile dyes

The presence of dyes in wastewater effluent of textile industry is well documented. In contrast, the endocrine disrupting effects of these dyes and wastewater effluent have been poorly investigated. Herein, we studied twenty-three commercial dyes, usually used in the textile industry, and extracts of blue jean textile wastewater samples were evaluated for their agonistic and antagonistic estrogen activity. Total estrogenic and anti-estrogenic activities were measured using the Yeast Estrogen Screen bioassay (YES) that evaluates estrogen receptor binding-dependent transcriptional and translational activities. The estrogenic potencies of the dyes and wastewater samples were evaluated by dose-response curves and compared to the dose-response curve of 17β-estradiol (E2), the reference compound. The dose-dependent anti-estrogenic activities of the dyes and wastewater samples were normalized to the known antagonistic effect of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT) on the induction of the lac Z reporter gene by E2. About half azo textile dyes have anti-estrogenic activity with the most active being Blue HFRL. Most azo dyes however have no or weak estrogenic activity. E2/dye or E2/waste water ER competitive binding assays show activity of Blue HFRL, benzopurpurine 4B, Everzol Navy Blue FBN, direct red 89 BNL 200% and waste water samples indicating a mechanism of action common to E2. Our results indicate that several textile dyes are potential endocrine disrupting agents. The presence of some of these dyes in textile industry wastewater may thus impact the aquatic ecosystem.

Solid-state fermentation: tool for bioremediation of adsorbed textile dyestuff on distillery industry waste-yeast biomass using isolated Bacillus cereus strain EBT1

Bioremediation of textile dyestuffs under solid-state fermentation (SSF) using industrial wastes as substrate pose an economically feasible, promising, and eco-friendly alternative. The purpose of this study was to adsorb Red M5B dye, a sample of dyes mixture and a real textile effluent on distillery industry waste-yeast biomass (DIW-YB) and its further bioremediation using Bacillus cereus EBT1 under SSF. Textile dyestuffs were allowed to adsorb on DIW-YB. DIW-YB adsorbed dyestuffs were decolorized under SSF by using B. cereus. Enzyme analysis was carried out to ensure decolorization of Red M5B. Metabolites after dye degradation were analyzed using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, HPLC, and GC-MS. DIW-YB showed adsorption of Red M5B, dyes mixture and a textile wastewater sample up to 87, 70, and 81 %, respectively. DIW-YB adsorbed Red M5B was decolorized up to 98 % by B. cereus in 36 h. Whereas B. cereus could effectively reduce American Dye Manufacture Institute value from DIW-YB adsorbed mixture of textile dyes and textile wastewater up to 70 and 100 %, respectively. Induction of extracellular enzymes such as laccase and azoreductase suggests their involvement in dye degradation. Repeated utilization of DIW-YB showed consistent adsorption and ADMI removal from textile wastewater up to seven cycles. HPLC and FTIR analysis confirms the biodegradation of Red M5B. GC-MS analysis revealed the formation of new metabolites. B. cereus has potential to bioremediate adsorbed textile dyestuffs on DIW-YB. B. cereus along with DIW-YB showed enhanced decolorization performance in tray bioreactor which suggests its potential for large-scale treatment procedures.

Evaluation of the Efficiency of a Combined Adsorption–Ultrafiltration System for the Removal of Heavy Metals, Color, and Organic Matter from Textile Wastewater

In this work an ultrafiltration (UF) membrane system was investigated for the treatment of textile wastewater. UF membranes were assisted by activated sludge and minerals, which were employed as sorbents, to remove Cu(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Ni(II), color, and organics. Significant variations were observed in metal removal efficiencies among the textile wastewater samples of different origin, even at the same pH (= 6) due to the presence of different compounds in wastewater. At the examined pH range (5.63–9.21), the dominant mechanism for copper and lead removal was the formation of insoluble metals due to precipitation and complexation of metal ions with wastewater compounds, including adsorption of metals on suspended solids and colloidal matter. The adsorption process of metals on minerals and activated sludge was the dominant process for nickel and zinc removal at low pH, while precipitation/complexation prevailed at higher pH. The examined adsorption-UF system could produce a treated effluent having low metal concentrations that could be safely discharged into municipal sewers. COD removal ranged from 76%–92% for the five textile wastewater samples. The color removal accomplished was significant (45%–70%), and depended on the type of dye.

Efficiency of the Coagulation-Flocculation Method for the Treatment of Dye Mixtures Containing Disperse and Reactive Dye

Abstract The coagulation-flocculation method was used to treat aqueous solutions containing varying ratios of commercial disperse and reactive dyes. The effectiveness of this method was assessed using such coagulants as alum, polyaluminium chloride (PACl) and MgCl2, and an anionic coagulant aid. The jar test method was used to measure the effects of pH and coagulant type and dosage on colour removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction. The effect of coagulant aid on floc settling time was also measured. The results showed that the coagulant dosage needed to achieve optimum colour removal and COD reduction increased as the percentage of reactive dye in the mixture increased. Alum and PACl performed effectively in a lower pH range (pH 3.8 to 5.2), whereas MgCl2 performed effectively in a higher pH range (pH 10.4 to 10.9). PACl was more effective than MgCl2 and alum, achieving >99% colour removal and 96.3% COD reduction using a smaller quantity of the coagulant. The addition of coagulant aid improved floc settling time. These results show that PACl is more effective than MgCl2 and alum in removing both colour and COD in the treatment of the industrial textile wastewater samples.

Simple physical treatment for the reuse of wastewater from textile industry in the Middle East

In this work, different treatment methods for wastewater from textile washing operations in the Palestinian territories were studied. The goal of the treatment process was to enable the textile industry to reuse the wastewater in textile washing through simple, efficient, and cost-effective methodologies. Actual textile wastewater samples from local textile factories were used and were found to be highly polluted. The study focused on three main processes; sedimentation, coagulation, and adsorption. While sedimentation was found to reduce the total suspended solids (TSS) of the wastewater, coagulation had the additional advantages of lowering the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and achieving higher filtration rates. Four coagulants were tested, ferric chloride, ferrous sulfate plus lime, aluminum sulfate, and aluminum sulfate plus lime. While ferric chloride failed to perform effectively as a coagulant, the other three coagulants were fairly effective. Finally, to further lower the COD of post-coagulation treated water, adsorption using activated carbon was studied. It was found that carbon was effective in reducing the COD of the wastewater using reasonable quantities, where up to 98% COD reduction was achieved using 6 g carbon/L.Key words: textile, wastewater, treatment, coagulation, sedimentation, adsorption.

Removal of Dyes by Biodegradable Flocculants: A Lab Scale Investigation

In the present communication, experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of mucilage isolated from fruits of Coccinia indica for the treatment of simulated textile wastewater samples containing direct dyes, direct fast scarlet (DFS) and direct fast yellow (DFY) and vat dyes, golden yellow (GY) and nyanthrene yellow (NY). This mucilage (Ku) is an ecofriendly and low cost anionic polysaccharide capable of reducing color from textile effluent through flocculation process. The flocculation efficiency of Ku was improved by grafting polyacrylamide onto it. The copolymer thus obtained (Ku‐g‐PAM) showed much better flocculation capacity than that of its precursor by reducing the flocculant dose and treatment time to half. The results showed that the maximum removal was obtained at acidic pH with both the flocculants. Statistical analysis showed that the change in percent removal with pH was highly significant in case of direct dyes while it was significant in case of vat dyes removal. The plausible mucilage‐dye interaction and flocculation mechanism has been discussed.

Electro-coagulation of reactive textile dyes and textile wastewater

Electro-coagulation of a blue reactive dye (Drimarene K2LR CDG Blue) solution has been optimised by experimental design and surface response analysis in terms of colour removal and chemical oxygen demand (COD) decrease. The optimal conditions (pH, current density, reaction time) have then been applied to other reactive dyes solutions as well as synthetic and real textile wastewater samples. The biodegradability before and after electro-coagulation has been assessed by short-term respirometry and is increased by this type of treatment.

Application of the solid-phase extraction procedure on chromatographic mini column filled with Diaion HP-20 for determination of copper, cobalt, cadmium, iron and manganese in textile products and textile wastewaters

The concentration of copper (II), cobalt(II), cadmium(II), iron(III) and manganese(II) of some textile materials produced in Kayseri, Turkey, and textile wastewater samples from Kayseri were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry after solid-phase extraction of these ions on Diaion HP-20 adsorption resin which is polystyrene divinylbenzene copolymer. The influences of the matrix of components on the recoveries of analyte ions were also investigated. The levels of analyte ions in the investigated textile samples were found below the limit values given by Oeko-Tex Standard 100.

Electrochemical oxidation of reactive dyes: method validation and application

Electrochemical oxidation is a very effective technique for wastewater processing and, in the textile industry, it can be employed to remove colour from residual dyeing and washing liquors. In previous studies, the main factors were established for the control of the electrochemical removal of reactive dyes from textile wastewater. Mathematical models were proposed for the decolorisation of these dyes and for the electrical consumption. In the present work, these models are analysed and a three‐step methodology is established in order to determine whether a dye can be removed from wastewater by electrochemical treatment. This methodology is applied and verified on a further four reactive dyes. The mathematical models are also employed to evaluate the colour removal from textile wastewater samples containing reactive dyes.

Determination of Wastewater LC50 of the Different Process Stages of the Textile Industry

Textile plants are very important sources of toxic discharges. The purpose of the research described in this paper was to use bioassays with daphnids to determine the LC50 values of textile wastewater samples taken from different stages of the finishing textile industry. Toxicity due to dyeing, chlorination, and the absence of adequate physicochemical conditions for daphnid survival were considered. Wastewater samples corresponding to each process stage were collected at five finishing textile industries and assayed according to previously published procedures. The sensitivity of daphnids to chemicals was assayed using sodium dodecyl sulfate and was similar to other reports (14.6±6.8 vs 14.5±2.3 mg/L). All effluents from the five company samples were toxic in terms of LC50 and exhibited very high toxicity with acute toxicity unit (ATU) levels between 2.2 and 960, indicating that the five textile industries produced toxic water. The sensory characteristics indicated that the dyes contributed to overall sample toxicity at all process stages. The most toxic contaminant seemed to be ClO− at levels between 0.2 and 6.8 mg/L, suggesting that further research is needed on the economic costs of stage-by-stage and total effluent treatments.