Textile Sludge Research Articles

Co-processing textile sludge and lignocellulose biowaste for biofuel production through microwave-assisted wet torrefaction

Microwave-assisted wet torrefaction was adopted in this study for co-processing textile sludge (TS) and biowaste. Key operating parameters, including different temperatures (120–180 °C) and reaction times (10–30 min), for the torrefaction of legally recyclable TS (R-0906 in Taiwan) were evaluated. Furthermore, TS was blended with six widely produced types of lignocellulose biowaste at different blending ratios for improving the biochar quality and combustion characteristics. The results indicated that the optimal temperature and reaction time for TS torrefaction were 180 °C and 20 min, respectively, beyond which the fixed carbon content and higher heating values (HHVs) of biochar increased from 1.7% to 5.1% and 13.0–18.7 MJ/kg, respectively. However, biochar produced through the torrefaction of TS and macadamia husk with a blending ratio of 30/70 (db%) exhibited the highest fixed carbon content (29.8%) and HHV (19.7 MJ/kg) among the six tested lignocellulose biowaste samples with the atomic H/C and O/C ratios close to those of peat. The thermal stability, activation energy, frequency factor, and ignition and combustion temperatures of the biochar produced through microwave-assisted wet torrefaction co-processing were higher than those produced using raw TS or biowaste. The energy return on investment of the biochar system reached 10.9. Greenhouse gas emissions can be decreased by 57.5% if biochar is used as a bituminous coal substitute. Therefore, microwave-assisted wet torrefaction is a sustainable approach for mitigating the disposal problems of TS and lignocellulose biowaste as well as improving the energy performance and environmental friendliness of biochar-to-energy systems. Besides, the protein and carbohydrate contents in the supernatant of TS co-torrefied with biowaste at different blending ratios increased by 1.0–4.1 and 1.2–5.9 times, respectively. These contents can be recycled back to the activated sludge unit as a nutrient source. Overall, the microwave-assisted wet torrefaction process is green and economically beneficial.

Evaluation of calcined textile sludge as a stabilizing material for highway soil

Abstract The textile industry is a pioneer in the industrialization process in Brazil and is relevant to the Brazilian economy. However, it also generates as operational residue a solid waste, commonly called textile sludge. Pavement construction, which mobilizes large volumes of soil, constitutes an alternative to the reuse of residue, especially when stabilization is involved. The use of stabilized soils with the addition of waste can provide technical, economic and environmentally friendly advantages. This research aimed to study the use of chemical stabilization technique with sludge and three additives (lime, cement and asphalt emulsion) applied in base and subbase of pavements. The scope of this study was divided into four phases, i) characterization tests, ii) physical stabilization, iii) chemical stabilization and determination of heavy metals in the sludge, and iv) addition of 10% of textile sludge and chemical stabilizers (lime, cement, and asphalt emulsion) in amounts of 3%, 5% and 7% as additives in a soil, based on the results obtained in the second phase. Test results indicated that the stabilization of mixtures of soil with textile sludge has the potential to be used in pavement layers (base and subbase). The addition of cement promotes the best chemical stabilization for the sludge. The use of textile sludge stabilization presents greater environmental benefits, given the malfunctions and problems that the incorrect waste disposal can cause to the environment.

Benefits of microbial fertilizer in interspecific interaction with textile sludges on cowpea in a Brazilian Ultisol and on wastes toxicity

Abstract The lack of knowledge of the effects of jean textile sludge on microbial communities, plant growth and nutrition in tropical soils represents an important problem for using organic wastes for sustainable agriculture. The microbial fertilizer is produced from P and K in rocks plus sulfur with Acidithiobacillus bacteria, mixed with organic matter inoculated with selected diazotrophic bacteria (Beijerinckia indica) and Cunninghamella elegans, a fungus that contains chitosan and that may be an alternative to conventional fertilizers. The microbial fertilizer was applied in three doses and was compared with conventional soluble fertilizers, and the interactions with various textile sludges were observed. A greenhouse experiment was conducted as a factorial scheme (4x3) in a randomized block design, with 4 replicates. Multivariate analysis was used to identify the effects of the treatments on the environment, especially with respect to heavy metals. The microbial fertilizer showed similar effects compared to the conventional soluble fertilizers. The jean textile sludge provides positive effects when applied to cowpeas growing in a Brazilian Ultisol. We conclude that the microbial fertilizer improves the plant characteristics and may be a viable alternative to conventional fertilizer. Associated with the jean textile sludges, the microbial fertilizer promotes great effectiveness in the plant characteristics and provides positive results for sustainable agriculture.

Potential Recovery of a Textile Wastewater Treatment Plant Sludge Into Clay Bricks

As the country started to become an export oriented country since the early 1970s, the growth of Malaysia’s textile industry has increased greatly. In 2011 alone, the country has provided a total of RM10.8 billion of exports of textile products and RM 6.6 billion of imports. This valuable improvement has lead to several environmental impacts involving land and water pollution. The current trend in waste management is to examine the feasibility of using textile sludge generated in wastewater treatment plants of textile industry as a partial replacement for clay as building materials. The chemical and physical properties of clay and textile have been analyzed. The effects of sludge proportion (0%-10%), and firing temperature (950oC and 1180oC) on the quality of the clay bricks were examined. The tests were conducted as per British Standard (BS) codes to investigate the potential of the textile sludge to be incorporate into clay for use as engineering blocks and load bearing bricks. According to the results, sludge addition and firing temperature are the important factors to determine the quality of clay bricks. All clay samples satisfied the requirement of British Standard norms in term of compressive strength and water absorption. It is seen that all bulk density of clay samples did not comply with good quality of clay brick but they can be categorized as lightweight building materials. Textile sludge was also tested for substitution into cement bricks. Cement samples with 10% textile sludge substitution comply with the requirement of British Standard norm for load bearing class 3. In summary, this study provides a preliminary research output that will contribute to expand a new area of research in recycling of textile sludge.

Anaerobic digestion of textile industries wastes for biogas production

Energy and nutrient recovery by anaerobic digestion of textile industry wastes (sludge) is facing challenges due to the anticipated toxicity, lower pH (6.6) and low C:N ratio (12.2). In the present study, the anaerobic co-digestion of textile aerobic sludge (ETP) generated in industry with different co-substrates (Food waste and Cow dung) was assessed through biochemical methane potential tests under mesophilic temperature (35 °C). The VS and ash content of textile sludge was observed to be 5.9 gVS/L and 41.4 g/L, respectively. In lab-scale study, the cumulative biogas and methane production from textile sludge was observed under controlled conditions (36 ± 1 °C) using CD (cow dung) as co-substrate in 1:1 ratio. It was found that the cumulative biogas and methane production were 567.3 and 244.1 mL/gVS added, respectively, during the 30-day digestion period while using the CD with textile sludge. On-site (at leading textile industry) cumulative biogas production from textile sludge with CD and FW (food waste) co-substrate was 524.4 and 288.3 mL/gTS added, respectively, during the 30-day anaerobic digestion. In the lab-scale study, the VSR (volatile solid reduction), Total Alkalinity (T. Alk.) and TVFA (Total volatile fatty acid) observed were 39.5%, 300 and 340.7 mg/L after completion of anaerobic digestion. The digestibility of the textile sludge, as reflected based on COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal, was higher with CD co-substrate (51%) as compared to FW (37%). After anaerobic digestion of CD and FW co-substrate, the TAN (Total ammoniacal nitrogen) and T. Alk. were observed as 147.5, 222.5 and 2560, 2800 mg/L, respectively. The present study provided an efficient method for textile sludge utilization coupled with biogas generation. The surplus energy generated during the process can be utilized in several operational units and also overcome the sludge disposal issued faced by leading textile industries.

Development of activated carbon pellets using a facile low-cost binder for effective malachite green dye removal

Activated carbon pellet (ACP) is advantageous to the industrial-based adsorption process owing to its easy handling, large volumetric adsorption capacity and good mechanical properties. This study introduces a straightforward phosphoric acid-impregnated sawdust as economical binder to convert textile sludge activated carbon powder into water resistant pellets. The effects of activation time and drying technique on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of ACPs were investigated. The materials were characterized using N2 gas adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscope, Boehm titration, pHpzc and compressive strength test. It was discovered that the physiochemical properties of ACPs were close to that of base activated carbon. Moreover, a longer activation time promotes the development of micropore on ACPs and enhances the compressive strength. The microporosity, surface area and compressive strength of ACPs are in the range of 16–23%, 668–979 m2/g and 0.4–1.5 MPa, respectively. The ACP prepared at 560 °C for 3 h showed a 395 mg/g of malachite green removal, whilst retaining its cylindrical shape. The Langmuir model gave the best conformity to the equilibrium data, suggesting a possible monolayer adsorption onto ACPs. This study demonstrated the potential of sawdust as low-cost binder and the applicability of ACPs in dye adsorption.

A study on the utility of immobilized cells of indigenous bacteria for biodegradation of reactive azo dyes

Azo dyes are recalcitrant compounds used as a colorant in various industries. The pollution caused by their extensive usage has adversely affected the environment for years. The existing physicochemical methods for dye pollution remediation are rather inefficient and hence there is a dearth of low-cost, potential systems capable of dye degradation. The current research studies the biodegradation potential of immobilized bacterial cells against azo dyes Reactive Orange 16 (RO-16) and Reactive Blue 250 (RB-250). Two indigenous dye degrading bacteria Bacillus sp. VITAKB20 and Lysinibacillus sp. KPB6 was isolated from textile sludge sample. Free cells of Bacillus. sp. VITAKB20 degraded 92.38% of RO-16 and that of Lysinibacillus sp. KPB6 degraded 95.36% of RB-250 within 72 h under static conditions. Upon immobilization with calcium alginate, dye degradation occurred rapidly. Bacillus. sp. VITAKB20 degraded 97.5% of RO-16 and Lysinibacillus sp. KPB6 degraded 98.2% of RB-250 within 48 h under shaking conditions. Further, the nature of dye decolorization was biodegradation as evident by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results. Phytotoxicity and biotoxicity assays revealed that the degraded dye products were less toxic in nature than the pure dyes. Thus, immobilization proved to be a highly likely alternative treatment for dye removal.

Recycling of textile sludge for removing textile dye of reactive red 231 on aqueous solution

Carbonization treatment successfully converted textile sludge into potential adsorbent. The carbonization was performed at the range of 400 to 800 °C without oxygen involved. In order to investigate the adsorption performance of carbonized sludge then a series of adsorption tests was carried out. Adsorption experiments indicated that the highest adsorption capacity was obtained at the carbonization temperature of 400 °C. The maximum adsorption capacity for removal textile dye of reactive red 231 on aqueous sollution was reached 49.1 mg/g. The pH of carbonized sludge played a significant role in the adsorption of reactive red 231 in the solution. Since the reactive red 231 is categorized as an anionic dyes, the lower pH was appropriate to accelerate adsorption process through charge neutralization by abundant H+ ions.

Flocculant-Assisted Synthesis of Graphene-Like Carbon Nanosheets for Oxygen Reduction Reaction and Supercapacitor.

The rational treatment of hazardous textile sludge is critical and challenging for the environment and a sustainable future. Here, a water-soluble chitosan derivative was synthesized and used as an effective flocculant in removal of reactive dye from aqueous solution. Employing these chitosan-containing textile sludges as precursors, graphene-like carbon nanosheets were synthesized through simple one-step carbonization with the use of Fe (III) salt as graphitization catalyst. It was found that the resultant graphene-like carbon nanosheets material at thickness near 3.2 nm (NSC-Fe-2) showed a high graphitization degree, high specific surface area, and excellent bifunctional electrochemical performance. As-prepared NSC-Fe-2 catalyst exhibited excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity (onset potential 1.05 V) and a much better methanol tolerance than that of commercial Pt/C (onset potential 0.98 V) in an alkaline medium. Additionally, as electrode materials for supercapacitors, NSC-Fe-2 also displayed an outstanding specific capacitance of 195 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 and superior cycling stability (loss of 3.4% after 2500 cycles). The good electrochemical properties of the as-prepared NSC-Fe materials could be attributed to the ultrathin graphene-like nanosheets structure and synergistic effects from codoping of iron and nitrogen. This work develops a simple but effective strategy for direct conversion of textile sewage sludge to value-added graphene-like carbon, which is considered as a promising alternative to fulfill the requirements of environment and energy.

Carbon and Ecological Footprint of Textile Industry: Application of R3 Strategy to Mitigate the Environmental Effects of Textile Processing Waste

The carbon footprint reflects the greenhouse gases (GHGs) generated throughout the life cycle of a human activity or product, and is therefore an important tool for assessing and managing GHGs emissions. Ecological footprint display the impact assesments of waste managments process of any industry, as it generates very harmful products in the environment. However, it needs attention to use advanced technology to mentain the equllibrium of carbon and ecological footprint of textile industry. Presented review comprises the carbon and ecological foot prints of textile effluents and 3R strategy for their possible balance. 3R strategy i.e. reduce, recycle and reuse were discussed in terms of carbon reduction through transport management, and waste management generated from textile industries including nutritional value of textile sludge and effluent for agricultural use.

Utilization of textile sludge in cement mortar and paste

Abstract In this study, effect of replacement of cement by textile sludge on the properties of mortar and paste is investigated. Cement was replaced by textile sludge up to 20% by weight. The effect of cement-textile sludge paste mixes on the setting characteristics; soundness and flow behavior are investigated. The aim of the present research is to investigate the feasibility of using textile sludge as partial replacement of cement, concentrating this investigation on cement paste mixes and a detailed assessment of their performance based on strength, permeation, shrinkage and microstructure. Along with this, drying shrinkage of the mixes was investigated up to 90 days of drying. Results indicate no adverse effect of introducing textile sludge as replacement of cement up to 5% replacement level. There was a considerable loss in strength for higher replacement levels. SEM images indicate porous microstructure for cement-textile sludge mortars at higher replacement levels. XRD spectrums revealed no major qualitative phase change due to addition of textile sludge, and reduction in the quantities of major hydration products.

Analysis of biosurfactants produced by bacteria growing on textile sludge and their toxicity evaluation for environmental application

In the present study two promising bacterial strains were isolated from textile sludge and studied for biosurfactant production. These strains were identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. BAB-6435 and Brevisbacillus brevis BAB-6437. Growth, biosurfactant production and stable emulsification of both bacteria were optimized through response surface methodology using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimum conditions included a pH of 8.5, a temperature of 42 °C and a NaCl concentration of 5 mg 100 mL−1. The biosurfactants produced by Stenotrophomonas sp. BAB-6435 and Brevisbacillus brevis BAB-6437 were purified and characterized by TLC, FTIR, SEM-EDS and GC-MS. The functional biosurfactant molecules were identified as glycolipid (Palmitic acid-Ribo-Gala-Malt) and lipopeptide (Steric acid-Ala-Ala-Gly-Leu-Se-Pro-As) from Stenotrophomonas sp. BAB-6435 and Brevisbacillus brevis BAB-6437, respectively. Both of the biosurfactansts have excellent surface tension reduction abilities at lower critical micelle concentrations (CMCs). Purified biosurfactants also exhibited antimicrobial activity toward pathogenic microbes while they were found to be nontoxic in seed germination tests. The results indicate that the biosurfactants from Stenotrophomonas sp. BAB-6435 and Brevisbacillus brevis BAB-6437 have unique properties including excessive foam-forming, antimicrobial activity and a lack of toxicity, which facilitate their environmental use.

Process optimization and enhanced decolorization of textile effluent by Planococcus sp. isolated from textile sludge

Abstract The aim of present study is to isolate and characterize the indigenous bacterial isolates from textile industry effluents and sludge samples and investigate their decolorization ability, along with the influence of various process parameters on decolorization. Nine different bacterial strains were isolated from textile unit site in which one isolate (TS2O), having greater ability towards color removal was identified as Planococcus sp. by 16S rDNA sequencing. Optimization of decolorization process parameters was performed using Taguchi method in which five factors at two levels have been applied in L-8 orthogonal array. Maximum color removal rate (45%) has been obtained by 2% nitrogen, 1% carbon, 10% effluent, at pH 8 and 25 °C. The decolorization rate has been improved to 55% by adding peptone (0.5%w/v) as best nitrogen source and further up to 60% with dextrose (0.5%w/v) as best carbon source. A significant improvement up to 78% decolorization was observed during process parameter optimization with this statistical approach. Hence, this method validates its usefulness to treat various industrial wastewaters economically.

Low-cost iron-doped catalyst for phenol degradation by heterogeneous Fenton

The aim of this work was to study the feasibility of textile sludge as a precursor to prepare catalysts for catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) by chemical and thermal treatments. Textile sludge was characterized by physical-chemical and metal composition analyses. The chemical activation was evaluated using iron sulfate and the thermal treatment was carried out at 720 °C in a vacuum pyrolysis reactor. Two catalysts with iron contents of 1.5% and 5.6% were selected. Process parameters influence on CWPO of phenol were evaluated and a maximum removal of phenol and TOC was observed at pH 3 and 60 °C, using 3 g L−1 of the catalyst containing 5.6% of iron and 11.8 mmol L−1 of H2O2. Metal analysis indicated that the textile sludge is suitable to be employed as both iron catalyst and adsorbent. The catalysts characterization indicated a reasonable surface area with a well-developed microporosity and the presence of Hematite structures in the carbonaceous matrix. The degradation process achieved 98.2% of phenol conversion, 68.2% of mineralization and 2.11 mg L−1 of iron leaching in 150 min of reaction. The catalyst presented activity for up to 5 cycles of use, but with loss of efficiency.

Treatment of Pretreated Textile Wastewater Using Modified Mbbr

Currently, water pollution control is one of the major logical zones. The textile industry is a major pollution causing industry among the industrial pollutions. Treatment of textile effluent utilizing customary physical as well as chemical strategies is costly, produces enormous amounts of sludge and needs the expansion of lethal chemicals. BOD to COD proportion of textile effluent is low. Thus it is not appropriate to treat textile effluent by a solitary physicochemical or biological process. In this investigation, the textile effluent is dealt with utilizing Moving Bed Bio-film Reactor (MBBR) with the magnetic field after improving the biodegradability by the solar photo-Fenton process. The carriers in MBBR is inoculated with azoarcus bacteria isolated from textile sludge. The fundamental parameters as pH, carrier filling ratio and contact time were optimized utilizing Box Behnken factual design. The MBBR process has most extreme efficiency at pH 7, filling ratio of 62% and a contact time 2.4 days. In this optimum condition 68.9% BOD and 80% COD are expelled. At the point when the pretreated wastewater was dealt with MBBR reactor under the influence of magnetic field, the efficiency of the treatment is additionally expanded, so 87.4% COD expulsion and 87% BOD evacuation were accomplished at 12 mT attractive field power when exposure time was at 12 hrs.

Characterization of the liquid fractions from textile sludge pyrolysis and their application as defoamers

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and the defoamer capacity of bio‐oils obtained from textile sludge pyrolysis. The pyrolysis was carried out at two temperatures: 310 and 500 °C, and the bio‐oils were analyzed after 7 days and after 2 months of storage under refrigeration. The structure of the bio‐oils was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the extraction of polar compounds by solid phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. According to the chromatography and FTIR results, aromatic hydrocarbons, amines, silicone, and organic sulphur compounds were present in the pyrolysis oils. The Bikerman test showed that 1 mL of bio‐oil obtained from pyrolysis at 500 °C can break down a column of foam in less than 1 min, which is comparable to the results of commercial antifoams. According to these results, these oils can be used as defoamers, even at the textile plant itself.

Utilization of textile sludge and public health risk assessment in Bangladesh

Abstract Textile wastewater is one of the major water pollution concerns in the manufacturing countries. However, the sludge from these wastewater treatment plants is often discarded to the environment and therefore is exposed to flood with rain causing the soil and water contamination. Therefore, there is a growing need to look for various applications of sludge handling for sustainable development. Typical textile sludge was found to have very high (∼80%) moisture content, however the dry sludge had a decent heating value (> 17 MJ kg−1). Different textile sludge/clay mixtures (0.5–5.25% dry sludge) were used to make bricks, which were evaluated in terms of their compressive strengths and the leaching behavior. The textile sludge incorporated clay fired bricks showed up to 77% more compressive strength compared to average standard bricks. The leaching test of clay-fired cubes exhibited very low water absorption (0.8–1.3%), which is desirable for various applications. From the cytotoxicity assessment of textile industrial sludge, lethal Concentration 50% was found to be at 262 μM concentration of sludge solution, based on Cr level. This value is significantly higher than the leachate concentration and thus indicates the potential of sludge as a building material without the possibility of heavy metal contamination to surroundings.

Isolation, Identification and Characterization of AZO Dye reactive Violet 5R Degrading Bacterial Strains from the Textile Sludge

Three bacterial strains, Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus, Brevibacillus centrosporus and Paenibacillus azoreducens, have been isolated from the sludge samples collected from Textile Industry, Bhaluka, Bangladesh, which have the abilities to degrade Reactive Violet 5R. The decolourization rate was different for the different concentrations of the same dye. Brevibacillus centrosporus displayed a decolorization rate of 94.55%, 90.79%, 91.17% when inoculated and incubated in an SM broth containing the azo dye reactive violet 5R at 1% (v/v), 3% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) concentrations respectively for a consecutive 5 days. Paenibacillus azoreducens showed a decolorization rate of 85.63%, 86.48%, 38.81% for the 1% (v/v), 3% (v/v), and 5% (v/v) of the azo dye reactive violet 5R respective concentrations. On the other hand Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus produced intriguing results where the decolorization rates were 67.78%, 21.69%, 40.10% for 1% (v/v), 3% (v/v) and 5% (v/v) respectively of the azo dye reactive violet 5R.Journal of Bangladesh Academy of Sciences, Vol. 41, No. 2, 136-143, 2017

Isolation and Identification of Orange M2R and Green GS Dye Decolourizing Bacteria from Textile Sludge (Soil) Samples and Determination of Their Optimum Decolourization Conditions

Isolation and Identification of Orange M2R and Green GS Dye Decolourizing Bacteria from Textile Sludge (Soil) Samples and Determination of Their Optimum Decolourization Conditions

Dielectric and electric properties as a tool to investigate the coagulation mechanism during sludge treatment

ABSTRACTThe analysis of the complex permittivity, electrical complex modulus and the hopping conductivity have been employed in order to investigate the impacts of calcium oxide during sludge treatment in textile such as coagulation process. In this context, impedance measurement was performed on five samples, including raw sludge and four compositions containing different amounts of calcium oxide: 2%, 3%, 4% and 5% (w/w). The dielectric spectra of each composition were described by the summation of a power law and a Cole-Cole relaxation model. The relaxation time and the magnitude of the dielectric relaxation obtained from the analysis of dielectric properties showed an increase up to 3% of these parameters with the addition of calcium oxide. Above this critical value, both parameters showed a very small change, suggesting that the aggregation became more stable. In addition, the evolution of the hopping conductivity reached a minimum value at this critical amount (3%). This evolution was well described by a double power law, which allowed us to estimate the optimal amount of the calcium oxide to achieve coagulation process. The analysis of the dielectric properties was found useful in monitoring aggregation processes that occur during the coagulation mechanism in textile sludge.