Text Characters Research Articles

A Novel Animated CAPTCHA Technique based on Persistence of Vision

Image-based CAPTCHA challenges have been successfully used to distinguish between humans and bots for a long time. However, image-based CAPTCHA techniques are constantly broken by hackers, forcing web developers to implement more robust security features and new approaches in CAPTCHA images. Modern-day bots can use many techniques and technologies to break CAPTCHA images automatically. These techniques include OCR, Segmentation, erosion, threshold, flood fill, etc. This led to innovative CAPTCHA systems, including those based on drag and drop, image recognition, fingerprint, mathematical problems, etc. Animated image CAPTCHAs have also been designed to show moving characters and objects and require users to recognize the characters or objects in the animation. Unfortunately, these CAPTCHA systems have also been broken successfully. This research proposes a novel animated CAPTCHA technique based on the persistence of vision, which shows text characters in multiple layers in an animated image. The proposed CAPTCHA technique has been implemented in PHP using GD library functions and tested using various popular CAPTCHA breaking tools. Further, the proposed CAPTCHA challenge has also been tested against the frame separation based breaking technique. The security analysis and usability study have demonstrated user-friendliness, vast accessibility, and robustness.

Segmentation of Lines and Words of Handwritten Devanagari Text using Connected Components with Statistics Method

The pre-processing activities for handwritten Devanagari text recognition includes an significant step called Segmentation. The segmentation accuracy of Devanagari text characters depends entirely on the accurately segmented lines and words in the handwritten documents. The process of segmenting lines and words correctly leads to many issues. More detailed information is lagging on the segmentation of lines and words from Devanagari text documents, whereas it is available more for other script documents in the literature. Here, we accomplished the task of segmenting the lines and words using Connected Components with Statistics Method on PHDIndic_11 dataset. Experimentation using above mentioned method resulted in line segmentation accuracy of 91.91% and word segmentation accuracy of 72.89% which outperforms over Global threshold and Otsu’s optimum threshold methods.

Imperative Statements - one of the Forms of Representation of a Linguistic Personality

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of the functioning of imperative statements used in various situations of communication. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main imperative constructions in the context of the speech behavior of the linguistic personality of the main character of a literary text. The method of comparative analysis allows identify the features of the functioning of incentive tactics. This article is an overview of the research available in linguistics on issues related to imperativeness. A broad view of the concept of imperative allows to go beyond the established definitions and expand the field of modality of a literary text. The work examines the main semantic groups that clearly characterize the literary character as a linguistic person. The analysis of imperative incentive statements is viewed through the prism of purposeful communicative activity. A variety of means and ways of expressing imperative statements in the speech of the main character provide an opportunity to differentiate semantic nuances. The scientific novelty of the article lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of the modern Russian novel The Geographer Drank His Globe Away by A. Ivanov, the main classes of expression of the semantics of motivation are analyzed. The study identified imperative and non-imperative, but expressing the urge to action, statements, means of lowering the imperative. The lexico-grammatical and syntactic constructions used in the speech of the main character, most common in pedagogical and everyday discourses, are analyzed. The research results are presented as a functional-semantic space.

Translation of forms of address from Portuguese to Turkish through English: The case of José Saramago’s A Jangada de Pedra

The study of forms of address in translation is a type of register analysis that provides an interesting insight into the way specific linguistic patterns are transferred from one language to another. This article explores how the forms of address are rendered in the Turkish translation of A Jangada de Pedra (1986) by the Portuguese author José Saramago. Paratextual and textual analyses demon­strate that this work has been translated into Turkish through the English translation of the book, and that the English translation has influenced the choices of the Turkish translator. The findings of the study seem to support the hypothesis that using a mediating language/text that lacks similar forms of address as the ultimate source and the target languages/texts can cause shifts in tenor, which results in a different reading of interpersonal relationships between fictional characters in the target text.

Language of Feminine Consciousness A reading of the Novel (The Beloveds “Al-Muhboubat”) by (Aliyah Mamdouh)

This research is an attempt to reveal the manifestations of (Homosexuality), which is any attitude, deed or language issued by both men and women that says the inferiority of the female, and how women resist it at different levels, the most important of which is (language) in an Iraqi novelist text (Al- Muhboobat) by (Aliyah). Mamdouh) published by Dar Al- Saqi in Beirut in 2003, and the recipient of the Naguib Mahfouz Prize for Novel from the American University in Cairo in 2004. The method followed in this study was the analytical method, which came on three levels: 1. Quantitative content analysis: in which the number of male and female characters as they appeared in the novelistic text was compared. 2. The qualitative analysis of the content: It included a comparison between the specifications given to the male and female characters in the novelistic text. 3. Analyzing the homosexuality of the dominant language in the text: by which we mean the way in which language is employed in this text. The research concluded that the number of female characters exceeded the male characters in the novel. Andthe heroine’s desire for rejection, Suhaila, to the reality of tyranny and the invasion that she suffered in the homeland and exile through the rejection letter that represented her in the novel, in contrast to the state of complacency, surrender, and weakness suffered by the son Nader, which was represented by the letter of his machine that he adopted in the novel.

Этиологические заметки: «История об Иване»

This article represents research on an obscene Ukrainian folklore text published by Fedor. Vovk. Its possible relation to the verse fairy tale, “Nikita the Tzar, and his Forty Daughters”, by Aleksandr S. Pushkin is considered. The elements of the text are given Slavic folklore parallels, which enables making a conclusion about the clearly folk origin of the creative product. The following question is raised: can the text under research possibly be a distant reverberation of the Slavic etiological myth about how women acquired genitals? While such myths might have pagan roots, a suggestion is made that pagan gods were the prototypes of the main characters in the Ukrainian text. Thus, the text, recorded as an obscene joke, can supplement the collection of aetiological myths and legends about how the original people acquired genitals.

S1292 Optimizing Endoscopy Procedure Documentation Improves Guideline Adherent Care in Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding

Introduction: Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) is a common indication forced inpatient esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD). Outcomes afterwards are often dependent in part by guideline-based post-EGD care. Our aim was to optimize and standardize documentation post-EGD in UGIB to improve clinical care. Methods: National guidelines were used to build optimized etiology- and severity-specific note templates at an academic tertiary referral center. 39 attendings and 15 fellows completed a 10 minute training session in template content & use. We collected pre- and post-intervention on “minimal-standard” (MS) report documentation including patient disposition, diet, & medications. We also recorded documentation of rebleed precautions, and follow-up procedures. Health outcomes measured included guideline-based medication prescriptions, ordering of follow-up EGD if indicated, and clinical cessation of bleeding after discharge. Results: Pre-intervention demonstrated 54% and 36% of 108 patients received guideline-based inpatient and outpatient proton pump inhibitor (PPI), respectively. At baseline, 67.6% were referred for standard-of-care repeat EGD and only 36.1% of reports met MS report criteria. After template implementation, of 309 EGDs for UGIB over 6 months, the templates were used in 72% of cases. Workload was reduced by a mean of 33 “clicks,” 356 free text characters and 2 minutes per report (Figure 1, Panel A). There was a significant improvement in documentation of disposition (63.0% to 74.1%, p=0.028), appropriate PPI use(57.1% to 69.8%, p=0.035), rebleed (22.2% to 44.3%, p< 0.001) recommendations, and MS report completion (27.8% to 40.8%,p=0.016). There was significant improvement in inpatient PPI administered (53.6% to 73.6%, p< 0.001), discharge PPI prescription(35.7% to 54.0%, p=0.004), octreotide regimen(79.2% to 93.2%,p=0.048) and follow-up EGD orde r(67.6% to 86.7%, p< 0.001) (Table 1). Template usage (64%-79%), process (38%-50%) and outcome(67%-95%) metrics remained high over 6 months (Figure 1, Panel B & C). Inpatient PPI compliance(71.7% vs 63.4%; p=0.069) and follow-up EGD orders (85.7% vs 77.3%;p=0.028) were improved with template use. Conclusion: Our project leveraged endoscopy software to standardize efficient provider documentation, resulting in improved clinical care. Our intervention required minimal implementation cost, low burden of maintenance, and sustainability with high utilization rates over 6 months. Similar endoscopy templates can be applied to other health systems and endoscopic procedures to improve the quality of care.Table 1.: Process and outcome metrics pre- vs post- intervention. Statistical analysis using X2 testing.Figure 1.: Panel A: Sample endoscopy documentation template, Upper Gastrointestinal Bleed High Risk Non-Variceal Panel B: Process metrics pre- vs post-intervention of template usage (circle), minimal-standard non-variceal report (square), minimal-standard report (all etiologies) (diamond), and minimal-standard variceal report (triangle) Panel C: Outcome metrics pre- vs post-intervention of compliance with coordinated repeat EGD (circle), inpatient PPI regimen (square) and discharge PPI regimen (triangle).

The Effects of Emotional Design on Multimedia Learning and Appreciation of Chinese Poetry

Painting, music, literature, and other art forms embody the essence of human wisdom and induce esthetic experience, among which poetry is inherently creative, because it contains a wealth of symbols, imageries, insights, and so forth. The appreciation and learning of Chinese poetry is an important part of the curriculum in secondary schools. However, studies have mainly focused on textual characters of poetry, with little literature focusing on esthetic appreciation and in-depth learning of poetry. In this vein, we ask whether emotional designs will promote the appreciation and learning of Chinese poetry. To answer this question, we explored the influence of the combination of external emotion induction (positive and neutral movie clips) and internal colorful design (chromatic and achromatic) on esthetic preference and learning of poetry. One hundred and sixty-six participants (14–15 years old) were randomly assigned to one of four conditions created by two factors (external emotion induction and internal colorful design). The results showed that the combination of external emotion induction and internal colorful design promoted positive emotions, retention, and transfer performances of learners. Furthermore, perceived difficulty of learners decreased significantly when external emotional induction and internal colorful design were both positive. Consequently, these findings indicated that emotional designs in multimedia facilitated the learning performance of middle school students in Chinese poetry, and supported the cognitive-affective theory of learning with media. This research was a preliminary exploration of emotional design in humanities.

Possible worlds of a literary text character: a cognitive and quantitative linguistic approach

The article aims to forward a model for analyzing the evaluative component of controversial literary characters. This model presupposes the application of the basic tenets of the possible worlds theory to the analysis of a fiction text, combining it with the methodology of cognitive and quantitative linguistics. To exemplify the employment of the developed model, the image of Louis XI, the King of France, depicted by W. Scott in his novel Quentin Durward, was analyzed. Portrayed as an astute politician, this protagonist puts on different guises and plays numerous roles while the plot unravels, trying to achieve his goals and influence the people around him. Such roles are viewed in the article as possible worlds of Louis XI. In these worlds, he is described through various positive and negative characteristics, which are considered predicates of basic propositional schemas featuring in semantics of lingual networks. To fathom the importance and ubiquity of the characteristics, two indices used in quantitative linguistics (coverage rate and mean frequency) were employed. Such a complex approach enabled to reveal the existence of 15 possible worlds of Louis XI in the novel. Two-thirds of them are primary possible worlds created via direct description of the image by the author, and one-third is secondary possible worlds, where the King is depicted indirectly by presenting the vantage point of other characters who appraise Louis and express their attitude to him. The most important characteristics of Louis emphasized by the author and featuring in the maximum number of his possible world create a portrait of a skillful medieval monarch. Being sly, he hypocritically conceals his true cruel and mercenary aspirations and generally succeeds in presenting himself to others as a devout Christian and wise ruler acting for the benefit of his subjects, which is vindicated by the prevalence of his positively charged descriptions. Thus, the image created by W. Scott in his novel lives up to the reputation of Universal Spider—the symptomatic nickname that this historical figure earned from his contemporaries.

Intra-Gender Complicity and the Objectification of Woman in Djebar’s A Sister to Scheherazade

This paper considers the inhuman treatment women mete to fellow women using the character representation in A Sister to Scheherazade. It attempts to establish that women contribute greatly to their own oppression in the society by critically analyzing the actions of women characters in the narration. S. L. Barky's explication on the idea of objectification is employed to explain the relationship between female characters in the primary text and to establish the spur of oppression in the text, and by implication, identify the oppressors; whereas Patricia H. Collins's concept of binary thinking is used to describe the intentions of the identified oppressors. The analysis of the primary text reveals various needs of the major characters and how they attempt to achieve such needs of theirs by giving up the protagonist. It reveals further that the deeds of the major female characters in the primary text are the reasons the protagonist suffers. The paper, therefore, concludes that as in the case of the protagonist in the text, the objectified is not only used as a means to an end but is a victim of collective and intra-gender oppression.

Foucaults Heterotopien, gegen Edward Sojas Rezeption verteidigt

Michel Foucault's concept of heterotopia, as developed in his short text <em>Of Other </em><em>Spaces</em>, has triggered broad reception in the social sciences and humanities, especially in the context of the 'spatial turn', with the consequence of increasing conceptual fuzziness. This conceptual fuzziness, I argue, has its roots in its inaccurate reception rather than in the sketchy character of Foucault's original text. Putting the concept of heterotopia in the larger context of Foucault's writings, it can be shown that heterotopias are not privileged sites of primeval freedom; rather, they are sites of different power structures, marking the impossibility of an absolute unity of society. In contrast, Edward Soja's concept of thirdspace, which is seen by Soja as equivalent to the concept of heterotopia, reproduces the very spatial regime it sets out to criticize, only flipping the hierarchical positions of 'normal' and 'other' spaces upside down.

Implementasi Text Recogniter yang Diterjemahkan ke Bahasa Lain dengan Firebase Ml-Kit Berbasis Android

Each community area has information, announcements and news made in a picture, pamphlet or poster. However, there are a lot of foreign languages in the information that are not understood by most people because of the lack of literacy in foreign language learning for the community, for that the author makes research on text recognition. Recognition or detection of text characters is also known as optical character recognition (OCR), which converts handwritten or printed text into data that can be edited and read by the system. After the text is converted into written form, the text is then converted from a foreign language (English) and then converted become Indonesian. This study uses observation and literature study in collecting information and materials for research, while for the method of making the system using prototyping which the system can be developed more quickly. The results of this application can help the people of Gunungendut Village to overcome the problem of understanding foreign language info that is in the image so that it is easy to understand using a mobile application.

Character’s Inner Speech as Effective Way of Literary Discourse Organization (Novel “The Remains of the Day” by Kazuo Ishiguro)

The article examines the protagonist’s verbalized inner speech in the literary text of the novel “The Remains of the Day” as a way of literary discourse organization by English novelist Kazuo Ishiguro. The relevance of the study is explained by the interest in the analysis of the inner speech of characters in a literary text, which differs from the natural inner speech of an individual in the ways of linguistic expression, the specifics in the structure of the narrative. It is shown that the study of the inner speech of a character of literary discourse using such parameters of its measurement as structural-compositional, semantic-conceptual, communicative, allows us to identify the features of the functional role of this type of speech. The novelty of the research lies in the substantiation of how the character's inner speech (introspection), being a significant unit of composition, correlates with prospection and retrospection of the text, acting as the main form of narration. The article elicits four basic concepts that organize the content of the character's inner speech. The authors of the article offer a close analysis of the rheme-theme correlation of the title of the novel and the main text as the basis of the author’s literary discourse. Particular attention is paid to the modality of the character's inner speech from the point of view of the pragmatic orientation of this type of speech towards the addressee-reader and discourse markers that influence the process of discourse interpretation.

Steganography using dual tree complex wavelet transform with LSB indicator technique

Image steganography is undoubtedly significant in the field of secure multimedia communication. The undetectability and high payload capacity are two of the important characteristics of any form of steganography. In this paper, the level of image security is improved by combining the steganography and cryptography techniques in order to produce the secured image. The proposed method depends on using LSBs as an indicator for hiding encrypted bits in dual tree complex wavelet coefficient DT-CWT. The cover image is divided into non overlapping blocks of size (3*3). After that, a Key is produced by extracting the center pixel (pc) from each block to encrypt each character in the secret text. The cover image is converted using DT-CWT, then the produced key is used to determine the starting pixel in each block for hiding and the direction of hiding (clockwise or anticlockwise). The proposed method is applied on many images with different embedding rate, and many metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method such as Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Mean Square Error (MSE), correlation factor (CF) and Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM). It achieves in average 52.225 dB of PSNR, 0.3215 of MSE, 0.9952 of SSIM and 0.9997 of CF with embedding rate 1.5.

Sindhi Handwritten Text Recognition Using SVM

In Sindhi Language, handwritten text feature extraction is such a challenging task for all scholars, because different people write in different styles or manners, to analyze each text is such a complex problem. Feature extraction of text segmentation, classifying each character and labelling for training data to recognize text for different handwritings and testing for analyzing features of providing handwritten text data .In this research, SVM (support vector machine) is used for analyzing and tokenizing each character or word of Sindhi Language text and transform into suitable information with efficiency &amp; accuracy. The research is not only useful for improving the knowledge of Sindhi Handwritten Text Recognition but it can be beneficial for other recognition systems

Serial encryption using the functions of real variable

Context. Using the functions of a real variable in cryptosystems as keys allow increasing their cryptographic strength since it is more difficult to select such keys. Therefore, the development of such systems is relevant. Objective. Cryptosystems with symmetric keys are proposed for encrypting and decrypting a sequence of characters represented as a one-dimensional numerical array of ASCII codes. These keys are functions of a real variable that satisfies certain restrictions. They can be both continuous and discrete. Method. Two cryptosystem options are proposed. In the first embodiment, the transmitting and receiving sides select two functions, the first transmitted symbol, the area of the function definition, and the step of changing the function argument. Discrete messages are encrypted by calculating the first-order integral disproportion of the encrypted array using a function. The corresponding value of the second function is added to the obtained cipher of each symbol for scrambling to complicate the analysis of the intercepted message. On the receiving side, the second function is subtracted and decryption performed by the inverse transformation of the formula for integral disproportion. In the second version, sequential encryption is performed when the cipher obtained using one of the key functions in the first stage is encrypted again by calculating the disproportion using the second function, the key. Accordingly, in two stages, decryption is performed. Results. Examples of encryption and decryption of a sequence of text characters are presented. It is shown that the same character is encoded differently depending on its position in the message. In the given examples it is presented the difficulty of key functions parameters choosing and the cryptographic strength of the proposed cryptosystem. Conclusions. Variants of the cryptosystem using the first-order integral disproportion function are proposed, in which the functions of a real variable serve as keys. To “crack” such a system, it is necessary not only to select the form of each function but also to find the values of its parameters with high accuracy. The system has high cryptographic strength.

The Category of Media Text Converse as a Reflection of the Author’s Idiostyle

Dynamically altering reality stimulates the use of new means and ways of communication in the process of textual activity. Peculiarities of present-day media communication (polycode, polydiscursiveness, intertextuality, interactivity, openness, etc.) and anthropocentrism of the modern linguistic paradigm determine the dialogue between the author and the addressee based on the text, which requires special study. The identification of the means and ways of expressing the category of media text dialogicity in the aspect of idiostyle is carried out on the basis of the analysis of the texts regulativity in the context of the communicative-activity approach to it. A broad range of linguistic and extralinguistic means of dialogization, which are typical of the author's journalistic texts, was revealed in the mainstream of the theory of regulation as one of the directions of communicative stylistics, based on the articles of 2020 in the "Rossiyskaya Gazeta" by the famous journalist and political scientist L. Radzikhovsky. The sphere of communication, the author's idiostyle, the peculiarities of the representation of regulation as a systemic quality of the media text are considered as factors that influence the dialogue with the addressee. The approach to the analysis of the media text based on the allocation of various regulatory means, structures, methods of regulation, and regulatory strategy that controls the cognitive activity of the addressee allows us to judge upon the specificity of the dialogic character of the modern publicistic text in accordance with the genre of the article in the aspect of the author's idiostyle. The proposed approach also is of interest for media linguistics and mediastylistics, the communicative theory of text, theory of speech impact.

AksharaNet: A GPU Accelerated Modified Depth-Wise Separable Convolution for Kannada Text Classification

For content-based indexing and retrieval applications, text characters embedded in images are a rich source of information. Owing to their different shapes, grayscale values, and dynamic backgrounds, these text characters in scene images are difficult to detect and classify. The complexity increases when the text involved is a vernacular language like Kannada. Despite advances in deep learning neural networks (DLNN), there is a dearth of fast and effective models to classify scene text images and the availability of a large-scale Kannada scene character dataset to train them. In this paper, two key contributions are proposed, AksharaNet, a graphical processing unit (GPU) accelerated modified convolution neural network architecture consisting of linearly inverted depth-wise separable convolutions and a Kannada Scene Individual Character (KSIC) dataset which is grounds-up curated consisting of 46,800 images. From results it is observed AksharaNet outperforms four other well-established models by 1.5% on CPU and 1.9% on GPU. The result can be directly attributed to the quality of the developed KSIC dataset. Early stopping decisions at 25% and 50% epoch with good and bad accuracies for complex and light models are discussed. Also, useful findings concerning learning rate drop factor and its ideal application period for application are enumerated.

The Smart Assistant for Library Management and Book Reader for Blind People Using Raspberry Pi

This system proposes a camera-based assistive text reading framework to help blind persons ad text labels and product packaging from hand-held objects in their daily lives. To isolate the object from cluttered backgrounds or other surrounding objects in the camera view, we rest propose an ancient and active motion-based method to dine a Region Of Interest (ROI) in the video by asking the user to shake the object. In the extracted ROI, text localization and recognition are conducted to acquire text information. To automatically localize the text regions from the object ROI, we propose a novel text localization algorithm by learning gradient features of stroke orientations and distributions of edge pixels in an Ad boost model. Text characters in the localized text regions are then binaries and recognized by the shelf Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software.

Text Identification System for Translation of English Language

India is a multilinguistic country. People of different states speak different languages but all Indians are not polyglots. English is called as universal language and Kannada is one of Dravidian languages that is used in India. The majority of people in India, especially who live in villages, cannot read, write and understand English language. Translation of any language that is done by human is time consuming. Therefore, there is a need for implementation of Machine translation systems that will translate English language to Kannada language. This paper describes translation system that enhances the knowledge of society without language barrier by translating text in English language to Kannada language by giving the meaning of the word. We can click the picture of any English text and give Image as input to translation system. The system translates English text to Kannada text by extracting characters from an image by using tesseract software. Tesseract is optical engine that scan image containing text and extract characters from image and convert them into editable from. Extracted text which is in English language might have non dictionary words that may or may not be translated properly to Kannada language by existing system. It also identifies such non dictionary words compares with hybrid database and replaces these words with exact Kannada word.