Textbook Model Research Articles

Developing Appreciative Literature Textbook Based on ThematicIntegrative Through Active Learning

The objectives of this research were: (1) to describe students’ and lecturers’ needs on poetry and drama appreciative textbook, (2) to describe the development of textbook model (3) to find the effectiveness of textbook model 4) to describe textbook dissemination. The type of research used was research and development. Research was done through 4 stages: (1) exploration, (2) model development, (3) model testing, (4) dissemination. Exploration stage used qualitative descriptive approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis technique was interactive analysis model. Model testing was done through experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) the exploration stage showed that the poetry and drama learning textbook used by Elementary Teacher Education Program (ETEP) students in Surakarta did not meet the students’ and lecturers’ need, (2) model development stage produced appreciative poetry and drama textbook through preliminary field testing; (3) model testing phase was to test effectiveness of the textbook used t-test non-independent technique. It was obtained tobtain of 23 and ttable(90; 0.05) of 1.67. Thus, tobtained (23) > ttable (1.67) which meant that the hypothesis was accepted (Ho was rejected). In conclusion, the Apprec iative Poetry and Drama textbook model was effectively improve students' poetry and drama appreciation skills. Dissemination was done through national seminars, article writing in international journals, as well as the publishing of an Integrative-thematic Textbook of Poetry and Drama Learning with ISBN.

Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Determinacy of Asymptotically Stationary Equilibria in OLG Models

We propose a criterion for determining whether a local policy analysis can be made in a given equilibrium in an overlapping generations model. The criterion can be applied to models with infinite past and future as well as those with a truncated past. The equilibrium is not necessarily a steady state; for example, demographic and type composition of the population or individuals’ endowments can change over time. However, asymptotically, the equilibrium should be stationary. The two limiting stationary paths at either end of the timeline do not have to be the same. If they are, conditions for local uniqueness are far more stringent for an economy with a truncated past as compared to its counterpart with an infinite past. In addition, we illustrate our main result using a textbook model with a single physical good, a two-period life-cycle and a single type of consumer. In this model we show how to calculate a response to a policy change using the implicit function theorem.

Smith after Samuelson: Care and Harm in a Socially Entangled World

In “The Economic Machine and the Invisible Hand” (2009), Murray Milgate argues that the mechanistic thrust of twentieth-century economics owes more to Paul Samuelson than to Adam Smith inasmuch as Samuelson’s Economics “unambiguously associated the invisible hand with the efficiency of perfectly competitive equilibrium.” The textbook model of perfect competition, though analytically a special case, conveys an ideologically potent vision of economic life as atomistic, amoral, and exclusively market-based. This essay presents a prima facie case for two related claims: (1) the textbook view of Adam Smith’s economics ignores the analytic symmetries and complementarities between Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments (TMS) and Wealth of Nations (WN) and thus misrepresents the structure and implications of Smith’s moral philosophy, and (2) TMS and WN both theorize the behavioral, institutional, and ethical foundations for and enduring pathologies of extensive cooperation in commercial societies characterized by structural inequality, factionalism, elitism, ethnocentrism, and corruption.

Challenging the paradigms in the classroom: the fate of chondrocytes

Bones are not only constantly remodeling as described by Wolff, but they are one of the few organs with the capacity to truly regenerate following injury, rather than heal with a scar. Fracture repair is an intrinsic process that is initiated by local osteochondral progenitors, but their fate is regulated by extrinsic factors including the local mechanical microenvironment, inflammatory state, and cross-tissue interactions with the vasculature, nerves and muscles. Importantly, bone injuries are a clinically significant problem with an estimated 15 million fractures annually in the US alone and recalcitrant healing cited in up to 20% of these injuries. Despite bones unique ability to regenerate, and the clinical prevalence of injury, typical anatomy and pathology textbooks don't even mention the topic of fracture repair; even the Orthopaedic Basic Science textbook published by the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons only devotes two short paragraphs to the topic and does not “test” on the subject matter for Board certification. Why is this? Is it because of the complexity of fracture repair? It is hard to believe this is the case given that multiple chapters are typically devoted to the nervous and cardiovascular systems. Or is it perhaps the opposite, and the skeletal system is just considered simple and established? However, within the field this is far from true: currently there is a significant debate surrounding the ultimate fate of chondrocytes during bone development and fracture repair. Chondrocytes are the cells that maintain articular cartilage in the joint, but during development and repair these cells mature to hypertrophy and catalyze the formation of bone. The hypertrophic chondrocyte has long been established as a terminally differentiated cell that undergoes programmed cell death in order for bone to form by an invading osteoprogenitor/pre-osteoblast cell. This model was based primarily on histological and ultrastructural studies performed between 1925–1960. Recent data using genetic linage tracing from multiple labs has found that chondrocyte can transform directly into osteoblasts. This model has been slow to gain traction and many dismiss the concept on the premise that it goes against the “textbook model”. Not only is the new science fascinating, but so is the burden of proof related to the pedagogical process of updating a scientific dogma. This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

The New Keynesian Transmission Mechanism: A Heterogeneous-Agent Perspective

Abstract We present a tractable heterogeneous-agent version of the New Keynesian model that allows us to study the interaction between inequality and monetary policy. Though formulated as a precautionary-saving model à la Huggett–Aiyagari, its reduced form is a two-agent model with a highly concentrated wealth distribution. When prices are sticky and wages flexible, as in the textbook representative-agent model, monetary policy affects the distribution of consumption, but has no effect on output as workers choose not to change their hours worked in response to wage movements. This highlights a transmission mechanism of the textbook model that we find implausible: in response to a monetary stimulus, the representative worker’s labor supply is greatly affected by the profits she receives. First, the lower profits induced by higher wages raise labor supply through a wealth effect and, secondly, the mere presence of profits reduces the negative income effect of a wage rise. When wages are rigid, in contrast, our model exhibits plausible responses of output and hours worked to monetary policy shocks.

A mechanical model of the half-sarcomere which includes the contribution of titin.

The evidence, in both resting and active muscle, for the presence of an I-band spring element like titin that anchors the Z line to the end of the thick filament did not yet produce a proper theoretical treatment in a complete model of the half-sarcomere. The textbook model developed by A. F. Huxley and his collaborators in 1981, which provides that the half-sarcomere (hs) compliance is due to the contribution of the compliances of the thin and thick filaments and actin-attached myosin motors, predicts that at any sarcomere length (SL) the absence of attached motors results in an infinite half-sarcomere compliance, in contrast with the observations. Growing evidence for the presence of a titin-like I-band spring urges the 1981 model to be implemented to include the contribution of this element in the mechanical model of the half-sarcomere. The model described here represents a tool for the interpretation of measurements of hs stiffness at increasing SL, which is important either in relation to the mechanism of stabilisation of SL against the consequence of sarcomere inhomogeneity in active force generation, or for investigations on the role of titin as mechano-sensor in thick filament regulation. Moreover the model opens the possibility for understanding the functional differences related to the titin isoform of various muscle types and the mechanism by which mutations in titin gene lead to myopathies.

Approaches for Studying Ribosome Specialization

Contrary to the textbook model, recent measurements demonstrated unexpected diversity in ribosomal composition that likely enables specialized translational functions. Methods based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass-spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enable direct quantification of ribosomal proteins with high specificity, accuracy, and throughput. LC-MS/MS can be 'top-down', analyzing intact proteins, or more commonly 'bottom-up', where proteins are digested to peptides prior to analysis. Changes to rRNA can be examined using either LC-MS/MS or sequencing-based approaches. The regulation of protein synthesis by specialized ribosomes can be examined by multiple methods. These include the popular 'Ribo-Seq' method for analyzing ribosome density on a given mRNA, as well as LC-MS/MS approaches incorporating pulse-labelling with stable isotopes (SILAC) to monitor protein synthesis and degradation.

The role of incidence angle in the laser ablation of a planar target

The effect of the laser ray incidence angle on the mass ablation rate and ablation pressure of planar inertial confinement fusion (ICF) targets is explored. In this work, a modified version of the textbook model of laser ablation [Manheimer et al., Phys. Fluids 25, 1644 (1982)] is used to demonstrate that the mass ablation rate and ablation pressure scale with the 4/3 and 2/3 power of the cosine of the laser ray incidence angle relative to the target normal. Using an idealized planar model of ablation, it is demonstrated that constant irradiance is insufficient to produce similar velocities of a target when comparing cases driven at different incidence angles. Additionally, the effect of the incidence angle on the absorption fraction is demonstrated and it is shown that a longer duration is needed to achieve maximum absorption for greater angles. This further affects the mass ablation rate and ablation pressure in the first nanosecond of ablation. These results, when extrapolated, may provide insight into the variation of drive conditions encountered due to incidence in polar direct drive ICF.

Opinion, Informed Opinion, and Public Perception in the Wiki-age

Opinion, Informed Opinion, and Public Perception in the Wiki-age Chris Jones (bio) In July 2018, I delivered a public lecture on a fifteenth-century genealogical roll held in the University of Canterbury collection.1 After the lecture, an audience member questioned my assertion that the section of the roll relating the settlement of Britain by Brutus—and its subsequent rule by Lear, Arthur, and others—was 'mythical history'. Why, she asked, did I dismiss my source? I provided a 'standard' explanation: the account is based, ultimately, on Geoffrey of Monmouth and, while Geoffrey's sources remain the subject of perennial debate, most historians are of the view that Geoffrey himself was the Dan Brown of the twelfth century.2 I left it at that, the circumstances making it impossible to go into further detail of what is known/not known about early medieval Britain.3 But I could tell my questioner was not satisfied. Who was I to question the evidence as it appeared on the roll? The internet has certainly brought new and valuable approaches to historical analysis, just one example of which is crowd sourcing. As with the Canterbury Roll, it also enables us to open up new windows on old sources and to take new approaches to their publication.4 Yet there are, perhaps inevitably, negative aspects as well. The above encounter led me to reflect on two issues that seem to go hand-in-hand with the continuing popularity of history in our wiki-age. First, that the New Zealand public increasingly lacks any real sense of what a professional historian 'does'. And second, that 'opinion' and 'informed opinion' seem to have become increasingly interchangeable. It may be that it was ever thus; if that is the case, however, the diminution of the standing of 'expert opinion' certainly seems to have accelerated. As the British MP Michael Gove put it, the public 'have had enough of experts'.5 My interlocutor's question was not without merit; yet it was [End Page 187] asked with no sense of the key role contextualization plays in source analysis. The source was accessible online; why would a professional historian's reading of it be any more valid than that of anyone else? It is certainly possible to ignore this issue. Yet the 15 March 2019 terror attack in Christchurch and its aftermath underlines the problem with doing so. In the absence of a robust defence by specialists, the most obvious danger is that the warping of history to serve twisted ideologies will go unchallenged in the public sphere. A prime example of distorted history is the so-called manifesto produced by Brenton Tarrant, the man charged in connection with the Christchurch mosque shootings with the murder of fifty-one people, forty counts of attempted murder, and one count of engaging in a terrorist act.6 As Daniel Wollenberg ably illustrates, a re-imagined medieval Europe as a pastoral utopia, one defined by its 'whiteness' and surrounded by invaders, plays an important role in the ideology of the extreme right.7 Tarrant's 'Great Replacement' is a text book model of such a reimagining. I am certain that debunking such nonsense will have no impact whatsoever on Tarrant or the choir to whom he is preaching. Yet it is important to do so anyway. Those who read the 'Great Replacement', or similar works, may assume, even if they dismiss the ideology that drives them, that the portrait they paint contains some grains of truth. On one level, Tarrant's world is easy to dismiss. His use of imagery is, for example, a confused mix of the Christian and the pagan. The author claims his moment of revelation involved a war graves cemetery in Europe filled with crosses; this and much other Christian symbolism is juxtaposed with the pamphlet's final page, which summons visions of Valhalla. Yet, for all its muddled attempts to evoke emotion, Tarrant takes care to add a patina of 'research' to his ramblings. An element of this is the series of links to Wikipedia articles and Facebook posts scattered throughout the text. They exist to convey the impression that the author's [End Page 188] views...

Oil Shocks and Macroeconomic Effects of Occasionally Binding Constraint on External Reserves of CEMAC

This paper investigates the macroeconomic effects of Central African States Bank (BEAC) commitment to ensure its nominal anchoring when the underlying external reserves constraint occurs after an oil shock. Indeed, the current monetary agreements place external reserves at the heart of the cooperation between BEAC and the French Treasury, and their fluctuations are the main risks indicators to the durability of the cooperation between these two institutions: a system described as pegged to reserves which neither fully resembles a fixed exchange rate regime or a flexible exchange rate regime, much less an intermediate regime. To this end, there is a need to monitor their ability to cover a proportion of the central bank's liabilities in the short run by tithing the monetary conditions, in order to avoid drastic adjustment measures as devaluation. Therefore, as a result of the fall of these reserves below their long run threshold, the central bank essentially focused on their recovery. Our framework is a Markov-switching approach of the Smets and Wouters textbook model were we have modelled the dynamics of external reserves from the balance of payments identity and the simplified balance sheet of the central bank. The monetary policy rule is also augmented by the gap of reserves to their long run trend. Two scenarios are subsequently evaluated namely, a variation of the probability of occurrence of the constraint while maintaining that of leaving or, conversely, a variation of the probability of exit from the constraint by assuming that its occurrence is fixed. The results obtained show that at the approach of the constraint and in the presence of an oil shock, the behaviour of the central bank induces many undesired effects such as the fall in consumption, investment and production. Conversely, when the probability of exit from the constraint is high, the central bank adopts a somewhat passive behaviour, with a late reaction that makes the imbalances continue. Following the fact that (i) export revenue of the region are mainly composed of oil resources (84%), (ii) imports are rigid and, (iii) the oil price cannot be under control of CEMAC countries for competitiveness purpose, the paper highlights the need for permanent monetary discipline alongside economic diversification.

From Aggregate Betting Data to Individual Risk Preferences

As a textbook model of contingent markets, horse races are an attractive environment to study the attitudes towards risk of bettors. We innovate on the literature by explicitly considering heterogeneous bettors and allowing for very general risk preferences, including non-expected utility. We build on a standard single-crossing condition on preferences to derive testable implications; and we show how parimutuel data allow us to uniquely identify the distribution of preferences among the population of bettors. We then estimate the model on data from US races. Within the expected utility class, the most usual specifications (CARA and CRRA) fit the data very badly. Our results show evidence for both heterogeneity and nonlinear probability weighting.

DEVELOPING APPRECIATIVE LITERATURE TEXTBOOK BASED ON THEMATIC-INTEGRATIVE THROUGH ACTIVE LEARNING TO IMPROVE UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS’ APPRECIATIVE CAPABILITY ON POETRY AND DRAMA IN ELEMENTARY TECHER EDUCATION PROGRAM

<p><em>The objectives of this research </em><em>we</em><em>re: (1) to describe students</em><em>’</em><em> and lecturers</em><em>’ </em><em>needs </em><em>on </em><em>poetry and drama </em><em>appreciative textbook</em><em>, (2) to describe the development of textbook model (3) to find the effectiveness of textbook </em><em>model</em><em> 4) to describe textbook dissemination. The type of research used was research </em><em>and </em><em>development. Research was done through 4 stages: (1) </em><em>exploration</em><em>, (2) model development, (3) model testing, (4) dissemination. Exploration stage used qualitative descriptive approach. Data </em><em>was collected through</em><em> in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis technique </em><em>was </em><em>interactive analysis model. </em><em>M</em><em>odel testing </em><em>was done through </em><em>experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) </em><em>the </em><em>exploration stage showed that the </em><em>poetry and drama learning </em><em>textbook used by </em><em>Elementary Teacher Education Program (ETEP) </em><em>student</em><em>sin </em><em>Surakarta </em><em>did </em><em>not </em><em>meet the </em><em>student</em><em>s’</em><em> and lecturer</em><em>s’ need</em><em>, (2) model development </em><em>stage producedappreciative poetry and drama </em><em>textbook through preliminary field testing; (3) </em><em>model </em><em>testing phase </em><em>was to test</em><em> effectiveness </em><em>of the textbook used </em><em>t-test </em><em>non-</em><em>independent technique</em><em>.It was </em><em>obtained t</em><em><sub>obtain</sub></em><em>of </em><em>23 </em><em>and </em><em>t</em><em><sub>table(</sub></em><em><sub>90; 0.05)</sub></em><em>of </em><em>1.67. Thus, t</em><em><sub>obtained</sub></em><em> (23)> t<sub>table</sub> (1.67) </em><em>which meant that</em><em> the hypothesis was accepted (Ho was rejected). In conclusion, the </em><em>Appreciative</em><em> Poetry and Drama textbook model was effectively improve students' poetry and drama appreciation skills. Dissemination was done through national seminars, article writing in international journals, as well as the publishing of an Integrative-thematic Textbook of Poetry and Drama Learning</em><em> with ISBN</em><em>.</em></p>

Uncertain policy promises

We develop a general method for analyzing the effects of macroeconomic policy promises about which the private sector is uncertain. We illustrate the method in two applications to a central bank’s ‘forward guidance’ about the path for its policy rate. We demonstrate that uncertainty about forward guidance resulting from its potential to be imperfectly credible makes it much less powerful than in textbook models. In an application to the FOMC’s ‘threshold-based’ guidance, we show that increasing the precision of the conditions under which the policy rate ‘lifts off’ from the zero bound requires a lower unemployment threshold to deliver a given amount of stimulus.

Assembly of myosin II filament arrays: Network Contraction versus Expansion.

How cellular contractile systems assemble has fascinated scientists for generations. The major molecule responsible for cellular force generation is the molecular motor, non-muscle myosin II (NMII). NMII molecules are organized into single myosin filaments and larger arrays of filaments called NMII stacks, which are capable of generating increasing amounts of force. The textbook model of NMII stack assembly is the Network Contraction Model, where ensembles of distinct NMII filaments condense into a NMII stack by pulling on actin filaments. While this model has been widely accepted for ~20 years, it has been difficult to test inside cells due to the small size of NMII filaments. Recently, interest in how NMII stacks form has been reinvigorated by the advent of super-resolution microscopy techniques which have afforded unprecedented resolution of NMII filaments inside cells. A number of recent publications using these techniques have called into question key aspects of the Network Contraction Model, and our understanding of how NMII stacks assemble.

DEVELOPMENT OF THEATER EDUCATION TEKSBOOK WITH CHARACTER EDUCATION AND LOCAL WISDOM THROUGH ACTIVE LEARNING TO IMPROVE THE STUDENTS SCRIPT WRITING ABILITY

The purpose of this study was to describe: (1) the students’ and lecturers’ needs on the Theater Education Textbook, (2) the development of the textbook model, (3) the effectiveness testing on the designed textbook, (4) the result of the textbook dissemination. The type of research used was research and development by Borg and Gall. Research was done through 4 stages: (1) exploration, (2) model development, (3) model testing, and (4) dissemination. The research approach used in the exploration stage was qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was done through documentation study, observation, in-depth interview, and questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed using interactive analysis model. Model testing was done by experimental research. The results of this research were: (1) exploration stage showed that the Theater Education Textbook used in Undergraduate Elementary Teacher Education (ETE) Program of Sebelas Maret University, Muhammadiyah University, and Slamet Riyadi University Surakarta, Indonesia did not met the students’ and lecturers’ needs, (2) the theater education textbook was developed through preliminary field testing; and (3) testing phase of textbook effectiveness was done through main field testing. The value of t-obtained was 0.17 and t-table<sub>(0.05; 173)</sub> = 1.64. Thus, the critical area {t <-1.64 or t> 1.64}. Since t-obtained (0.17)< t-table (1.64) H<sub>0</sub>: μ1 ≠μ2 was accepted. This means that the theater script writing textbook with character education and local wisdom was able to improve the students’ script writing ability.

DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIAN LANGUAGE LEARNING TEXTBOOK WITH CHARACTER EDUCATION THROUGH ACTIVE LEARNING AS AN ELEMENTARY STUDENTS’ LEARNING SOURCE

<span class="longtext"><span lang="IN">This study was aimed to: (1) describe the students’ and teachers’ needs on Indonesian language learning textbook insight with character education, (2) describe the development of Indonesian language learning textbook model, (3) test the effectiveness of the textbook, 4) to describe the result of textbook dissemination. The type of the research used was research and development proposed by Borg and Gall. This research was done through 4 stages, namely: (1) exploration, (2) model development, (3) model testing, and (4) dissemination. A qualitative descriptive approach was used in the exploratory stage. In this stage, data was collected through document study, observation, interview, and questionnaire in which then analyzed using interactive analysis model. Experimental research was used in model testing stage. The results of this research were: (1) exploration stage showed that Indonesian textbooks used in Public Elementary School 15 Surakarta, Public Elementary School 02 Kleco, and Public Elementary School 2 Sumber Surakarta had not been in accordance with the students’ and teachers’ needs, (2) Indonesian textbook was developed through preliminary field testing; and (3) model testing stage was done through experimental research in the main field testing. The value of t<sub>obtained</sub> (0.43) was lower than t<sub>table </sub>(1.64). As a result, H<sub>0</sub> was accepted and the research was stated significant. In conclusion, Indonesian language learning textbook with character education was effective to improve students' receptive skills</span></span>

DEVELOPING TEXT-BASED AND CHARACTER-BASED INDONESIAN TEXTBOOK THROUGH ACTIVE LEARNING TO IMPROVE THE SCIENTIFIC WRITING SKILL

<p>The purpose of this study was to describe (1) students’ and lecturers’needs on text-based and character-based Indonesian textbook; (2) development of text-based and character-based Indonesian textbook model; (3) the effectiveness of the textbook developed, and (4) the dissemination of the product.The method was research and development which consists of four stages, they are: (1) Exploration, (2) Model Development, (3) Model Testing, and (4) Disemination. The research approach in the exploration stage was qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was done through in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires. Data analysis technique was done by interactive analysis model. Experimental research was done in the model testing stage.The results of this study: (1) exploration stage showed that the Indonesian textbooks used in UNS, UMS, and UNISRI Surakarta, have not been in accordance with the needs of students and lecturers, (2) model development stage produced a character-based scientific writing textbook through preliminary field testing; and (3) the effectiveness testing showed that the value of t obtained was 0.17 which then compared with the value of t table (with N = 90, α = 0.05) pointing 1.64. Thus, the t-obtained (0.17) > t-table (1.64), the hypothesis was accepted (Ho was rejected) and the textbook was stated significant.This means that the text-based and character-based Indonesian textbook was effective to improve scientific writing skills.</p>

On Power Law Growth of Social Networks

What is the growth dynamics of social networks, like Facebook or WeChat? Does it truly exhibit exponential early-growth, as predicted by the celebrated models, like the Bass model? How about the dynamics of links, for which there are few published models? For the first time, we examine the growth of WeChat which is the largest online social network in China, together with several other real social networks. We observe Power-Law growth dynamics for both nodes and links, a fact that breaks the textbook models featuring Sigmoid curves. We propose NetTide , along with differential equations for the growth of nodes and links. Our model fits the growth dynamics of real social networks well; it encompasses many traditional growth dynamics as special cases, while remaining parsimonious in parameters. The NetTide for link growth is the first one of its kind, accurately fitting real data, and capturing densification phenomenon. We further formulate two stochastic generators, which interpret the growth of nodes and links through survival analysis and micro-level interactions within a social network, respectively. The proposed generators reproduce realistic growth dynamics of social networks. When applied on the WeChat data, our NetTide forecasted $\geq$ 730 days ahead with 3 percent error.

Price Level Stabilization: Hayek contra Mainstream Economics

The doctrine of beneficial effects of price level stabilization is an integral part of modern mainstream economics. In the 1920s and 1930s, Friedrich August von Hayek questioned this monetary policy regime, and stressed injection effects of the newly created money aimed at price level stabilization in the economy with expanding natural output. This paper compares the Hayekian theory with mainstream economics. A simple graphical apparatus is used to clarify major differences between the two theories. Standard textbook models are applied to show why the Hayekian approach favours secular deflation over price level stabilization which may lead to the boom-bust cycle. The next section presents New Keynesian arguments in favour of stable prices or even low inflation, and it shows why the Hayek recommendations may result in quasi-recession. The Wicksellian equation, which relates inflation gap to the real interest rate gap, is derived to reconcile the Hayek approach with the mainstream perspective. Finally, it is demonstrated that New Keynesian price rigidities might be of much lower importance when the decline in prices is caused by technological progress. A gradually falling price level is then identified as a natural response of the price system in the expanding economy.

Juicing the game design process: towards a content centric framework for understanding and teaching game design in higher education

ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to advance a framework for understanding and teaching game design in higher education, in order to address complexities inherent in teaching game design courses. Everyday teaching and learning game design often deviate from the standard textbook model of game design. In reality everyday teaching and learning operate with handling game design curriculum, how to think games, and how to organise the development process. The presented framework merge curriculum, thinking, and process guided by the game design concept of juiciness. The framework will be presented by dismantling the standard textbook model of game design into three; game design (curriculum), game design thinking (thinking), and game development (organisation). In this perspective game design is concerned with game mechanics, game design thinking preoccupied with paper prototyping, metaphor, and framing, while game developments addresses player experience including play and game testing. This article will coin vertical design as juiciness as opposed to horizontal design understood as expanding system layout. Juiciness will be placed as a guiding principle in the relationship between designers and designed content as an aspect of designer intentions and motivations. Lastly, the content centric framework will be presented by merging game design, game design thinking, game development, vertical design with selected aspects of accepted software development strategies as an approach to teaching and learning game design in higher education.