Text Font Research Articles

Organizational identification and the communication of identity: Effects of message characteristics on cognitive and affective identification

This paper reports an experimental study (N= 321) that tests how the cognitive and affective component of organizational identification (OI) can be affected by peripheral characteristics of organizational communication. Results show that adding cues in emails that signal organizational identity, such as the company logo, font, and colour of text, positively affect the cognitive component of OI, but not the affective component. In contrast, a personal focus in the message had a positive effect on the affective, but not on the cognitive component of OI. This study supports the idea that OI is a multi-faceted construct comprising a cognitive and affective component, and that these different components can be affected by different characteristics of organizational email messages.

CMSOF: a structured data organization framework for scanned Chinese medicine books in digital libraries

Organizing unstructured information from books into a well-defined structure is a significant challenge in digital libraries. Most digital libraries can provide only search services at the granularity of books and few libraries allow books to be accessed at the granularity of chapters, as manually constructing directory information for books is time-consuming. Extracting structured data from scanned books thus remains an urgent and important work. In this paper, we propose a novel structured data organization framework called CMSOF to organize scanned data automatically, and apply it to a Chinese medicine digital library. In the framework, image blocks and text blocks on the scanned page of books are separated based on the gray histogram projection method or a hybrid method of region growth and the Ada-Boosting classifier at first, and then the text structure is obtained from text blocks by text size and font type recognition. Finally, image blocks and structured OCRed text are correlated at the semantic level. By integrating the structured data into a Chinese medicine information system (CMIS), we can organize the Chinese medicine books well and users can access the books with flexibility, which indicates that CMSOF is an efficient framework to organize books mixed with images and text.

고령자를 고려한 내비게이션의 인간공학적 설계에 관한 연구

Today, the number of elderly drivers who use navigation is increasing with the growing number of elderly drivers. The purpose of this study is to provide guidelines on the interface of car navigation for elderly users. To extract significant factors which were distinguished between young and elderly users, both young and elderly users executed the driving test by installing two car navigation alternatives. The analysis was conducted through t-test. The results show that significantly different factors were the number and the meaning of the menu items in the initial screen, the location and the meaning of the menu icons in the map screen, the ease of search of the menu and the text size in the menu screen. Improvements for the factors of the initial screen and map screen were made with reference to ergonomic guidelines, and suggested through experiments comparing design alternatives for the menu screen. Design alternatives were made through a combination of investigative variables, and the analysis was conducted through ANOVA. The results show that Alternative 7 (the location of the tab was placed at the bottom, menu representation was done with the text font size of 18pt and the location of menu navigation icons was shown at the upper left) was preferred in terms of user's preference and the execution time. So if the suggested menu for elderly users are added to the existing design, both users will satisfy their desires. The guidelines suggested in this study will help the designer of car navigation take elderly users into consideration.

A Hybrid Approach to Detect and Localize Texts in Natural Scene Images

Text detection and localization in natural scene images is important for content-based image analysis. This problem is challenging due to the complex background, the non-uniform illumination, the variations of text font, size and line orientation. In this paper, we present a hybrid approach to robustly detect and localize texts in natural scene images. A text region detector is designed to estimate the text existing confidence and scale information in image pyramid, which help segment candidate text components by local binarization. To efficiently filter out the non-text components, a conditional random field (CRF) model considering unary component properties and binary contextual component relationships with supervised parameter learning is proposed. Finally, text components are grouped into text lines/words with a learning-based energy minimization method. Since all the three stages are learning-based, there are very few parameters requiring manual tuning. Experimental results evaluated on the ICDAR 2005 competition dataset show that our approach yields higher precision and recall performance compared with state-of-the-art methods. We also evaluated our approach on a multilingual image dataset with promising results.

Evaluation of Consumer Medical Information and Oral Liquid Measuring Devices Accompanying Pediatric Prescriptions

The aim of this study was to assess supplementary materials accompanying 2 commonly prescribed pediatric medications, including the following: 1) readability and layout characteristics of pharmacy-generated consumer medical information(CMI); and 2) types and features of oral liquid measuring devices(OLMDs) provided. We filled the same two prescriptions (prednisolone and amoxicillin) at 20 pharmacies (national grocery store chain [n = 1], regional grocery store chains [n = 4], national pharmacy chains [n = 3], national superstore chains [n = 3], and independently owned [n = 9]) across three states (Colorado,Georgia, and Tennessee). We evaluated readability, using both the Flesch-Kincaid (FK) formula and McLaughlin's Simplified Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), and text point size of pharmacy-generated CMI. We also assessed whether an OLMD(oral syringe, dropper, or cylindrical spoon) was included with each prescription and recorded the largest marked dose (in mL). Three pharmacies did not provide any type of CMI for either medication. Therefore, CMI was reviewed for 34 prescriptions. Reading grade levels of CMI averaged 9.6 1.9 (range, 5.3-11.7) using the FK and 11.2 2.6 (range, 6-14) based on the SMOG. Average text font size of CMI was 9.8 1.9 (range, 6-12). Although 32 (80%) prescriptions included an OLMD (oral syringe [n = 20], cylindrical spoon [n = 7], and dropper [n = 5]), close to one third (31.3%) would require multiple measurements to attain prescribed dosages. Many of the supplemental materials accompanying the prescriptions filled in this study were suboptimal;CMI was written at reading levels exceeding that of many parents,and the largest marked dose on each OLMD varied substantially. Physicians should be cognizant of the shortcomings of supplemental materials included with many medications, whereas pharmacies should strive to provide understandable CMI (ie, written at or below sixth-grade reading level) and suitable OLMDs (ie,requiring only one measurement of medication) to promote proper medication use.

Are State Medicaid Application Enrollment Forms Readable?

We sought to assess readability and layout characteristics of state-issued Medicaid enrollment applications. We attempted to locate Internet-based Medicaid enrollment applications from each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia. Readability of each Medicaid enrollment application "Signature" page was calculated using McLaughlin's Simplified Measure of Gobbledygoop formula, while layout characteristics were assessed utilizing criteria included in the User-Friendliness Tool. Readability of Medicaid enrollment application Signature pages ranged from 11th to 18th grade level (M+/-SD=15.5+/-1.5). Most (66%) applications did not use a recommended font size (> or =12 point). None of the applications required little work to make them comply with good formatting standards according to the User-Friendliness Tool. Medicaid enrollment applications overall exhibit text font sizes below 12 point, crowded formatting, and excessively high reading demands. State health departments should revise their Medicaid enrollment applications to adhere to established low-literacy guidelines to improve understanding and comprehension by potential enrollees.

Do Medication Samples Jeopardize Patient Safety?

Medication samples are commonly dispensed by prescribers. Written consumer medication information (CMI) provided with sample packaging is an important source of patient information. Although one-third of Americans have health literacy deficiencies, previous studies have found that CMI is often too complex for many patients to understand. This may prevent patients from using these medications appropriately. To evaluate readability and formatting characteristics of CMI included with nonsolid (ie, topical cream/lotion, inhalation, transdermal) drug samples. We collected a convenience sample of nonsolid dosage sample medications (N = 55) from several different private and university-affiliated primary care and specialty physician practices at a large academic medical center in the southeastern US. We noted whether CMI was present and, if it was, we assessed it for instruction presentation, reading level, text size, format/layout, and comprehensibility. Most (43 of 55) products included CMI, either as a separate leaflet or directly on the packaging. Reading level of CMI leaflets ranged from the 6th- to 14th-grade level, with just 4 (16.0%) written at the recommended 6th-grade level. Text font point size was 9.48 +/- 2.14 (mean +/- SD; range 5-12). Text printed directly on sample packaging averaged 6.61 point +/- 2.62 (4-11) font size. Ninety-two percent of CMI leaflets included a combination of text and pictures; only 11.1% of CMI printed directly on the packaging used pictorial aids. Most CMI accompanying nonsolid medication samples is written at a reading level that exceeds that of many consumers and does not meet recommended standards for readability and comprehensibility of patient education material.

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Script and Language Identification in Noisy and Degraded Document Images

This paper reports an identification technique that detects scripts and languages of noisy and degraded document images. In the proposed technique, scripts and languages are identified through the document vectorization, which converts each document image into a document vector that characterizes the shape and frequency of the conta ned character or word images. Document images are vectorized by using vertical component cuts and character extremum points, which are both tolerant to the variation in text fonts and styles, noise, and various types of document degradation. For each script or language under study, a script or language template is first constructed through a training process. Scripts and languages of document images are then determined according to the distances between converted document vectors and the pre-constructed script and language templates. Experimental results show that the proposed technique is accurate, easy for extension, and tolerant to noise and various types of document degradation.

An image based design support system for web page design

This paper proposes an image based design support system for web page design, which enables the designed web page to have a unified impression in terms of text colors, background colors and text fonts. Previous approaches for web page design support often focus on the automated composition of HTML (HyperText Markup Language) codes and easy insertion of graphic figures and/or icons. However, even when the same textual information is contained in web pages, their impressions can vary depending on the utilized colors and fonts. Image scales, which are originally proposed for capturing human impression of colors, are incorporated in our approach to support web page design by reflecting user's image for web pages. Furthermore, the relationship between fonts and impressions is assessed to construct a font image scale so that colors and fonts can be uniformly dealt with in terms of their images. In our approach a user is required to register preferable pages, which are used to acquire his/her image for web pages. The acquired image is then used to modify colors and fonts so that the designed web page comes to have a consistent image. A prototype system with the proposed method has been implemented using Java and Prolog. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effectiveness of our system. The results are encouraging and show that it is worthwhile following this path.

Detection of text regions from digital engineering drawings

An algorithm for text/graphics separation is presented in this paper. The basic principle of the algorithm is to erase nontext regions from mixed text and graphics engineering drawings, rather than extract text regions directly. This algorithm can be used to extract both Chinese and Western characters, dimensions, and symbols and has few limitations on the kind of engineering drawings and noise level. It is robust to text-graphics touching, text fonts, and written orientations.

Text Font Affects Reading Speed at a Low Luminance but Not at a High Luminance

We are beginning a series of studies in which we shall investigate which characteristics of text fonts may be successful in allowing text to be read with different kinds of degradations that may be experienced by low-vision patients. As a first attempt to simulate one of the problems that certain patients might have, we measured reading speeds with two proportionally spaced fonts at a high photopic luminance (146 cd m−2) and at a very low luminance (0.146 cd m−2). We used the RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) reading method, which eliminates the need for scanning eye movements. The two fonts were ‘Swiss’, a simple sans-serif font, and ‘Dutch’, a serif font similar to Times Roman, both presented at the 20/80 size; letters were white on black, with a contrast of 0.94. Subjects were young, normally sighted high-school and optometry-college students. The reading speed results from 47 subjects were as follows, for four conditions: high luminance, Swiss 531 and Dutch 540 words min−1; low luminance, Swiss 479 and Dutch 429 words min−1. At the high luminance, there is no significant difference between reading rates. There is a significant advantage for the Swiss font at the low luminance: p=0.005. There may be a significant difference in reading speed with different fonts when the patient's perceptions are degraded by disease and/or aging processes. Other parameters to be investigated with this method include contrast, size, blur, and visual field position. The simulation results will suggest parameter values to test on low-vision patients.

Applying Human Factors to Classroom Visual Aids

Transparencies, slides, and computer based displays are common visual aids used in classroom presentations. This paper will outline the use of principles which improve the effectiveness of these visual aidsGeneral principles discussed include: Organizing material, clarifying material and enhancing encoding. Gestalt principles such as simplicity, similarity, proximity, and continuation, appropriate text size and font, effective use of color and other attention getting cues, and appropriate contrast and glare reduction are considered.

A robust algorithm for text string separation from mixed text/graphics images

The development and implementation of an algorithm for automated text string separation that is relatively independent of changes in text font style and size and of string orientation are described. It is intended for use in an automated system for document analysis. The principal parts of the algorithm are the generation of connected components and the application of the Hough transform in order to group components into logical character strings that can then be separated from the graphics. The algorithm outputs two images, one containing text strings and the other graphics. These images can then be processed by suitable character recognition and graphics recognition systems. The performance of the algorithm, both in terms of its effectiveness and computational efficiency, was evaluated using several test images and showed superior performance compared to other techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">&gt;</ETX>

Typesetting APL using a Macintosh

This paper describes a low-cost approach to providing high quality printing of text which contains APL characters as well as other text fonts. APL fonts for the Macintosh™computer and the Apple LaserWriter™printer have been developed which allow low-cost typesetting of APL expressions and functions. Since the Macintosh computer can be used as a work station on several commercial typesetting machines, these fonts can be used to provide commercial quality printing of APL manuscripts.

Software Reviews : Graphwriter 4.3

This is a complex graphics package capable of making presentation-quality charts and signs of many varieties. Though three-dimensional graphics are not supported, a wide range of bar charts, pie charts, line charts, scatterplots, and text fonts are. Moreover, the user has almost total control over the placement and variation of graph elements, including font, color, location, rotation, size, page orientation, and symbols. Data may be input from spreadsheets or databases which use the STLK or DiF interchange formats, such as Lotus I-2-3 and VisiCalc. This package could eliminate the need for professional artwork in many publishing situations, not to mention aid faculty in preparing outstanding visuals for presentations.