Text Zero-watermarking Research Articles

Smart-Fragile Authentication Scheme for Robust Detecting of Tampering Attacks on English Text

Content authentication, integrity verification, and tampering detection of digital content exchanged via the internet have been used to address a major concern in information and communication technology. In this paper, a text zero-watermarking approach known as Smart-Fragile Approach based on Soft Computing and Digital Watermarking (SFASCDW) is proposed for content authentication and tampering detection of English text. A first-level order of alphanumeric mechanism, based on hidden Markov model, is integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques to improve the watermark robustness of the proposed approach. The researcher uses the first-level order and alphanumeric mechanism of Markov model as a soft computing technique to analyze English text. Moreover, he extracts the features of the interrelationship among the contexts of the text, utilizes the extracted features as watermark information, and validates it later with the studied English text to detect any tampering. SFASCDW has been implemented using PHP with VS code IDE. The robustness, effectiveness, and applicability of SFASCDW are proved with experiments involving four datasets of various lengths in random locations using the three common attacks, namely insertion, reorder, and deletion. The SFASCDW was found to be effective and could be applicable in detecting any possible tampering.

A Hybrid Intelligent Text Watermarking and Natural Language Processing Approach for Transferring and Receiving an Authentic English Text Via Internet

Abstract Due to the rapid increase in the exchange of text information via internet networks, the security and the reliability of digital content have become a major research issue. The main challenges faced by researchers are authentication, integrity verification, and tampering detection of the digital contents. In this paper, a Robust English Text Watermarking and Natural Language Processing Approach (RETWNLPA) is proposed based on word mechanism and first level order of Markov model to improve the accuracy of tampering detection of sensitive English text. The RETWNLPA approach embeds and detects the watermark logically without altering the original text document. Based on the hidden Markov model (HMM), the first-level order of word mechanism is used to analyze the interrelationship between English text. The extracted features are used as watermark information and integrated with text zero-watermarking techniques. To detect eventual tampering, RETWNLPA has been implemented and validated with attacked English text. Experiments were performed on four datasets of varying sizes under random locations of common tampering attacks. The simulation results prove the tampering detection accuracy of our method against all kinds of tampering attacks. Comparison results show that RETWNLPA outperforms baseline approaches HNLPZWA (an intelligent hybrid of natural language processing and zero-watermarking approach) and ZWAFWMMM (Zero-Watermarking Approach based on Fourth level order of Word Mechanism of Markov Model) in terms of tampering detection accuracy.

Text Analysis-Based Watermarking Approach for Tampering Detection of English Text

Due to the rapid increase in the exchange of text information via internet networks, the security and the reliability of digital content have become a major research issue. The main challenges faced by researchers are authentication, integrity verification, and tampering detection of the digital contents. In this paper, text zero-watermarking and text feature-based approach is proposed to improve the tampering detection accuracy of English text contents. The proposed approach embeds and detects the watermark logically without altering the original English text document. Based on hidden Markov model (HMM), the fourth level order of the word mechanism is used to analyze the contents of the given English text to find the interrelationship between the contexts. The extracted features are used as watermark information and integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques. To detect eventual tampering, the proposed approach has been implemented and validated with attacked English text. Experiments were performed using four standard datasets of varying lengths under multiple random locations of insertion, reorder, and deletion attacks. The experimental and simulation results prove the tampering detection accuracy of our method against all kinds of tampering attacks. Comparison results show that our proposed approach outperforms all the other baseline approaches in terms of tampering detection accuracy.

An Optimized English Text Watermarking Method Based on Natural Language Processing Techniques

In this paper, the text analysis-based approach RTADZWA (Reliable Text Analysis and Digital Zero-Watermarking Approach) has been proposed for transferring and receiving authentic English text via the internet. Second level order of alphanumeric mechanism of hidden Markov model has been used in RTADZWA approach as a natural language processing to analyze the English text and extracts the features of the interrelationship between contexts of the text and utilizes the extracted features as watermark information and then validates it later with attacked English text to detect any tampering occurred on it. Text analysis and text zero-watermarking techniques have been integrated by RTADZWA approach to improving the performance, accuracy, capacity, and robustness issues of the previous literature proposed by the researchers. The RTADZWA approach embeds and detects the watermark logically without altering the original text document to embed a watermark. RTADZWA has been implemented using PHP with VS code IDE. The experimental and simulation results using standard datasets of varying lengths show that the proposed approach can obtain high robustness and better detection accuracy of tampering common random insertion, reorder, and deletion attacks, e.g., Comparison results with baseline approaches also show the advantages of the proposed approach.

A zero watermarking approach for content authentication and tampering detection of Arabic text based on fourth level order and word mechanism of Markov model

Text information is a natural language dependent. Therefore, improving security and reliability of text information exchanged via Internet network has become one of the most challenges faced by researchers. Content authentication, integrity verification and tampering detection of digital contents have become a major concern in the communication and information exchange area via the Internet.In this paper, an intelligent text Zero-Watermarking approach called ZWAFWMMM (Zero-Watermarking Approach based on Fourth level order of Word Mechanism of Markov Model) has been proposed for content authentication and tampering detection of Arabic text contents. In ZWAFWMMM, watermark embedding and tampering detection were performed logically in which no need to alter the original text document to embed a watermark. Fourth-level order of word mechanism based on hidden Markov model has been integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques to improve performance, accuracy, capacity and robustness of the previous literature proposed by researchers. Moreover, Fourth-Level order of Markov model is used as a soft computing technique for analysing Arabic text and extracting the interrelationship features from the context of a text, and then utilizing the extracted features as a watermark information to be validated later with attacked Arabic text to detect any tampering that may occur in the text.ZWAFWMMM has been implemented by using PHP with VS code IDE. Robustness, effectiveness, and applicability of ZWAFWMMM are proved with several scenarios of simulations and experiments using four datasets of different lengths under multiple random locations of insertion, reorder and deletion attacks of experimental datasets. The experiment results show that ZWAFWMMM is more sensitive for all kinds of tampering attacks with a high-level accuracy in tampering detection.

A Hybrid Intelligent Approach for Content Authentication and Tampering Detection of Arabic Text Transmitted via Internet

In this paper, a hybrid intelligent text zero-watermarking approach has been proposed by integrating text zero-watermarking and hidden Markov model as natural language processing techniques for the content authentication and tampering detection of Arabic text contents. The proposed approach known as Second order of Alphanumeric Mechanism of Markov model and Zero-Watermarking Approach (SAMMZWA). Second level order of alphanumeric mechanism based on hidden Markov model is integrated with text zero-watermarking techniques to improve the overall performance and tampering detection accuracy of the proposed approach. The SAMMZWA approach embeds and detects the watermark logically without altering the original text document. The extracted features are used as a watermark information and integrated with digital zero-watermarking techniques. To detect eventual tampering, SAMMZWA has been implemented and validated with attacked Arabic text. Experiments were performed on four datasets of varying lengths under multiple random locations of insertion, reorder and deletion attacks. The experimental results show that our method is more sensitive for all kinds of tampering attacks with high level accuracy of tampering detection than compared methods.

A Smart English Text Zero-Watermarking Approach Based on Third-Level Order and Word Mechanism of Markov Model

A Smart English Text Zero-Watermarking Approach Based on Third-Level Order and Word Mechanism of Markov Model

Enhancing fragility of zero-based text watermarking utilizing effective characters list

Text is an important medium used for sharing information worldwide. For a text document, digital watermarking is an efficient way for copyright protection, authentication, tamper proofing, to name but a few. In this paper, a zero-based watermarking approach is proposed for document authentication and tamper detection. To enhance the fragility of watermark, the proposed text watermarking approach can be comfortably utilized – based on the Effective Characters List (ECL) for watermark generation. The ECL method is generated for English text zero-watermarking by maintaining the contents of the original document and constructing the watermark by formulating the smooth transition between the selected characters in the documents. The evaluation of the proposed watermarking approach is based on three famous watermarking attacks including deletion, insertion, and reordering with an accuracy of 80.76%, 80.36%, and 88.1%, respectively. For a fair evaluation, a comparison is put forth with a recent zero-based watermarking method - clearly showing that the proposed method outperforms existing with greater accuracy.

A text zero-watermarking algorithm based on Chinese phonetic alphabets

The text watermarking is a feasible method to protect the copyright from being copied and tampered. In this paper, a text zero-watermarking algorithm is proposed based on the connection between the Chinese characters and the Chinese phonetic alphabets. According to the predefined interval threshold, the proposed algorithm extracts the characteristics of the text content by valuing on the basis of the custom of Chinese phonetic alphabets. After being chaotic transformed, the algorithm combines the text characteristics with the embedded watermarking information in the Chinese text. The experimental results show that the watermarking’s capability of preventing tampering is up to 0.1%, which demonstrates the strong robustness and resistance to aggressive behavior of the algorithm.

Lexical active attack on chaotic text zero-watermarking

The conventional steganalysis techniques does not work in zero-watermarking technology because it does not modify carrier text.However,active attack model on text zero-watermarking has not been well studied.In order to solve this problem,an active attack algorithm for text zero-watermarking was proposed.Making use of synonym substitution technology,sync-attack and birthday-attack were defined.Through combining the two active attack methods,a lexical active attack algorithm on text zero-watermarking was designed and implemented.The experimental result shows the proposed algorithm can effectively destroy zero-watermarking without modifying carrier text massively.

A Robust Text Zero-watermarking Algorithm based on Dependency Parsing

A new robust text zero-watermarking algorithm is proposed, which extracts features and generates watermark from text. The algorithm specially aims at Chinese text documents. Using Dependency Parsing, key words are extracted from the sentences including Negative Words. Then these words are encoded by Tongyici Cilin and encrypted. The encrypted string combined timestamp and author information is the generated watermark and sent to be registered in Certification Authority. When detecting watermark, we calculate the similarity between the watermark of disputed text and its watermark registered in CA. Experimental results show that the algorithm has good robustness.

Chinese Text Zero-Watermark Based on Three-dimensional Space Model

Aiming at the limitation of existing Zero- Watermark algorithm in the copyright protection, a Chinese text Zero-Watermark scenario based on three- dimensional space model was proposed. In the scenario, the three-dimensional model was constructed by using the features of high frequency words, sentence length and its weights. Afterwards, the algorithm generates a watermark based on the text abstract-set which can be extracted later by comparing the distance of each sentence point with the centre of model. In case of any copyright conflict, the extraction algorithm extracts the abstract-set from the copyright disputes text again, and by calculating the semantic distance to define original copyright owner. Furthermore, the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed algorithm was proved with algorithm simulation. The simulation results also showed that the algorithm had good robustness, especially for syntactic transfer, synonyms replacement and shear attacks occurring randomly.

Text watermarking based on text feature

The format-based text watermarking algorithm has poor robustness against format attacks,and the natural-language-based text watermarking algorithm is difficult to realize.A text zero-watermarking based on word frequency was proposed.Words were segmented and word frequency was computed.The words were sequentially extracted in threshold range of word frequency to be text feature.Text feature,watermark and secret key were registered to the information database.Watermarking detection was blind.Both Chinese and English documents with multimedia information were tested in the experiments.Experimental results demonstrate that the technique has good robustness against attacks,such as cutting,pasting and reversing.

Text zero-watermark based on use frequency of Chinese characters

Aiming at the problems of difficult embedding of Chinese text digital watermark,poor imperceptibleness and robustness and lack of watermark capacity,a zero-watermark algorithm based on use frequency of Chinese characters was presented.In this algorithm,the use frequency of Chinese characters in the text was calculated,and then combining the frequency table of commonly used Chinese characters,the text characteristic was extracted to construct a zero-watermark.According to the trait of the watermark algorithm,a correlation function was defined to fix threshold value and examine the watermark.Experimental results indicate that the watermark algorithm constructed in this way has good imperceptibleness,robustness and sufficient watermark capacity,and the constructed watermark examining algorithm based on the correlation function exhibits comparatively lower misjudging rate.