World Of Text Research Articles

Poets as children. On works of the Slovak Trnava group and the Bulgarian ‘Poets of the city’

The aim of the proposed paper is to examine how the poetic text world embodies the idea of a return to the “naïve” perception of the world. The objects of the analysis are two groups of authors – representatives of 20th century Slovak and Bulgarian literature –, which are known in the history of their national literatures as Trnava group and “poets of the city.” The first poetic formation is made up of Ján Ondruš, Ján Stacho, Jozef Mihalkovič, and Ľubomír Feldek, known also as Concretists, the second one consists of Alexander Vutimski, Alexander Gerov, Ivan Peychev, and Valeri Petrov. While the Slovak authors manifested themselves as a poetic group by publishing three manifestos, one of which called We Will Talk about Children’s Literature, the Bulgarian authors were defined as poets of the city post factum by the Bulgarian critics.The selection of these poetry formations is based on typological affinities between the two specific literary phenomena and the similarities in their national political and social contexts during their genesis. Three basic topics can be found in the works of the representatives of both Trnava group and poets of the city – objective imagery, the motif of childhood, and the image of the city. In the present paper, we focus mainly on the use of objective imagery in the process of returning to childhood, which some of the poets’ texts depict. We also look at one of the main themes in their works, which both literary groups inherit from their antecedents in their literatures – everydayness. In this light, the poets of the city are related to the poetry of the Bulgarian writer Atanas Dalchev, while the Slovak authors follow the path chosen by the Czech poetry group Květen and their concept of “poetry of every day.”Through a close reading of selected works of the Slovak Trnava group and the Bulgarian “poets of the city”, we look at the process of engaging the senses in poetry. The main texts chosen for the analysis areA Play for Your Blue Eyes written by Ľubomír Feldek and Tom Thumb by Valeri Petrov. Their poems are based on a return to childhood and sensual concreteness. We examine how the writers stylize the perceived world in opposition to the “ready-made” ideas the socialist realism offers. Both groups of authors choose a new aesthetic formula that roots in portraying the objective world. The topic is represented in light of Maurice Merleau-Ponty’s reflection on the literary use of language.

A tulajdonnevek műfajépítő szerepe a Sorsod Borsod című regionális krimiben

The paper aims to show the role of proper names in defining the novel Sorsod Borsod [‘Borsod is Your Fate’] as a regional crime novel. A further objective is to demonstrate how proper names are used to connect the text of this literary work to the elements of reality and to examine the role played by the reader’s competence in naming practices when distinguishing between fictional and real-life names. The paper provides a brief overview of the source text, outlining the genre-specific characteristics of regional crime fiction. It presents the framework in which the proper names of the novel are analysed. Then, it examines the relationship between the fictional names and the genre-specific characteristics of the novel (representations of topographical features, stereotypes, local spaces and persons). The comprehensive analysis of names encompasses place names, institutional names, personal names, animal names, and other types of names of the region depicted in this crime fiction. The paper examines the presence of ethno-stereotypes in personal names and suggests that proper names may serve as regional labels. The analysis concludes that the novel is dominated by fictional place names that link the textual world to the real world. Moreover, a significant proportion of the surnames in the novel are fictional names reflecting the settlement names of the real-world region. The author has clearly made an effort to follow real-world name patterns in all types of names. The paper states that proper names in this work play an important role in building up the genre of the regional crime novel, as they contribute to the representation of regional particularities rather than to the plot, period or characterisation in the novel.

Comic timing in prose fiction

Abstract This article explores the perception of comic timing effects in prose fiction and the involvement of this effect in a reader’s ability to recognise and appreciate humour. It suggests that the effect of comic timing, generally, results from perceived changes in pace rather than absolute timing. In a written text, a comic timing effect can be constructed linguistically through changes in perceived narrative urgency. In the passages analysed here, this change is from a state of impeded urgency, where textual features that encourage a sense of pace are combined with features that diminish this, to a state where the impediment to urgency is removed. This corresponds with and contributes to the reader’s sense of emergence from the text world, a positional shift that encourages their sense of sharing humour with the author.

London in the Novels by Robert Galbraith: a text-world perspective

The Strike series of contemporary crime fiction novels by Robert Galbraith exhibits an abundance of descriptions of real-life London. The aim of this article is to explore their functions in the context of the author’s works. Characteristic properties of the cityscapes in the novels are the merged perspectives of the omniscient narrator and a character, foregrounded details, contrasts in images and attitudes, and the use of metaphor and personification. Text World Theory allows us to explain how they aid in constructing mental representations, or text-worlds, of the city and examine functions fulfilled by the depictions of London in R. Galbraith’s fiction: (1) emphasising connectedness between the discourse- and text-worlds, (2) creating an atmospheric background, (3) broadening readers’ understanding of characters, (4) making London a character in its own right, (5) advancing the story. The first function is typical of all the text-worlds analysed; it indicates the real-world nature of fictional information as a distinctive feature of the Strike series.

Смысловые замены и субъективная зависимость в двуязычной текстовой коммуникации

The target text is considered a personal (translation) projection of the source text specially created by its translator for secondary readers belonging to the system of the target language. Thus, translators take into account secondary readers’ conceptual systems. At the same time, translators interpret the source text nearly in the same way primary readers from the system of the source language do it. Translators’ image of the really existing World and the text World determines both the choice of translation equivalents and substitutions and the implementation of situation components from the text World. N-multiplicity of translations is influenced not only by psychological, cognitive, and socio-cultural factors, but also by translators’ attitudes, because of which they begin to attribute actual (or currently actualised) meanings to the source text while performing semantic substitutions. All added meanings can transform and / or modify the text World created by its author. The purpose of the article is to show how the principle of semantic substitutions and the principle of subjective dependence (terms of A.A. Zalevskaya) influence the (re)construction of the text World done by translators. The study is based on the analysis of translations of works by Russian writers into English and translations of works by English writers into Russian.

Epistemische Architekturen von Texten

In the article, I propose that considering established concepts from text linguistics, such as propositions and text worlds, more systematically can be fruitful for a discourse pragmatic analysis that aims to describe knowledge constitution. Drawing from the model proposed by Werth (1999) in his text-world theory, I introduce the concept of epistemic architecture and demonstrate its usefulness by closely analyzing two texts from the discourse on pesticide use in Germany. The analysis shows differences in the integration of relevant propositions into the epistemic architecture that can be interpreted as meaningful when trying to understand discursive knowledge constitution.

“I’ve Read You Right—I’m With You Now”: Aesthetic Reading in Virginia Woolf's Metafictional Short Stories

“I’ve read you right—I’m with you now”: Aesthetic Reading in Virginia Woolf’s Metafictional Short Stories. Despite critical interest in Virginia Woolf’s intense preoccupation with the imaginative process at the root of literary creation, little attention has been paid to the manner in which, through metafiction, the writer turns her short stories into reflections upon the nature of reading. In works such as “An Unwritten Novel” (1921) and “The Lady in the Looking-Glass. A Reflection” (1926), the boundaries between literature and criticism, between fiction and reality, take center stage and it is precisely this point of convergence that metafictional works take as subject matter. Thus, Virginia Woolf’s ‘character-reading’ makes its way into her stories and the author’s critical stance upon the act of reading, revealed primarily in her essays, is now transmitted thematically through characters who appropriate the readers’ active construction of meaning while living in the same textual world inhabited by the fictitious characters they ardently wish to interpret. Through the advancement of a specific type of reading: active, emotive, empathetic, fluid, inquisitive, intimate and indeterminate, yet always close to the text it is engaged with, Virginia Woolf may be said to prefigure the type of transactional reader-response criticism underpinned by Louise Rosenblatt, whose insistence upon aesthetic reading calls for a two-way transmission of meaning that is simultaneously constitutive of the literary work and of the reader’s self. Keywords: Virginia Woolf, metafiction, aesthetic reading, short story, reader-response criticism, Louise Rosenblatt

Chinese primers along the north-western frontier

Abstract By the second half of the first millennium CE, a substantial body of texts written in Literary Sinitic developed into a shared repertoire of writings throughout Central and East Asia. In no small part, this was the result of the spread of Buddhism, which, in many regions, was adopted in its Sinitic form and relied on Chinese versions of the scriptures. As part of the means to cope with Sinitic Buddhist texts, most states also adopted a range of auxiliary texts, including primers and dictionaries. While modern scholarship has directed substantial attention at the participation of Japan, Korea, and Vietnam in the world of Sinitic texts, it has placed much less emphasis on the western and north-western regions of what is now China. This article attempts to redress the imbalance and demonstrate not only that, at one point, Inner Asian states actively participated in the Sinographic world, but also that they did this through a similar process of adaptation to that documented elsewhere. Primers played a special role in this, in that they had a more immediate connection with the core competency of reading and writing.

Согласованность читателей при разметке элементов текстовых миров в корпусе TextWorlds

From the perspective of Text World Theory, narratives contain elements (indications of time, place, characters, etc.) that can be automatically identified and compared to establish versions of events and similar plots based on these elements. We have annotated a corpus of fairy tales and short stories, TextWorlds, and discovered that raters do not always agree on whether a particular word refers to a character, time, or place of action. The aim of the research is to determine the degree of inter-rater agreement regarding the position of these narrative categories in the text. The practical task of the research is to assess the reliability of the annotation that will be used to train algorithms for automatically identifying text worlds. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that we are specifically studying the degree of agreement, whereas in other works, agreement is taken for granted, and if raters disagree with each other, it is perceived as an error by one of the raters or the annotation procedure. In this paper, we present the results of two expert agreement metrics: percent agreement and Krippendorff’s alpha. The obtained results for these metrics show that agreement regarding different elements varies depending on the work and sometimes reaches an average level, sufficient to speak of the reliability of the annotation.

Witnessing Con/Text(s) and Narrativizing Subjectivities: Rhetorical Questions in Atef Abu Saif’s The Drone Eats with Me: A Gaza Diary

ABSTRACT This paper studies the rhetorical questions posed by Atef Abu Saif in his work The Drone Eats with Me: A Gaza Diary (2016). By engaging the theoretical position of Paul John Eakin’s witnessing eye and narrative ‘I’, a framework that emphasises the role of the author as a witness and narrative ‘I’ as a tool for expression, this article analyses witnessing, the consequent development of rhetorical questions, and their impact and interplay. It argues that Eakin’s take on witnessing eye and narrative ‘I’ helps foreground the importance of such questions through the generic scope of life narratives, amplifying its representational range in the recent socio-political and literary landscape. The rhetorical questions in the Diary become performative speech acts that communicate the larger contextual significance beyond the textual world. The situatedness of the narrator, Abu Saif, in Gaza and the position of questions in the text instigate a complex interplay of texts and contexts. The autobiographical efficacy of the respective text, contexts, and the symbolic potential of individual and collective bodies are examined in this article to study these questions. Consequently, this analysis significantly contributes to the fields of witnessing and rhetorical questioning in life narratives, thereby enriching wider academic discussions.

A COGNITIVE STYLISTIC STUDY OF EPITHET SYSTEM IN COLSON WHITEHEAD’S FANTASY

Attempts by cognitive stylists to explain readers' comprehension of literary texts face a significant challenge in bridging the author's and reader's worlds. Attempting to clarify the conceptual space that links the different discourse realms to the author-reader levels of interpretation is something that Werth (1999) does. This method offers a fresh perspective on how we think about writing and reading. When it comes to interpreting literature using language models, cognitive stylistics goes farther than conventional stylistic accounting. It examines reading experiences, both comparable and different, by applying concepts from cognitive science regarding the mind, language, and the world. The purpose of this research is to examine Colson Whitehead's chosen novel through the lens of cognitive stylistic devices, with a focus on the impact of mental spaces on meaning interpretation. The poet's worldview can be better conceptualized through the use of these mental spaces in the construction of grammars. Not only are they utilized to model dynamic mapping in language and mind, but they also interact and aid in the integration of concepts throughout production. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative method with the model of Text World Theory by Werth (1999). The study concludes that Text World Theory is used in a novel to describe the characters' lives in various locations, such as subways, kill fields, refuges, colleges, and streets. The protagonist's solitude, paralysis, and senseless state are depicted through the use of pronouns like 'he', 'they/routes', and 'it/gray'. The characters' world is described as tedious, paralyzed, and a gloomy environment. The epithets, which are adjectives and nouns, describe the protagonist's life in a dark, gloomy environment filled with corpses, bad smells, and crazy activities. These epithets help to convey the complexities of the characters' lives and the complexities of their world.

Pedagogical Stylistics: Teaching isiXhosa Poetry at Further Education Training Phase Using Text World Theory Approach

This article explores the integration of pedagogical stylistics, specifically text world theory, into the teaching of isiXhosa poetry in the Further Education and Training (FET) phase. IsiXhosa, one of South Africa’s official languages, possesses a rich poetic tradition that is deeply rooted in its culture and history. However, the effective transmission of the cultural significance and literary aesthetics of isiXhosa poetry to FET learners is challenging, because of limited availability of culturally relevant pedagogical methodologies. In this paper, we propose a novel approach, by incorporating pedagogical stylistics, a cross-disciplinary field that combines stylistic analysis and education theory into the teaching of isiXhosa poetry. In particular, the text world theory, developed by Werth, was utilised as an analytical framework, and an IsiXhosa poem was used as a model. The study adopted a qualitative-argumentation approach to analyse Chief Markers’ Reports for the subject IsiXhosa Home Language regarding the performance of Grade 12 learners in the poetry section of this subject. The reports range from 2019 to 2022 and contain both quantitative and qualitative assessments. According to the reports, learners’ scores are low and some fail the poetry section, which makes up 37.5% of the total mark of the literature paper in IsiXhosa Home Language. According to the Chief Markers’ Reports, learners struggle to understand word meanings, context and textual meaning and they lack knowledge of literary and poetic devices. The findings of the study indicate that the text world theory approach can be useful to enhance learners’ engagement with isiXhosa poetry, by encouraging them to participate actively in constructing meaning through their cultural and linguistic experiences. Moreover, the pedagogical stylistics approach facilitates the appreciation of poetic devices, themes and socio cultural contexts, which leads to a deeper understanding and connection with isiXhosa literary heritage.

A Study of Donne's Poetry in Postcolonial Feminist Perspective: To His Mistress Going to Bed

To His Mistress Going to Bed is a love poem by John Donne, a British metaphysical poet. The poem describes the process in which the male protagonist seduces the female protagonist. Most critics focus on the mystical metaphor of Donne as a poet, but lack attention to the underlying significance of this poem. This article analyzes the female subject in poetry based on the theory of postcolonial feminism, revealing that the female subject in the poem is in a state of being banned by mainstream Western society, suppressed by patriarchal society, and colonized. It studies the issue of identity loss and identity construction of female subjects; This article also explores the social background and cultural colonization of the Elizabethan and James I eras in which the poet lived, and the subtle influence of colonial consciousness on the poet and his poetry. Ultimately, it is concluded that John Donne constructed a textual world of "others" through the poetic text in the process of creating this poem. This paper provides a new perspective for the study of postcolonial feminism and helps to drive people to engage in new reflections.

Tekstowy świat oryginału i przekładu – konfrontacyjna lektura dwutekstów medialnych (perspektywa dydaktyka)

THE TEXTUAL WORLD OF THE ORIGINAL TEXT AND ITS TRANSLATION. THE COM­PARATIVE READING OF MEDIA TEXTS FROM A TEACHING PERSPECTIVE From the perspective of a researcher and educator, the comparative reading of media texts – original texts and their translations – calls for making an attempt to investigate relations between the reality presented in them. The translator’s (and the editor’s or publisher’s) choices modify the original text in both its content and form and influence the perception of the translated text. Using examples of media texts in Russian and their translations into Polish, the author demonstrates that possible deviations from the original textual reality are important from the point of view of the interpretation and competence of the receiver. From the perspective of teaching the translation of media texts, attention should be paid to the specificity of media texts as well as to the specificity of their translations.

Memahami Aliran Khawarij, Qadariah, dan Jabariah

This article aims to see how history emerged, the main teachings and figures of the Kalam science school, namely: Khawarij, Qdariah and Jabariah. These three schools are schools that emerged in Islam and have different teaching principles. The method in this research is library research by collecting research data from literature and using the world of texts as the main material for analysis. Other relevant sources can also support and enrich the data needed using books by Islamic scholars. The results of this research show that the emergence of the khawarij was as people who left Ali's ranks, where the initial emergence of the khawarij was due to political events, namely the appointment of the Caliph. The main teachings of the khawarij were to disbelieve those who accepted the tahkim event. Furthermore, the teachings of the sect, while the Qdariah and Jabariah schools initially emerged due to the problem of divine destiny, the first understanding, namely the Qdariah understanding, they argue that humans can determine actions, while the Jabariah believes that in essence humans do not have a will, but are only forced to do so.

Toward an Embodied Theory of Understanding Literary Text

In this article, I aim to theorize and formulate the understanding of literary text within an Embodied Cognitive Approach. After sketching out the analyses of literary text understanding conducted within the framework of the so-called Common Cognitive Approach, I will proceed to point out their shortcomings. I will then lay the scientific foundations of the Embodied Theory of Understanding Literary Text (ETULT) by referring to direct and indirect evidence from neurology, psychology and so on. I will introduce ETULT in detail, with the help of evidence from fiction, Dante's Divine Comedy. I will also delineate the outlines of some field studies for the future, through developing questionnaires and brain scans (fMIR and EEG). In short, ETULT asserts that understanding literary texts is an embodied act, occurring processually on two levels of representation: Schematic and Embodied (The Two-Layered Representation Hypothesis or TLRH). Upon encountering a literary text, the reader forms a Blended Mediated World which is a fusion of the Text World and the Readerly World (The Blended Mediated World Hypothesis or BMWH). Within this mixed world, while those projected parts from the Text World which correspond with sensorimotor experiences of the reader are understood in an embodied way, the parts that lack embodied equivalence in the reader's sensorimotor experience function as Perceian Representamens, setting the reader in search of relevant Objects of Signs, which occur in the form of sensorimotor experiences (The Object-Search Hypothesis or OSH). The reader then becomes involved in a cycle of coming and going movements between the literary text and the socio-physical environment, demonstrating thus the processual nature of embodied understanding.

Besedilni svet Daneta Zajca

The aim of this article is to show a cognitive and stylistic analysis of poetry written by Dane Zajc. This is a type of analysis focused on textual worlds as cognitive constructs produced as a result of the interaction between the receiver and the text. On the basis of inferences conditioned by the text and the receivers' previous knowledge and experience of the world in which they live, it is possible to deepen and expand comprehension of text formation. In addition, this is an expansion and improvement of linguistic and stylistic analyses.

Literary Criticism Based on the Theory of Information Dissemination-The Spiritual Recasting of Cast Swords in Moonlight Chopping

Abstract By reading and analyzing Moonlight Chopping and Cast Swords meticulously, this study reveals the polysemous textual world constituted by these two works, covering the mockery of dystopian realities, the inheritance of the spirit of vengeance, as well as the profound reverence for the essence of life. Web crawler technology is employed to obtain the textual content of Moonlight Chopping and Cast Swords, and the data is pre-processed. A corpus is constructed using a lexical algorithm. The in-depth extraction of thematic linguistic features of the two works is realized by combining Gibbs sampling and EM algorithm to accurately estimate the parameters of the LDA topic model. It is found that Moonlight Chopping and Cast Swords show significant correlation on the story and ideological level, but apparent differences in story focus, expression form and aesthetic style. Specifically, the average sentence length of Moonlight Chopping is only 1.18 units longer than Cast Swords. At the same time, its STTR value is only about 4.3% higher than Cast Swords, indicating that Moonlight Chopping has successfully achieved subtle thematic differences while maintaining the vengeful narrative style of Cast Swords, demonstrating a profound transformation of traditional culture and historical continuity.

KURT VONNEGUT’IN SLAUGHTERHOUSE FIVE ROMANINDA ANLATI STRATEJİLERİNDEKİ SAPMANIN BİLİŞSEL POETİKA ANALİZİ

The discipline of literary theory and criticism has undergone a paradigm shift in the way it has attempted to address the concerns linked to the nature of literature in tandem with cognitive revolution. Cognitive poetics, which has emerged as a result of this paradigm change in literary criticism, aims to comprehend the procedures involved in the production and reception of literary language by bringing insights from disciplines like psychology, linguistics, and stylistics. In this article Kurt Vonnegut’s Slaughterhouse Five has been analysed with text world theory, figure-ground theory, and schemata theory which are three analysis methods in cognitive poetics. After the introduction, some information about the main tenets of cognitive poetics has been provided and the aforementioned three cognitive poetic methods have been briefly explained. In the analysis part, Slaughterhouse Five has been analyzed with these three methods. It has been observed that the novel shows significant variance in terms of world creation and layering from the classical novel. Along with this variation, it has been seen that the figures and grounds have been manipulated and literary schemata have been restructured in Slaughterhouse Five to present the bombardment of Dresden in a novel way.

Концептуальні виміри німецького магічного реалізму

The article outlines the vectors of methodological research of magical realism and identifies the differential features of this literary phenomenon in the theoretical discourse of German literary criticism. The author of the article focuses on the ambivalence of German magical realism, caused by the combination in magical realist texts of two inherently opposite ways of depicting reality – realistic and irreal. In magical realist texts, the magical appeal of reality is emphasized, when the objects of reality only hint at the existence of another world beyond it, acquiring a numinous aureole in the aesthetic focus of realism. The specificity of magical realism lies in its heterogeneity, and therefore requires the appropriate selection of methodological tools that would open the way to the world of magical realist texts, which in many cases has a multi-level structure with polysemantic content. Special attention within the context of the conceptualization of magical realism is paid to the semiotic model of “double conditioning” by A. Koschorke and the concept of “ruderal space” by B. Schaefer. In conclusion, the author emphasizes that magical realism demonstrates the synergistic effect of the emergence of a certain new artistic space with hidden deep meanings and elliptical structures that form the semantic polyphony of the text with a variable multiplicity of meanings. Through liminality and transgression, the semantic potential of the magical is activated, aimed at overcoming the boundary between the immanent and transcendent worlds.