Textbooks Mention Research Articles

A DETAILED CADAVERIC STUDY ON GUDA MARMA WITH RESPECT TO ITS SURGICAL ANATOMY THROUGH DISSECTION

Ayurveda is an ancient science which deals with theoretical and practical knowledge with help of cadaver, structural and functional activity. In various Ayurvedic textbooks mention Marma (vital points of the body) which is a vital part of the body. Ayurveda is an ancient science which deals with theoretical and practical knowledge with help of cadaver, structural and functional activity. The detailed knowledge of Marma (vital points of the body) is important from the surgical point of view surgical procedures like Agnikarma (thermal cauterization), Ksharakarma (therapeutic application of caustic material), Raktamokshana (bloodletting), etc. are used as a part of the surgery. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the concept of Guda Marma in the light of current knowledge and studied the applied aspect of Guda Marma. Cadaveric study was done in 5 human cadavers to visualize all the structures (muscles, artery, vein, nerve, etc.) of Guda (Anus) Pradesh (Anorectal region) in terms of Ayurvedic sciences and Modern Medical Sciences. The exact location, reginal anatomy as well as applied aspect of Guda Marma in terms of surgery were analyzed and correlated with modern sciences. Guda (Anus) is the seat of Prana (the breath of life) and it has regarded as one of the ten Prana (the breath of life) yatan. Guda Marma is one among the Mamsa Marma (vital points of the body) and categorized under Sadhya Prana (the breath of life) hara Marma (vital points of the body). The importance of this region can be assessed by the fact that two of the diseases of Guda (Anus) (Arsha and Bhagandara) have been considered as Mahagada. Guda Marma is the vital organ or site of the human body having a rich blood supply which correct knowledge and applied aspects concerning anorectal injuries and disorders is essential.

Maxillofacial morphological factors related to acceleration of maxillary growth attributed to facial mask treatment: a structural superimposition study

BackgroundAnatomical textbooks mention that the contact between the pterygoid process and the palatine’s pyramidal process is not a “suture” but “conjugation.”.The aim was to evaluate the maxillofacial morphological factor responding most to the orthopedic force of facial mask treatment, using the structural superimposition analysis.MethodsThirty-one girls with Angle Class III malocclusion treated using a facial mask (FM group) and 11 girls with pseudo-Class III malocclusion (pseudo-III group) were examined. Lateral cephalograms at pre- and posttreatment were analyzed to evaluate maxillofacial changes. Cephalometric structural superimposition analysis originating with Björk and Skieller was also performed.ResultsIn the FM group, a multiple linear regression model showed that maxillary sutural growth was significantly associated with counter-clockwise rotation of the maxilla and treatment changes in the anteroposterior distance from the pterygomaxillary fissure to the maxillary anterior alveolus, not changes in the distance from the nasion to the maxillary anterior alveolus.ConclusionsStructural superimposition analysis showed that counter-clockwise rotation of the maxilla and changes in the distance from the pterygomaxillary fissure to the maxillary anterior alveolus responded most to the orthopedic force of facial mask treatment. The analysis implicated that the pterygoid fissure–palatine’s pyramidal process conjugation responds most to facial mask treatment among maxillofacial sutures and conjugation, and that the difference in the response induces maxillary counter-clockwise rotation.

An analysis of the presentation of Sikhism in social studies textbooks

Purpose The increase of Islamophobia-inspired hate crimes toward Sikh Americans led the Sikh Coalition of America and the National Council for the Social Studies to request social studies educators to conduct a content analysis on the presentation of Sikhism in social studies textbooks. The Sikh Coalition hopes to use the findings of such research to encourage more appropriate inclusion about the religion in textbooks by the leading publishing companies and as a legitimate social studies subject of instruction in the state standards for all 50 states. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach The incorporation of critical pedagogy, as a tool of critical multiculturalism, serves as the theoretical design of this study. Content analysis serves as the method of research for this study. The authors also employed an online survey to determine the scope of religious literacy of the pre-service teachers with regard to Sikhism before the conducting of content analysis of social studies textbooks for the presentation of Sikhism. Findings The current presentation of Sikhism in social studies textbooks has the potential to help fuel the Islamophobia that Sikh Americans now face. The authors found that the pre-service teachers possess little religious literacy regarding Sikhism. Furthermore, from the content analyses, the authors found that a total of 21 out of the sample of 32 textbooks (5 elementary, 11 middle grades and 16 high school) mention Sikhism. Eight textbooks include a mention of the origins of Sikhism. Nine textbooks misidentify the religion as a blending of Hinduism and Islam. Nine textbooks mention the religion in relation to the assassination of Indira Gandhi. Research limitations/implications The originality of this research led the authors to find that the very limited and inaccurate information we found present in the most-used textbooks for elementary, middle grades and high school social studies made the employing of inferential statistics like correlation difficult. Also, the authors found from the literature that research addressing Islamophobia in the classroom has centered on the role of licensed teachers only. The research gives a model to how pre-service teachers may address Islamophobia in the classroom and also gain religious literacy regarding Sikhism. Practical implications The rise of Islamophobia-inspired violence toward students of South Asian descent has led to the call to address this matter. The research introduces a method to how social studies education professors may help engage their pre-service teachers in proactively addressing Islamophobia. Social studies professors have a responsibility to help promote social justice through critical pedagogy that explores the religious literacy of their pre-service teachers beyond Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam and Judaism. Social implications The Sikh Coalition, by telephone, has formally acknowledged to the authors that the textbook research has been the most extensive they have received since making their joint request with the National Council for the Social Studies. They have used the research to successfully convince the state education boards of Texas and recently Tennessee to adopt the inclusion of Sikhism in social studies content. More Americans, at a young age, need to learn about Sikh culture, so they are less likely to develop prejudicial ideas about Sikh Americans and commit violent acts of religious-based discrimination. Originality/value The research is extremely rare. To date, no one else in the country has conducted research on the presentation of Sikhism in textbooks to the extent that the authors have. The authors hope that the research will encourage more dialogue and further research. The authors hope that the research will help prevent further acts of religious-based violence toward followers of the world’s sixth largest religion.

ОБ ИМИТАТИВАХ В КИРГИЗСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

The article analyzes the structure and semantics of the Kyrgyz figurative words, identifies and describes their functional and grammatical peculiarities. The authors examine the basic approaches to studying imitative words in the Turkic languages and propose a classification of this lexical group. The Kyrgyz grammar textbooks mention only two types of figurative words. The authors give arguments to distinguish five groups of imitative words and some intermediate subgroups in the mentioned language. The paper describes the lexico-semantic peculiarities of all the types of the Kyrgyz imitative words, provides their Russian equivalents, which contributes to the comparative study of the languages and to the practice of the second language teaching under the conditions of the Kyrgyz-Russian bilingualism.

Greater palatine foramen- morphometry, sexual dimorphism and clinical perspective

Abstract Background and aims: Maxillary nerve block via greater palatine foramen (GPF) is most commonly followed procedure for many dental, oral and maxillofacial surgeries. Many standard textbooks mention location of GPF in a general way. Location of GPF with respect to fixed bony landmarks has been studied by many authors in different population groups. The results of those studies showed lot of variability in location of GPF. The data regarding possible existence of sexual dimorphism are sparse. The present study was aimed at contributing further data regarding morphometry of the GPF. Ao attempt has also been made to look for sexual dimorphism. Material and Methods: One hundred and twenty three adult dry skulls of known sex (male- 55 & female - 68) were studied for GPF with regards to- morphometry, shape, relation to molars, fixed bony landmarks- Median maxillary suture(MMS), Incisive fossa(IF), Posterior border of hard palate(PBHP), Aogle between line joiniog GPF with IF & MMS, direction of opening of GPF into oral cavity. Results: Aotero-posterior diameter on left side (p-0.006), transverse diameter on both sides (p-0.000 on left & right side) distance between GPF to IF on both sides (p- 0.013 right side, p-0.02 left side, GPF-PBHP distance on both sides (p-0.001 left side, p-0.002 on right side) showed statistical significance when compared male with female skulls. In both male and female skulls, Oval shape predominated followed by round and slit variety of GPF. Both on right and left side GPF found to be predominantly related to anterior half of 3rd molar. Direction of opening of GPF into oral cavity was predominantly antero-medial on both sides in male and female skulls. Conclusion: Our study provides a valuable addition to the available literature on location of GPF and also gives an insight to the possible existence of sexual dimorphism.

Diagnostic Occlusal Adjustment: Case Presentation for Dental Students.

The concept of occlusal therapy as an aspect of overall patient care can be difficult for a dental student to grasp. A clear understanding of the position of the teeth, temporomandibular joints, and articulator components is necessary as the position of the teeth and condyles moves from centric relation to maximum intercuspation. This slide-show presentation, self-assessment rubric, and instructor guide were created to enhance student understanding of occlusal concepts. Peter Dawson's occlusal concept of mutually protected occlusion is demonstrated as duplicated casts are adjusted to make centric relations and maximum intercuspation equal. This educational resource has been utilized for the past 2 years at our dental school as part of the preclinical occlusion course. It has also been used in the dental clinic for third- and fourth-year students as the need arises for occlusal adjustment on a patient. While we have no hard data on the number of times it has been utilized, the feedback from faculty and students has been positive. The students are consistently able to utilize the educational resource to guide them through the steps of performing a diagnostic occlusal adjustment to the satisfaction of the proctoring faculty. Existing articles and textbooks mention all of the concepts and steps seen in this resource, but the limitation of print media results in minimization and consolidation of these concepts and steps. This resource presents the detail that is lacking in textbooks.

Menstrual Disturbances During Electroconvulsive Therapy

A transient but robust increase in prolactin levels during and after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has been shown repeatedly. Reports on menstrual disturbances during a course of ECT are scarce. The case of a woman treated with ECT for depression that developed menstrual disturbances early in the course of the treatment is presented. We conducted a PubMed literature search, supplemented with an Internet (Google) search using the same strategy, and a hand search of the indexes of textbooks on ECT. Publications on the emergence of menstrual disturbances during ECT are virtually nonexistent, although some textbooks mention amenorrhea as a possible adverse effect of ECT. The mechanism of ECT-related amenorrhea is unknown but is supposed to be related to the transient hyperprolactinemia. Electroconvulsive therapy can cause menstrual disturbances. These adverse effects are benign and transient. The exact mechanism remains unknown. More research could help to clarify the possible role of a transient but robust hyperprolactinemia.

Analysis of Experiments for 'Measuring the size of Earth in 8th Science Textbooks

The purpose of this study is to analyze methods for measuring the size of the Earth, put forth in 6 different Korean 8th grade science textbooks. The research questions are as follows: 1) Do they adequately map out the experiments for measuring the size of the earth by using the concept of the sun's altitude? 2) Do they reduce the size of the sun like as the Earth is similarly downsized to the globe? 3) Do they suggest the precise experimental conditions for selecting two equal longitudinal spots for measuring the size of the earth? 4) Do they design adequate experiments for exact measurement? 5) Do they offer a proportional expression for seeking the size of globe which is easily understood by students? 6) Do they develop experiments to measure actual size of the earth? Four graduate students and one researcher took part in this study. All conditions were unanimously agreed upon by the participants. The results are as follows. First, one publishing company must include the concept of the sun's altitude to accurately measure the size of the Earth. However, some textbooks fail to mention this. As such, the concept of the sun's altitude must be introduced to accurately measure the size of the Earth. Second, a reduced size globe is used as the actual earth so; the sun should be factored in with a reduced light value. Third, you have to lay a stress on two points at the same longitude. In other words, a shadow located at the same longitude from two randomly selected points. Most textbooks mention two points at the same longitude but two of them design the experiment with a shadow at the same longitude. Fourth, we need a method to precisely measure the angle between a stick and its shadow. The angle between the stick and the tip of its shadow is the sun's altitude difference. Fifth, we need to present more specific proportional expressions for calculating the size of the globe. Only 3 out of the 6 texts employed a proportional expression. Sixth, we need to calculate the size of the earth by accurately presenting the scale of the globe to attain the goal of the experiment. Two of the texts analyzed, designed the experiment for the purpose of calculating the size of the globe. Three of the texts designed their experiments to calculate the radius of globe which is not even relevant to the purpose of experiment.

Desmosomal molecules in and out of adhering junctions: normal and diseased States of epidermal, cardiac and mesenchymally derived cells.

Current cell biology textbooks mention only two kinds of cell-to-cell adhering junctions coated with the cytoplasmic plaques: the desmosomes (maculae adhaerentes), anchoring intermediate-sized filaments (IFs), and the actin microfilament-anchoring adherens junctions (AJs), including both punctate (puncta adhaerentia) and elongate (fasciae adhaerentes) structures. In addition, however, a series of other junction types has been identified and characterized which contain desmosomal molecules but do not fit the definition of desmosomes. Of these special cell-cell junctions containing desmosomal glycoproteins or proteins we review the composite junctions (areae compositae) connecting the cardiomyocytes of mature mammalian hearts and their importance in relation to human arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathies. We also emphasize the various plakophilin-2-positive plaques in AJs (coniunctiones adhaerentes) connecting proliferatively active mesenchymally-derived cells, including interstitial cells of the heart and several soft tissue tumor cell types. Moreover, desmoplakin has also been recognized as a constituent of the plaques of the complexus adhaerentes connecting certain lymphatic endothelial cells. Finally, we emphasize the occurrence of the desmosomal transmembrane glycoprotein, desmoglein Dsg2, out of the context of any junction as dispersed cell surface molecules in certain types of melanoma cells and melanocytes. This broadening of our knowledge on the diversity of AJ structures indicates that it may still be too premature to close the textbook chapters on cell-cell junctions.

An unnamed branch of the lingual nerve: Gingival branch

Our main aim was to study the mylohyoid nerve, but during cadaveric dissections an unnamed branch of the lingual nerve was encountered incidentally. Dissections of sublingual and pterygomandibular spaces on 13 cadavers preserved in formalin showed an unnamed branch present bilaterally in 11 specimens, which had not been identified before in any of the anatomical textbooks. The branch extended horizontally from the medial mandibular cortex at the level of the retromolar pad to mesial of the lower first molars-second premolars. It was supplying the lingual periosteum, gingiva, and mucosa that were overlying the medial alveolar process. The mean (SD) diameter of the left and right branches was 0.66 (0.1) mm at the branching side. The mean (SD) length of the right and left sides was 28.7 (4.4) mm. The mean (SD) distance from the alveolar crest was 5.8 (0. 9) mm. The lingual nerve supplies the lingual soft tissues; however, none of the anatomical textbooks mention such a subdivision or a branch supplying that part of the oral cavity. We describe the site and the morphological characteristics of this unnamed branch, and recommend that it be named “the gingival branch of the lingual nerve”.

Reciprocal Theorems: An Old Subject Revisited

While discussing reciprocal theorems most textbooks mention only Maxwell's reciprocal theorem as a consequence of Betti's theorem. Textbooks investigating this topic in detail mention three reciprocal theorems. In this paper we show that there exist exactly 10 reciprocal theorems and we illustrate each with an example.

Does the transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mitochondrial membrane during gluconeogenesis require carrier proteins other than those used in the malate–aspartate shuttle?

When authors of general biochemistry textbooks mention carrier proteins involved in the transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mitochondrial membrane for gluconeogenesis, they only make use of the two transporters involved in the malate–aspartate shuttle. As a result of only using the malate-2-oxoglutarate and the glutamate–aspartate carrier proteins, I show that the reaction describing the overall process is unsatisfactory since, in addition to oxaloacetate being transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, 2-oxoglutarate is also transported in the reverse direction. I therefore point out that, if only oxaloacetate is to be transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, then it is necessary to also make use of other carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane, namely, the dicarboxylate transporter and the phosphate transporter.

Does the transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mitochondrial membrane during gluconeogenesis require carrier proteins other than those used in the malate-aspartate shuttle?

When authors of general biochemistry textbooks mention carrier proteins involved in the transport of oxaloacetate across the inner mitochondrial membrane for gluconeogenesis, they only make use of the two transporters involved in the malate-aspartate shuttle. As a result of only using the malate-2-oxoglutarate and the glutamate-aspartate carrier proteins, I show that the reaction describing the overall process is unsatisfactory since, in addition to oxaloacetate being transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, 2-oxoglutarate is also transported in the reverse direction. I therefore point out that, if only oxaloacetate is to be transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, then it is necessary to also make use of other carrier proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane, namely, the dicarboxylate transporter and the phosphate transporter.

Lead in the Inner Cities

In the middle of the 1970s, U.S. health officials identified what some called a “silent epidemic.” They were referring to childhood lead poisoning, a problem that is easily overlooked and underappreciated. Of all of the metal-poisoning episodes to date, none has come close in sheer numbers. Toxicology textbooks mention cadmium poisoning in Japan in the 1950s and methyl mercury poisoning in both Japan in the 1950s and Iraq in 1972. Some hundreds of deaths were attributed to each of these events. But most textbooks fail to mention lead poisoning, in spite of the fact that since the 1920s millions of American children have been quietly poisoned by lead, and thousands of deaths are attributed to this over the long term.

Hemihypertrophy. Concepts and controversies.

Hemihypertrophy is best defined as asymmetry between the right and left sides of the body to a greater degree than can be attributed to normal variation. This asymmetry often appears as a difference in the size or length of the extremities, but it may also involve the head, trunk, and internal organs. It is often extremely difficult to distinguish hemihypertrophy from normal variation. However, this distinction is very important because young children who have hemihypertrophy are at increased risk of malignant intra-abdominal tumors, such as Wilms tumor or hepatoblastoma9,21,22,24,27,29,31,47,60. The increased risk of neoplasia has led to the controversial recommendation of frequent abdominal ultrasound screening designed to detect the tumor at the earliest possible stage2,12,16,25. The orthopaedic literature regarding hemihypertrophy has focused primarily on the treatment of discrepancy between the lengths of the lower limbs and has only superficially acknowledged link between hemihypertrophy and cancer in children4,37,38,45. Even the most recent pediatric and pediatric orthopaedic textbooks mention this association only briefly if at all8,42,59. The objectives of the present review were to describe the clinical features of hemihypertrophy and its related syndromes, to focus on the relationship between hemihypertrophy and malignant tumors in children, and to discuss the controversy surrounding the frequent abdominal ultrasound screening that is recommended for this group of patients. Hemihypertrophy occurs when a limb or one side of the body enlarges asymmetrically compared with the contralateral limb or side beyond the limits of normal variation. This enlargement may affect only the soft tissues, but it ordinarily involves both the soft tissues and the underlying skeleton. Although …

The Augustine Guide Trademark

In Response: It is our pleasure to respond to the letter regarding Augustine Guide Trademark (AG) intubation [1]. Dr. Haridas makes several good points and raises additional questions for areas of further study. He is correct in saying that we did not attempt to define a role for the AG in current practice. That was not the intent of our study, as detailed in our Methods section. Restated, our intent was to define the success rate in a controlled setting, namely, the operating room. We studied patients presenting for general anesthesia who needed oral endotracheal intubation after anesthesia induction and relaxation. Additionally, since this was a new device, we also recorded and reported the complication rate. Dr. Haridas suggests that we should have directly compared the AG and laryngoscopy. However, we do not feel that this is warranted: they are fundamentally different techniques. Laryngoscopy involves direct visualization and manipulation of the head and neck; AG intubation is a blind technique where the neck is held neutral. Moreover, we in no way implied that AG intubation was faster than direct laryngoscopy, and, since we did not perform direct laryngoscopy on the 94 successful cases of AG intubation, we have no way of knowing whether all of those patients could have been intubated by direct laryngoscopy. So, even though direct laryngoscopy may be faster, assuming that intubation is more likely to be successful with a laryngoscope is not necessarily correct. Even so, a 94% success rate for a blind technique is very good; comparing the success rates of blind versus direct visualization techniques is probably unfair. The 18% incidence of minor injuries (seven patients with small lacerations on the frenulum, or underside, of the tongue) should not be disturbing to most practitioners. These very minor injuries required no treatment or suturing. We included as injuries any swollen lip or minor bruising, and we made a special effort to rule out the presence of injuries during our postanesthetic visit. No recent literature addresses the incidence of injury during direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation in anesthetized patients. Standard textbooks mention minor direct trauma to mucosa but do not provide an incidence. Donnelly et al. [2] described a 38% incidence of injuries, similar to those we saw as a result of direct laryngoscopy. Wylie [3] reported a 47% incidence of minor injury related to laryngoscopy, and Lewis and Swerdlow [4] noted a 63% incidence. These studies are somewhat dated, but they nonetheless accurately depicted the incidence of superficial trauma as direct laryngoscopy for endotracheal intubation was becoming widespread. With additional experience and expertise, we feel that the AG's rate of mucosal injury will decrease. The difficult and failed cases were evenly distributed throughout our study; no learning curve distribution was seen. Dr. Haridas's conclusions about the role of the AG in clinical practice are probably very true. The AG is very handy when neck mobility needs to be or is limited. Its use after direct laryngoscopy has failed needs to be further evaluated. In our limited experience [5], we have found the AG to be quite helpful; it may have a role in situations of difficult intubation, irrespective of oxygenation capability. Dr. Haridas's point regarding the AG's "potential to be more traumatic to the upper airway than direct laryngoscopy" is merely an assumption and probably not correct. Again, he is comparing direct and blind techniques. It is true that a bigger piece of hardware is inserted into the oral cavity during AG intubation. However, if it is inserted carefully and gently and the AG is properly lubricated, the potential for injury should not be increased on this basis alone. To date, not one tooth has been damaged owing to AG intubation. The chances are minimal because the guide is inserted into the oral cavity perpendicular to the teeth, with no levering action against the teeth. The potential complications of blind techniques in general must be considered (e.g., creation of false passages) but can be minimized with a proper, gentle approach. Dr. Haridas's point regarding close supervision of trainees and avoidance of excessive force is excellent. Of course, this is true of all airway management techniques and devices. We thank Dr. Haridas for his interest in our article and for useful feedback after his own personal experiences with the AG. With further study, the role of the AG will be better defined. We continue to urge careful, correct use of this device by experienced, well trained practitioners. We also urge practitioners to avoid using the AG whenever a blind technique is contraindicated. R. J. Carr, MD K. G. Belani, MBBS, MS Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455-0392

Notable Women in the History of Horticulture

Ten women horticulturists who made important contributions to their science are briefly profiled, since virtually no horticulture textbooks mention notable women horticulturists.

Animals That Transplant Organs

Much diversity among animals is described in recent biology textbooks. So much in fact is often given that one may forget that an even greater amount of diversity is not mentioned, because of space limitations or the preferences of the author. Examination of many of the older textbooks would show a much greater amount of diversity, but a reader who searches further in the technical literature would find an endless series of other peculiarities that have never been picked up in general books. In many cases of unusual features, the description of the process, structure, or activity in a certain animal may not emphasize the peculiarity or may cover it up with an unfamiliar term. For example, several books refer to composite eggs in some flatworms. A careful reading will show that these each result in an individual whose cells do not have identical genotypes, although this astonishing fact is not alluded to when describing the situation. There are an endless number and variety of these unusual occurrences. Many of them have been known for a long time, but if textbooks mention them at all, the peculiarity is not emphasized. Most of these anomalies, as they seem to most zoologists, are difficult to illustrate, and so they are readily bypassed in favor of details of more normally explainable occurrences among animals. In a series of short articles beginning here, we hope to present some of these interesting biological peculiarities of animals that are not usually available to teachers. ABT readers are are encouraged to submit short articles for possible publication in this department in future issues. Send your ideas to Alan J. McCormack, ABT Editor, 1757 North 15th St., Laramie, WY 82070.

The SSA congruence theorem

Many teachers and textbooks mention ‘three and a half basic congruence theorems: SAS, ASA, SSS and HL for right triangles. Why do they neglect the SSA theorem? A recent article [1] investigated the SSA theorem, but it seems necessary to extend and, in one point, to correct the result given there.

An Improvement on SSA Congruence for Geometry and Trigonometry

Many textbooks mention what might be called three and a half basic congruence theorems: SAS, ASA, SSS, and HI. (for right triangles). Perhaps because of the ambiguity involved in the SSA condition, this criterion for congruence is consistently neglected. A recent article of Lit wilier and Duncan (1981) investigated the SSA theorem, but it seems desirable to extend and, at one point, to correct the result given there.