Text Steganography Method Research Articles

Analisis Daya Tahan Keamanan Data Pada Steganografi Berbasis Teks Dalam Struktur Kalimat Bahasa Indonesia

Data security in text-based steganography needs to be analyzed in depth to ensure the sustainability and security of the method. The purpose of this research is to analyze the durability of data security in text-based steganography. The analysis approach consists of steps to identify and evaluate the vulnerability of text steganography methods with Indonesian sentence patterns. The first step is to review previous relevant work in this field to understand the vulnerabilities that have been identified previously. The text insertion model carried out is dictionary-based as many as 1,929 words which are divided into seven-word classes that correspond to sentence patterns in Indonesian, namely adj (adjective), adv (adverb), nom (noun), num (numeral), par (particle), pro (pronominal) and ver (verb). Each word class is organized into sentence patterns and each has the same bit length of eight bits. The results of the durability analysis show that input data with a length of one word still can be hacked if the message insertion process with a choice of short sentence patterns. Whereas with a choice of sentence patterns that are more than two words it will start to be difficult to hack and even cannot be hacked because the number of possibilities is very large and even infinite or infinity.

CovertSYS: A systematic covert communication approach for providing secure end-to-end conversation via social networks

While encryption can prevent unauthorized access to a secret message, it does not provide undetectability of covert communications over the public network. Implementing a highly latent data exchange, especially with low eavesdropping/discovery probability, is challenging for practical scenarios, such as social and political movements in authoritarian regimes, military operations, and privacy preservation. Moreover, the current literature suffers from a low embedding capacity and monolingual applicability, limiting the amount of hiding secret data within short text messages using state-of-the-art algorithms, e.g., linguistic-based, structural-based, or coverless-based solutions. In this paper, we present a systematic covert communication technique called CovertSYS that enables a multilingual secure end-to-end conversation via messaging or social network platforms. The CovertSYS functions by encrypting a confidential message using a multi-factor authentication scheme and converting the encoded binary data into hidden Unicode symbols to be transmitted under cover of short text messages. We then conduct extensive experiments to confirm the security and validity of the proposed technique against state-of-the-art approaches. Our experimental results show that the CovertSYS provides a superior mean performance of 91.53% by improving the criteria scores: embedding capacity rate of 100%, imperceptibility rate of 76.4%, and distortion robustness rate of 98.2%. Finally, we discuss the practical implications of the proposed technique compared to the existing text steganography methods.

Performance Review of Feature-Based Method in Implementation Text Steganography Approach

Steganography is part of information hiding as the knowledge in science system that covers confidential messages via text, image, audio and video. Many researchers’ effort implemented steganography in the text domain using the feature-based method concerning uniqueness letters to embed that conceal the hidden message. This paper intends to review the achievement performance that is used in feature-based method. This paper aim to concern specifically on performance of robustness, security and capacity in implementation feature-based method of text steganography. Therefore, this paper reviews the implementation some performance that achieve by previous researcher in developing feature-based method of text steganography.

A Coverless Text Steganography by Encoding the Chinese Characters' Component Structures

The current coverless text steganography methods have a low steganographic capacity, and yet some of them cannot assure a message can be concealed. How to achieve a high steganographic capacity has become the research hotspot in text steganography. This paper proposes a text coverless steganography method by encoding the Chinese characters’ component structures. Its main idea is that a binary bit string can be conveyed by the Chinese characters’ component structures. The positions of Chinese characters that carry a secret message will be expressed in two systems of the linear remainder equations, whose solutions will be secretly sent to the receiver to extract the secret message. In the method, a single Chinese character can express p bits. The analyses and statistics show that its capacity will be much higher when the same Chinese character is used more than once than existing methods, and it can conceal any message successfully. In addition, this method can also be employed in other languages.

New Text Steganography Technique based on Multilayer Encoding with Format-Preserving Encryption and Huffman Coding

Steganography is the process of hiding secret data inside other media or cover media. Balancing the requirements for capacity, security, and imperceptibility is the main challenge for any successful steganography system. In text steganography, the data hiding capacity is limited because of the lack of redundant data compared to other digital media, such as images, video, or audio. Other challenges in text steganography are imperceptibility and security. Poor imperceptibility results from the structure of the text file, which is more visually apparent in terms of syntax and grammar than in other media. Low level of security results from the sequential selection of positions for embedding secret data due to insufficient redundant data in a text file. Therefore, an attacker or a third party would notice slight changes in the text file. This paper proposes a new text steganography method that combines cryptography and compression techniques to deal with these issues. This technique is used to conceal secret data to achieve high data hiding capacity in the cover text while maintaining security and imperceptibility. Multilayer encoding and Format-Preserving Encryption (FPE) with Huffman Coding, are applied to secret data before embedding. Invisible Unicode characters are employed to embed secret data into English text files to generate stego files. Results show that the proposed method satisfies capacity and imperceptibility in the cover file by comparing it with previously developed methods.

A Coverless Text Steganography by Encoding the Chinese Characters’ Component Structures

The current coverless text steganography methods have a low steganographic capacity, and yet some of them cannot assure a message can be concealed. How to achieve a high steganographic capacity has become the research hotspot in text steganography. This paper proposes a text coverless steganography method by encoding the Chinese characters’ component structures. Its main idea is that a binary bit string can be conveyed by the Chinese characters’ component structures. The positions of Chinese characters that carry a secret message will be expressed in two systems of the linear remainder equations, whose solutions will be secretly sent to the receiver to extract the secret message. In the method, a single Chinese character can express p bits. The analyses and statistics show that its capacity will be much higher when the same Chinese character is used more than once than existing methods, and it can conceal any message successfully. In addition, this method can also be employed in other languages.

Review on feature-based method performance in text steganography

The implementation of steganography in text domain is one the crutial issue that can hide an essential message to avoid the intruder. It is caused every personal information mostly in medium of text, and the steganography itself is expectedly as the solution to protect the information that is able to hide the hidden message that is unrecognized by human or machine vision. This paper concerns about one of the categories in steganography on medium of text called text steganography that specifically focus on feature-based method. This paper reviews some of previous research effort in last decade to discover the performance of technique in the development the feature-based on text steganography method. Then, ths paper also concern to discover some related performance that influences the technique and several issues in the development the feature-based on text steganography method.

Traid-bit embedding process on Arabic text steganography method

The enormous development in the utilization of the Internet has driven by a continuous improvement in the region of security. The enhancement of the security embedded techniques is applied to save the intellectual property. There are numerous types of security mechanisms. Steganography is the art and science of concealing secret information inside a cover media such as image, audio, video and text, without drawing any suspicion to the eavesdropper. The text is ideal for steganography due to its ubiquity. There are many steganography embedded techniques used Arabic language to embed the hidden message in the cover text. Kashida, Shifting Point and Sharp-edges are the three Arabic steganography embedded techniques with high capacity. However, these three techniques have lack of performance to embed the hidden message into the cover text. This paper present about traid-bit method by integrating these three Arabic text steganography embedded techniques. It is an effective way to evaluate many embedded techniques at the same time, and introduced one solution for various cases.

Text steganography in webometrics

In the age of technology and science advancement, even powerful governments are not immune from hackers and spies’ influence. Their most important and sensitive information is always being heard and subject to disclosure. Steganography is one of the main ways to improve security and data protection when transferring data over the Web. Steganography’s primary purpose is to convey messages in communication channels through text, image, audio, and video. From the above media, the text files usually use less memory for storage. Text-based steganography methods can be used in Web page texts and plain texts. In Web, the possibility of broadcasting texts (e.g., HTML codes and Hashtags in Social networks) with and without hidden information is the same. It means that the provided steganography system has high security and a Web pages’ viewer cannot realize what hidden information has been transmitted. To hide text, one can refer to the various methods, such as blank space, feature repetition, and the arrangement of elements on Web pages. In these methods, the secret message is hidden using the Web pages’ properties in the code or in the content. In this research, to increase the security of Persian messages transmitting on the networks, some text steganography methods are proposed. Experiments show the performance of the proposed methods.

STBS-Stega: Coverless text steganography based on state transition-binary sequence

Information-hiding technology has recently developed into an area of significant interest in the field of information security. As one of the primary carriers in steganography, it is difficult to hide information in texts because there is insufficient information redundancy. Traditional text steganography methods are generally not robust or secure. Based on the Markov chain model, a new text steganography approach is proposed that focuses on transition probability, one of the most important concepts of the Markov chain model. We created a state transition-binary sequence diagrams based on the aforementioned concepts and used them to guide the generation of new texts with embedded secret information. Compared to other related works, the proposed method exploits the use of the transition probability in the process of steganographic text generation. The associated developed algorithm also encrypts the serial number of the state transition-binary sequence diagram needed by the receiver to extract the information, which further enhances the security of the steganography information. Experiments were designed to evaluate the proposed model. The results revealed that the model had higher concealment and hidden capacity compared to previous methods.

Multi-keywords carrier-free text steganography method based on Chinese Pinyin

By combining big data with the characteristics of steganography, carrier-free steganography was proposed to resist all the steganalysis attacks. A novel method named multi-keywords carrier-free text steganography method based on Chinese Pinyin is introduced in this paper. In the proposed method, the hidden tags are selected from the Pinyin combinations of two words. In the process of information hiding, the part of speech (POS) is used for hiding the number of keywords. Also, the redundancy of hidden tags in extraction process is eliminated by ensuring the uniqueness of each hidden tag in each stego-text. Meanwhile, the way of joint retrieval is used for hiding multi-keywords. Experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance in the hiding capacity, the success rate of hiding, the extraction accuracy and the time efficiency with appropriate hidden tags and large-scale of the big text data.

Multi-keywords carrier-free text steganography method based on Chinese Pinyin

By combining big data with the characteristics of steganography, carrier-free steganography was proposed to resist all the steganalysis attacks. A novel method named multi-keywords carrier-free text steganography method based on Chinese Pinyin is introduced in this paper. In the proposed method, the hidden tags are selected from the Pinyin combinations of two words. In the process of information hiding, the part of speech (POS) is used for hiding the number of keywords. Also, the redundancy of hidden tags in extraction process is eliminated by ensuring the uniqueness of each hidden tag in each stego-text. Meanwhile, the way of joint retrieval is used for hiding multi-keywords. Experimental results show that the proposed method has good performance in the hiding capacity, the success rate of hiding, the extraction accuracy and the time efficiency with appropriate hidden tags and large-scale of the big text data.

Coverless Text Hiding Method Based on Improved Evaluation Index and One-Bit Embedding

In the field of information hiding, text is less redundant, which leads to less space to hide information and challenging work for researchers. Based on the Markov chain model, this paper proposes an improved evaluation index and onebit embedding coverless text steganography method. In the steganography process, this method did not simply take the transition probability as the optimization basis of the steganography model, but combined it with the sentence length in the corresponding nodes in the model to gauge sentence quality. Based on this, only two optimal conjunctions of the current words are retained in the method to generate sentences of higher quality. Because the size of the training text dataset is generally large, this leads to higher complexity of the steganographic model; hence, fewer repetitions of the generated steganographic sentences occur. Different datasets and methods were selected to test the quality of the model. The results indicate that our method can achieve higher hiding capacity and has better concealment capability.

Research on Coverless Text Steganography Based on Single Bit Rules

Text steganography has become a hotspot in the field of information security in recent years. As an important steganographic carrier, text does not have the advantage that other multimedia could easily use more redundancy to hide information. Traditional methods were realized by changing the appearance attributes of text or by equivalent replacement based on grammar and semantics, but there were some shortcomings more or less. Based on Markov chain model, this paper proposed a coverless text steganography method. In order to enhance the effect of steganography, the method focused on the most important concepts in Markov model, the transition probability, and guided the generation of steganographic text based on it. The relevant experiments were designed to evaluate the model. The experimental results showed that the model had higher concealment and hiding capacity.

An Electronic Lattice Construction Method Based on Game Padding

The concealment, the steganography success rate, and the steganographic capacity are key performance indicators to text steganography. The existing text steganography methods still have a low steganographic capacity, some syntactic or semantic ambiguity problems to some extent. We propose an electronic lattice construction method based on a padding game to hide a secret message. This method first computes the length of a secret message and a key is worked out based on the length; the walking rule, the constraints to a hidden path, the initial size of a grid and the starting cell are determined based on the key and a unique hidden path can be figured out for the given secret; then the secret message is stored in the cells along the unique path and all the remaining cells in the grid are filled according to the padding game rules, which helps to obscure that secret message; finally, elements in some cells are removed to get the crossword that will be shared with the receiver. To extract the message, the receiver fills the crossword according to the same game rules as the sender does, and calculates that unique hidden path based on the shared key. The experimental results and analyses show that its concealment is prominent, its steganography success rate is 100%, and it has a high steganographic capacity. It also has no readability issue as the steganography by generation usually does.

A method of syntactic text steganography based on modification of the document-container aprosh

A method of syntactic text steganography based on modification of the document-container aprosh

Stego Keys Performance on Feature Based Coding Method in Text Domain

A main critical factor on embedding process in any text steganography method is a key used known as stego key. This factor will be influenced the success of the embedding process of text steganography method to hide a message from third party or any adversary. One of the important aspects on embedding process in text steganography method is the fitness performance of the stego key. Three parameters of the fitness performance of the stego key have been identified such as capacity ratio, embedded fitness ratio and saving space ratio. It is because a better as capacity ratio, embedded fitness ratio and saving space ratio offers of any stego key; a more message can be hidden. Therefore, main objective of this paper is to analyze three features coding based namely CALP, VERT and QUAD of stego keys in text steganography on their capacity ratio, embedded fitness ratio and saving space ratio. It is found that CALP method give a good effort performance compared to VERT and QUAD methods.

A text steganography method based on Markov chains

A new method of text steganography based on Markov chains of different orders that allows the introduction of hidden information in texts is presented together with test results of a software solution which generate texts with a good approximation to the natural language model.

Steganography Between Silence Intervals of Audio in Video Content Using Chaotic Maps

Steganography is the art of hiding data, in such a way that it is undetectable under traffic-pattern analysis and the data hidden is only known to the receiver and the sender. In this paper, new method of text steganography over the silence interval of audio in a video file is presented. In the proposed method, first the audio signal is extracted from the video. After doing audio enhancement, the data on the audio signal are steganographed using new technique and then audio signal is rewritten in video file. To enhance the security level, we apply chaotic maps on arbitrary text. Furthermore, the algorithm in this paper gives a technique which states that undetectable stegotext and cover text have same probability distribution and no statistical test can detect the presence of the hidden message. Moreover, hidden message does not affect the transmission rate of video file at all.

The Security of Arithmetic Compression Based Text Steganography Method

Security of a modern design of steganography on lossless compression is studied in this paper. Investigation of a set of methods presented here indicates that there are various approaches to establish a hidden and safe relationship with the minimum cost for text files. Although, steganography of information in text is one of the most difficult areas of steganography, many efforts were made in this regard. With regard to the spread of this category and existence of wide volume of approaches, this paper deals with comparison and evaluation of steganography security by a statistical compression method called arithmetic coding and other methods of text steganography. Moreover, this method is available for audio-visual and video files. In addition, stego key was placed in a format that it would not arouse any suspicions. It is notable that this new method of steganography or rewriting and syntactic and semantic review does not reveal the secret message and results in 82.88% improvement in security. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v3i6.4068