Text Says Research Articles

Reading Scripture in Latin America: An Evangelical Perspective From the Grassroots

This essay illustrates the practices, methods, and commitments of New Testament interpreters in Latin America. The first section provides a theoretical framework and the second section provides an example of the kind of interpretation Latin American scholars practice, focused on the Gospel of John, specifically John 9. The main thesis of the essay is that New Testament interpreters in Latin America focus both on hearing God and practising the mission of God to all people. There are particular methods that best serve this interpretive purpose. Such methods focus on the text and on understanding history for the sake of engagement with the text. The role of the reader is not so much to define beforehand what a text says or to find passages that serve a particular purpose, but to engage with the many contexts that make a text what it is, with the aim to hear the God who is behind the text.

On Artificial and Post-artificial Texts: Machine Learning and the Reader's Expectations of Literary and Non-literary Writing

Abstract With the advent of ChatGPT and other large language models, the number of artificial texts we encounter on a daily basis is about to increase substantially. This essay asks how this new textual situation may influence what one can call the “standard expectation of unknown texts,” which has always included the assumption that any text is the work of a human being. As more and more artificial writing begins to circulate, the essay argues, this standard expectation will shift—first, from the immediate assumption of human authorship to, second, a creeping doubt: did a machine write this? In the wake of what Matthew Kirschenbaum has called the “textpocalypse,” however, this state cannot be permanent. The author suggests that after this second transitional period, one may suspend the question of origins and, third, take on a post-artificial stance. One would then focus only on what a text says, not on who wrote it; post-artificial writing would be read with an agnostic attitude about its origins. This essay explores the implications of such post-artificiality by looking back to the early days of text synthesis, considering the limitations of aesthetic Turing tests, and indulging in reasoned speculation about the future of literary and nonliterary text generation.

READING THE FABRIC

Although it seems to be apparent today that language is not a “transparent medium”, interpretations focussing on the narratives of texts still seem to outweigh the efforts oriented upon how the text actually addresses the reader. The plain investigations of narratives do not concern themselves with what the text says in the way it speaks, but concentrate on assumed threads of sense and on hidden symbolism. The hermeneutic task is to engage in a dialogue with the text by way of concentrating on the surface of its fabric as texture, i.e. to ask what way the text addresses the reader inasmuch as it speaks and how one hears it. In the attempt to unfurl the text as fabric, one has to lay bare the phenomenal sense of the sign, of speech as language, of hearing, but also of the text as space. In this way, one may actually follow the intertwining threads of perception, sense and affectedness throughout the process of reading, and may thus gain genuine insight into what the text as fabric reveals. Excerpts from James Joyce’s Ulysses demonstrate how the eminent unfolding of the fabric requires attention to its diverse facets.

READING THE FABRIC

Although it seems to be apparent today that language is not a “transparent medium”, interpretations focussing on the narratives of texts still seem to outweigh the efforts oriented upon how the text actually addresses the reader. The plain investigations of narratives do not concern themselves with what the text says in the way it speaks, but concentrate on assumed threads of sense and on hidden symbolism. The hermeneutic task is to engage in a dialogue with the text by way of concentrating on the surface of its fabric as texture, i.e. to ask what way the text addresses the reader inasmuch as it speaks and how one hears it. In the attempt to unfurl the text as fabric, one has to lay bare the phenomenal sense of the sign, of speech as language, of hearing, but also of the text as space. In this way, one may actually follow the intertwining threads of perception, sense and affectedness throughout the process of reading, and may thus gain genuine insight into what the text as fabric reveals. Excerpts from James Joyce’s Ulysses demonstrate how the eminent unfolding of the fabric requires attention to its diverse facets.

Moral and humanistic ideas in the work of modern Chechen poets

This article examines and analyzes questions about moral and philosophical reflections in the works of Chechen poets A. Yusupov, L. Abdulaev, B. Shamsudinov. An analysis of several works by these poets was carried out. The work of all three poets occupies a large place in modern Chechen literature; each of the poets conveys the flavor of the national mentality in their own way. We can firmly say that they themselves are eyewitnesses of some of the events that they describe in their works. All of them were eyewitnesses of the events that took place in the history of our people, and it is not difficult for them to convey through their heroes the moral and psychological state of the people... The text says how poets, together with their people, experience all the difficulties that concern the Chechen people and its history. The work also highlights some autobiographical issues in the development of poets.

MAQĀṢID SHARI’AH DAN IMPLIKASINYA TERHADAP TAFSIR MAQĀṢIDĪ

The aim of this research is to find out the genealogy of Maqāṣid al-Shari‘ah and Tafsir Maqāṣidī, the urgency of Maqāṣid al-Shari‘ah in an interpretation, and the application of the interpretation of Maqāṣid al-Shari‘ah in Tafsir Maqāṣidī. In this case, the method used to find out some of the points above is using a qualitative method based on library research or by collecting reading sources which can be books, articles or journals related to the relevant sub-chapters. As for applying the verse, you need to know the legal basis by reading the verse through the lens of Maqāṣid al-Shari‘ah. From the research results, it can be seen that maqāshidi interpretation cannot be separated from Maqāṣid al-Shari‘ah because the two are interconnected with each other. And the importance of knowing the Maqāṣid al-Shari‘ah is to be able to reach the meaning beyond what the text says. Therefore, this research tries to bridge researchers to find out the genealogy, urgency and application of interpretation.

English to Hindi Cross-Lingual Text Summarizer using TextRank Algorithm

Cross-Lingual Summarizer develops a gist of the extract written in English in the National Language of India Hindi. This helps non-anglophonic people to understand what the text says in Hindi. The extractive method of summarization is being used in this paper for summarizing the article. The summary generated in English is then translated into Hindi and made available for Hindi Readers. The Hindi readers get the heart of the article they want to read. Due to the Internet’s explosive growth, access to a vast amount of information is now efficient but getting harder and harder. An approach to text extraction summarization that captures the aboutness of the text document was discussed in this paper. One of the many uses for natural language processing (NLP) that significantly affects our daily lives is text summarization. Who has the time to read through complete articles, documents, or books to determine whether they are helpful with the expansion of digital media and the profusion of articles published? The technique was created using TextRank, which was determined using the idea of PageRank established for each page on a website. The presented approach builds a graph with sentences as nodes and the weight of the edge connecting two sentences as its nodes. Modified inverse sentence-cosine frequency similarity gives different words in a sentence different weights. The success of the procedure is demonstrated by the performance evaluation that supported the summary technique.

Book Religion? The Role of the Scroll in Deuteronomy

ABSTRACT This essay engages with Kåre Berge’s reflections on book religion in Deuteronomy. It first elaborates upon the concepts of religion and book religion and considers aspects of the literary and rhetorical anatomy of Deuteronomy. Then it argues that the salient point in Deuteronomy is not the text of the Torah as such, but the doing of what that text says. This orientation towards religious practice is squarely similar to adjacent strands of ancient Hebrew religion. Deuteronomy, however, adds certain religious practices, all of which required the use of (oral or written) texts. The essay argues that Deuteronomy had little potential to generate common religious change, but it could be seen as a force towards changes in religious leadership. Finally, the essay considers the concept of book religion—as a classificatory concept and as an analytical perspective.

Utah History Textbooks and Utah History

Utah History Textbooks and Utah History

Genesis 6:1–4: A Theological Interpretation

Abstract This article investigates the narrative of Gen 6:1–4 through William P. Brown’s theological “method” in order to understand what the text says about YHWH, so that students, scholars, and clergy would think of this passage less in terms of defining its problem characters and more in terms of appreciating how it presents YHWH in his relationship to the world.

The Garden Atonement and the Mormon Cross Taboo

The Garden Atonement and the Mormon Cross Taboo

Nietzsche’s Protestant Fathers: A Study in Prodigal Christianity

Nietzsche’s Protestant Fathers: A Study in Prodigal Christianity

Let Me Be the One You Come Running To

Let Me Be the One You Come Running To Dana Roeser (bio) I am so grateful today— my lawyer can't yell at meb/c it's Saturday. Neither can my doctor.My face hurts from yelling and I can rest it.I can text Betsy and say I am"on silent retreat." Carrying laundry down thebasement stairs wailing,"I'm so in love with you. … Yooooooou make mefeel brand new." Even though mycrush is in New York, clearly hasn't given mea thought in over a week. I rush upstairs with some version of the cleanlaundry, the rags, the self-sex towels (don't ask), the cloth napkins frommy birthday party—and there on my bed is Tina in 2000strutting around on YouTube. Since my husband left, I pretty well can't figure outwho wants what from whom. My dreamman talks about finding a "significant other" like it's office staff. My husband [End Page 52] wanted to sleep with a man and then a woman andthen another woman. I tried to be a variety of women for my husbandbut I didn't have the dexterity to crawl over himlike an insect. The one he left me forwas a redhead. [End Page 53] Dana Roeser Dana Roeser's fourth book, All Transparent Things Need Thundershirts, won the Wilder Prize at Two Sylvias Press and was published in 2019. Her earlier books won the Juniper Prize and Morse Prize (twice). Recent poems and translations appeared, or are forthcoming, in Guesthouse, The Laurel Review, Barrow Street, The Florida Review, North American Review, Miracle Monocle, Green Mountains Review, and Poetry International Online (PI Online). For more information, please see www.danaroeser.com. Copyright © 2022-2023 Pleiades and Pleiades Press

Religious Beliefs in "Silambu"

Man is not only an animal that eats, dresses, and lives, but also an animal with religious knowledge. Only man, unlike animals, has discovered a superhuman power to protect himself from threatening evil and to obtain what he desires. How the ancient people came to think about religion is an unending debate among anthropologists and realists. He mentions that scholars like "Periluite" and others like "Thurkiyam" think that the fear that appeared in the people is the reason for the emergence of religion. The text says that there was a principle behind the fact that Veeduperu (Salvation), Meyporul (Reality), Illatthuravu (Give up material life), Vethanambikkai (Belief in Vedas), Nadukal Vanakkam (Salutation to Hero Stone), the number three, Veda and Velvi (Veda and Sacrifice), are considered to be religious as well as subjected to scrutiny and appropriate that being religious is wise. Therefore, Ilango has also indicated the state of meditation of the saints of Jainism. It can be seen in three places in Silapathikaram that the people of that time gave importance to the number three in their lives. Countless sounds are heard in the city of Madurai. Then it can be known that the Vedas have been used in a faith-based manner by the fact that they are recited and the sound is heard. During the Silapathikaram era, virtuous Brahmins lived all over Tamil Nadu. They recited the Vedas, made prayers, and performed their six types of activities, such as reciting, desiring, conducting prayers, and offering gifts. The Epic emphasises the excellence of the Vedas by praising the maadalan. "Gods are peerless warriors who do good." According to the Greek philosopher, Euchemerus, after the deaths of these heroes, the people began to worship them as gods. But he also accepts the worship of dead ancestors as the root cause of religion. Despite these differences of opinion, religion is a very deep subject that resonates with man's deep experiences. A place where the thoughts and dreams of billions of minds flash, explaining the religious beliefs of the Silapathikaram period.

Проекты национального музея России как форма национальной идеологии

A national idea is understood in philosophy as a systematic generalization of national identity. The essence of national identity determines the existence of a people or ethnic group. There is currently no national idea in our country, although at every step we hear about patriotism. The first chapter of the modern Constitution of the Russian Federation which was adopted in 1993 recognizes ideological diversity. The text says: “No ideology can be established as state or mandatory.” For the lack of a national idea all programs of patriotic education do not lead to the formation of the ideal of a citizen and patriot. In the history of social thought in our country one can find many useful examples that could create a modern national idea as the state basis.

Meditation, Idealism and Materiality: Vivid Visualization in the Buddhist \u2018Qizil Yoga Manual\u2019 and the Context of Caves

This paper examines the topic of Yogācāra idealism through a little studied Buddhist meditation manual, the so-called ‘Yogalehrbuch’ or ‘Qizil Yoga Manual’, a primarily Buddhist Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma text with Mahāyāna Yogācāra strands. What does this unique Central Asian text say about Buddhist meditation practices called yogācāra or yoga? It centres on methods of vivid visualization that are somewhat specific to the Central Asian region of Kucha on the Silk Road. To understand the Manual’s practice and definition of yogic meditation, this paper considers how some of the hyper-real visualizations in the dhātuprayoga section relate the mind to reality and whether Yogācāra meditation can be said to propose idealism as a metaphysical theory about the nature of reality. The paper also asks whether neurocognitive research insights can be useful in understanding what some regard as a ‘hallucination-like’ quality of some visualizations, which destabilise distinctions between appearances and reality. Furthermore, it argues that analyzing the materiality of meditation, particularly the environment of the cave, helps us to better understand the text’s techniques of yogic visualization. The paper concludes that the ‘Qizil Yoga Manual’ facilitates soteriological idealism and suggests that factoring in the material contexts of meditation is useful, both in deciphering the text’s meditation methods and in discussing the metaphysical theory of idealism.

Переводы А. Н. Островского с латинского языка в текстологической перспективе. Часть 2. «Азинария» Плавта и проблемы источника текста

The article continues the investigation of textological issues associated with the surviving draft translation of the comoedia palliata The Asses (Asinaria) by Plautus, made by A. N. Ostrovsky from Latin. For the translation of Plautus’ Asinaria, the edition remains a problem: arguments are offered both for and against Levée (1820) as the basic source. The article reconstructs in detail the biographical and creative context of this translation, which was supposed to be a contribution to the formation of a democratic theater. The author of the article argues that although we cannot say for sure that Levée was the main or the only source of the translation, a lot in the Russian text says about Ostrovsky’s highly likely intentional repulsion of the Levée’s conception of Roman drama. In Levée’s edition, the French parallel translation and rare commentaries should have made Plautus one of the Latin classics, while Ostrovsky emphasizes the non-classical and lowbrow moments in Plautus. This explains both the decisions in the preparation of the manuscript and a number of accents that he deliberately made in this alleged rejection of the French translation, as well as the refusal to rely on the French translation even in difficult cases and work only with the Latin original, despite the inevitable translation errors.

그레코-로만 전기의 장르적 특성에 비추어 본 복음서 해석 - 마가복음 5장을 중심으로 -

This article reinterprets Mark 5 in light of the genre characteristics of Greco-Roman biography. Every interpretation is performed with a specific perspective, and this article aims to extract meaning of Mark 5 from the perspective of Greco-Roman biography. The two genre characteristics to which this article gives special attention are (1) the extensive focus on the protagonist and (2) comparison/contrast.<BR> In the episode of a man with evil spirits in the region of the Gerasenes (5:1-20), Mark accentuates two qualities of Jesus, the protagonist of the Gospel as a Greco-Roman biography. First, Jesus is described as the one who can bind Satan and thus release the man from the oppression of evil spirits. Second, Jesus is depicted as the one who has the same authority with God. In terms of comparison/contrast, the episode contrasts Jesus who is a real bringer of peace with Caesar who merely purports to bring peace. The Roman Empire and its emperor, which are not shy about giving massive propaganda for peace, actually turn out to be the oppressor of a subjugated people. By contrast, Jesus and the kingdom of God can grant the real peace to his people.<BR> In the episode of Jairus and the woman with hemorrhage (5:21-43), comparison/contrast is more explicit than in the previous episode. In this episode, Jairus is more supreme than the woman in many respects: socially, economically, and religiously. In terms of social standing, Jairus who is a named man and a synagogue ruler must have enjoyed more privileges in comparison to the unnamed woman. Economically speaking, the text says that the woman with hemorrhage “had spent all she had” while we can assume that Jairus must have had more secure position in terms of financial status. In the realm of religion, Jairus is respected by people, whereas the woman is despised by people due to her illness. Despite of this, Jesus heals the woman before healing Jairus’ daughter. This teaches two things. First, Jesus takes side with the weak rather than the strong. Second, the most important thing that one needs in getting God’s grace is faith.

BUDDHIST MOTIVATION TO SUPPORT IHL, FROM CONCERN TO MINIMISE HARMS INFLICTED BY MILITARY ACTION TO BOTH THOSE WHO SUFFER THEM AND THOSE WHO INFLICT THEM

ABSTRACT This article focuses on how Buddhist ethics contains ideas and principles that would urge those in a combat situation to minimise the harm they do to others, within the requirements of their military goal. This international humanitarian law principle is in line with both compassion for others and a concern to limit the bad karmic results to the combatant of their intentional killing and maiming. The motive for an act of killing can worsen or lessen its karmic results, and non-combat actions such as helping the wounded can generate good karmic results which can dilute, though not cancel, the bad karma of killing. Harm to both humans and non-humans is to be avoided wherever possible, but killing a human is worse than killing an animal. The Mahāvaṃsa passage on combatants killed by King Duṭṭhagāmaṇi’s army as mostly being less than human, such that killing them produced little or no bad karma, is a totally implausible statement to put in the mouths of monks whom the text says were Arahats, spiritually enlightened ones.

Unpacking the worlds in our words: Critical discourse analysis and social work inquiry

Critical discourse analysis is a rapidly growing, interdisciplinary field of inquiry that combines linguistic analysis and social theory to address the way power and dominance are enacted and reproduced in text. Critical discourse analysis is primarily concerned with the construction of social phenomena and involves a focus on the wider social, political, and historical contexts in which talk and text occur, exploring the way in which theories of reality and relations of power are encoded and enacted in language. Critical discourse analysis moves beyond considering what the text says to examining what the text does. As an interdisciplinary and eclectic field of inquiry, critical discourse analysis has no unifying theoretical perspective, standard formula, or essential methods. As such, there is much confusion around what critical discourse analysis is, what it is not, and the types of projects for which it can be fruitfully employed. This article seeks to provide clarity on critical discourse analysis as an approach to research and to highlight its relevance to social work scholarship, particularly in relation to its vital role in identifying and analyzing how discursive practices establish, maintain, and promote dominance and inequality.