Text Analysis Program Research Articles

A Scientometric Analysis of Publications in the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing 1993–2014

ABSTRACTPurpose: To conduct a scientometric analysis of the contents of the Journal of Business-to-Business Marketing from 1993 to 2014.Methodology/approach: The authors use the Leximancer computer-aided text analysis program, which reliably and reproducibly identifies the main concepts embedded in the text—their frequency and patterns of co-occurrence—based on the ways words move together in the text. They also identify key concepts that differentiate among the networks of concepts occurring in each of the first four five-year periods of the Journal’s history.Findings: There are four common underlying conceptual themes: relationships, market, study, and business. But the focal mix of concepts has changed over time, from a narrower initial focus on distribution and power and conflict, to a greater focus on firm business marketing strategy and pedagogy, to a focus on networks, the Internet and more collaborative relations, to a focus, in the most recent period, on psycho-social network concepts, such as trust and commitment.Research implications: The results complement and provide a baseline for evaluating and comparing researcher-conducted literature reviews of business marketing and JBBM’s contributions. The methodology provides possibilities for further analysis as it can be extended to analyze the business marketing and wider marketing literature more generally and how it has evolved.Practical implications: Leximancer provides a comprehensive, accessible summary of the content of the JBBM and demonstrates its value as a text analysis program.Originality/value/contribution: The authors are among the first to use this novel computer text analysis program to conduct a scientometric analyses of journal content. It provides a template for conducting studies of other journals and text.

Psychological Online Consultation Service Attracts Men: A New Approach to Close the Gap Between Being Ill and Being Treated

Since 1999, the University Hospital Zurich (Zurich, Switzerland) has offered an e-mail-based consultation service for individual health concerns where anonymous questions can be asked to an online doctor. This study aimed at the characterization of the user profile, the content of the question, and the answers given specific in the field of psychiatry. In total, 3,148 questions were asked from 2008 to 2010. Of these, 209 (6.6%) requests were selected by International Classification of Diseases-10 and International Classification of Primary Care codes relevant for psychiatry and included in the retrospective qualitative study. The content analysis of the requests was supported by means of the Mayring inductive category system using a professional text analysis program (MAXQDA). Of the users, 45.9% were female, and 46.9% were male. The mean age was 37.4 years. The main topics of the request were somatoform, somatization, and hypochondriac disorders in 18.4%, behavioral syndromes in 17.9%, and mood disorders in 15.4%. The reason stated most frequently for using the service was looking for a second opinion. The doctors responded with detailed information about disease and treatment and in 70.8% recommended consultation of a physician. Telemedicine is suggested to empower patients by developing health literacy with professional advice. The gender ratio of the users is almost equal, although the prevalence of psychological diseases in the general population is higher in women than in men. Psychological online consultation may potentially reach mentally ill individuals who do not have or did not seek professional help yet, and it seems to be especially attractive for men.

A Mathematical Approach to Gauging Influence by Identifying Shifts in the Emotions of Social Media Users

Although an extensive research literature on influence exists in fields like social psychology and communications, the advent of social media opens up new questions regarding how to define and measure influence online. In this paper, we present a new definition of influence that is tailored uniquely for online contexts and an associated methodology for gauging influence. According to our definition, influence entails the capacity to shift the patterns of emotion levels expressed by social media users. The source of influence may be the content of a user's message or the context of the relationship between exchanging users. Regardless of the source, measuring influence requires first identifying shifts in the patterns of emotion levels expressed by users and then studying the extent that these shifts can be associated with a user. This paper presents a new quantitative approach that combines the use of a text analysis program with a mathematical algorithm to derive trends in levels of emotions expressed in social media and, more importantly, detect breakpoints when those trends changed abruptly. First steps have also been taken to predict future trends in expressions (as well as quantify their accuracy). These methods constitute a new approach to quantifying influence in social media that focuses on detecting the impact of influence (e.g., shifts in levels of emotions expressed) as opposed to focusing on the dynamics of simple social media counts, e.g., retweets, followers, or likes.

The Language of Lies

Past research on deception detection has demonstrated the diagnostic value of attending to verbal content (e.g., message content) over nonverbal cues (e.g., gaze aversion; Vrij, 2008). Moreover, research has also demonstrated the value of computer-based text analysis programs for distinguishing truthful from deceptive communications (Hauch, Masip, Blandon-Gitlin, & Sporer, 2012). The aim of this research is to add to the corpus of studies examining linguistic features of deceptive communications by comparing existing linguistic models (e.g., Newman, Pennebaker, Berry, & Richards, 2003) to our own approach. Based on our model, the results demonstrated that lies contain more affective words, are less detailed, and are more uncertain. Implications are discussed.

Sociable, Mentally Disturbed Women and Angry, Rejected Men: Cultural Scripts for the Suicidal Behavior of Women and Men in the Austrian Print Media

This paper analyzed gender-specific reporting differences in Austrian newspapers on suicidal behavior related to portrayals of and language about suicidal motives in order to shed light on cultural scripts that may both reflect and shape gender stereotypes in a country where conservative gender-role models dominate. A total of 126 Austrian print-media reports on female suicidal behavior were compared to 381 reports on male suicidal behavior. The linguistic text analysis program LIWC was used to compare the use of language indicative of emotions, assess text complexity and detect indicators of social processes in the stories. Mental illness as a motive for suicide was more prevalent in reports on women’s suicidal behavior and was often portrayed in a stigmatizing manner. Consistent with Austria’s prevalent conceptions of gender-role functions, stories about female suicidal behavior contained more words indicating sociability and more references to other persons, and motives for female suicide were often linked to family situations. Words indicating anger were more prevalent in articles on male behavior, and male suicidal behavior was contextualized as stemming from breakups and spousal rejection. Articles on female suicide contained more tentative wording, and the language used to portray women’s suicidal behavior was more complex. These findings are consistent with a script that conforms to sociable, mentally disturbed women and angry, rejected men. This script reflects sexist cultural attitudes relevant to public education efforts.

Text mining, a method for computer-assisted analysis of scientific texts, demonstrated by an analysis of author networks

Searching for relevant publications is becoming more difficult with the increasing number of scientific articles. Text mining as a specific form of computer-based data analysis may be helpful in this context. Highlighting relations between authors and finding relevant publications concerning a specific subject using text analysis programs are illustrated graphically by 2 performed examples.

What can software tell us about political candidates?

This study evaluates a computerized text analysis program, Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC), by investigating the relationship between the discourse and personalities of presidential and vice presidential candidates in the 2008 presidential election in the United States. Analyses of speech samples (N = 141) from Barack Obama, Joe Biden, John McCain, and Sarah Palin were conducted using LIWC. The results show that in the context of political speech events, such as media interviews, political candidates make unique linguistic choices, which may be interpreted as displaying distinct personality traits. Yet, despite the statistical significance of the results, there are salient limitations of utilizing computerized methodologies to analyze political speech events, such as the limited interpretative capacity of the software to understand pragmatic and contextual language use.

An analytical Study on the Readability of Japanese text ―With a focus on Developing an Japanese text analysis Program Based on Previous format of JLPT―

An analytical Study on the Readability of Japanese text ―With a focus on Developing an Japanese text analysis Program Based on Previous format of JLPT―

Medical Online Consultation Service in CAM at the University Hospital Zurich

Background: The University Hospital Zurich offers medical online consultation services in individual health concerns. We examined the need for users' information in the field of CAM. For this purpose, the content of the questions, the users' profiles, and the online responses of the physicians were analyzed. Methods: The retrospective study analyzed 154 (1.3%) out of 11,827 questions and responses, selected by a literature-based keyword list between 2006 and 2007. They were evaluated by means of an inductive category system described by Mayring using a professional text analysis program (MAXQDA). Frequencies and mean values of the categories were statistically determined. Results: Users (aged 39.2 ± 16, females 61%) asked questions, which were in 73% allocated to herbal medicine, 7% to homeopathy, and 2% to acupuncture. The questions referred to medical fields, such as gynecology (18%), dermatology (13%), psychiatry (11%), and oncology (8%). One third of the responses provided detailed information about herbal treatment options. Conclusions: The email-based online consultation service was used as a source of medical information in order to get more professional consultation in the field of CAM. Future scientific evaluation should investigate if online consultation services which are embedded in an environment of highly qualified health professionals may contribute to a better health literacy and empowerment of the patients.

Interacting with Readers: Metadiscourse Features in National University of Lesotho Undergraduate Students’ Academic Writing

This study examines the use of metadiscourse in National University of Lesotho [NUL] students’ academic writing. Focusing on final year undergraduate students’ research reports, the study identifies metadiscourse expressions used by the students and their apparent intentions in using such expressions Data for this study were the discussion sections of the students’ research projects. The analysis involved identifying and quantifying instances of metadiscourse, as well as interpreting the functions of the used metadiscourse expressions. The manual analysis was supported by a computerized text analysis program, Wordsmith Tools. The model used for the analysis was proposed by Hyland and Tse (2004) and further developed by Hyland (2005). Findings reveal that NUL students are more concerned with producing coherent texts than explicitly intruding into their texts and engaging the readers. This was seen in the high frequencies of interactive metadiscourse and considerably low frequencies of interactive metadiscourse (1688 as against 395). Students generally avoided self-mentions (typically first person pronouns) and engagement markers to directly address readers. This seems to have been a direct influence of the instruction they received in the compulsory first year course on Communication and Study Skills.

Investigation of Using Text-Critiquing Programs in a Process-Oriented Writing Class

While the cost vs. gain of text-analysis CALL programs has been discussed (e.g., Brock, 1990) and major drawbacks of commercial packages such as Grammatìk for specific learner groups were pointed out (Liou, 1991), few research studies on integrating available text-analysis programs into realistic writing classroom activities have been formally conducted so far. This research report addresses the issue by documenting the college EFL writers' revision process in which human teachers' feedback, students' own revision, and the use of two commercial packages, Grammatìk and Complete Writer's Toolkit, were incorporated. A small-scale quasi-experimental study was conducted to examine the effect of the packages while assessing the writing performance of 39 subjects placed in either the control group or the experimental group. In addition, an interview was conducted to elicit the subjects' response to this CALL strategy. A comparison was made regarding (a) the performance of the two-group subjects, (b) the effects of the programs vs. subjects' peer comments (peer editing), and (c) the differences between the effects of critiquing of Grammatìk and Complete Writer's Toolkit. Other factors which may affect the gain while using the program were qualitatively documented. Results showed that each of the two packages has a role to play for students of various proficiency levels and that weak subjects benefited more from Writer's Toolkit and liked such programs better. No group difference in writing quality was found regarding students who used or did not use the programs. Attitudes toward the use of such programs tend to be positive. It seems that text-analysis programs may be beneficial to learners in writing revision given careful classroom design and individual attention to learners' writing proficiency. Several pedagogical implications are raised.

Do testimonies of traumatic events differ depending on the interviewer

While differences in witness narratives due to different interviewers may have implications for their credibility in court, this study considers how investigative interviews by different parties to the proceedings, as well as the gender and nationality of interviewers, can influence the testimony of witnesses in court who share comparable traumatic experiences. The foundation of the analysis was answers given to judges, prosecutors, civil party lawyers and defence lawyers in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) located in Phnom Penh. Transcribed testimonies of 24 victim witnesses and civil parties which were translated from Khmer into English were analysed using a computer-based text analysis program, the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Results showed that when answering questions by females, witnesses used significantly more cognitive process words. When interviewed by international rather than by Cambodian parties to the proceeding witness accounts were composed of significantly more verbal expressions of affective processes and of perceptual processes. Furthermore, witnesses used most cognitive and affective process words during the interview by civil party lawyers and defence lawyers. These results may be due to a prior supportive relationship between civil parties and their lawyers and due to a more interrogative question style by the defence lawyers, who attempt to undermine the credibility of the interviewed witnesses. Data shows that LIWC analysis is an appropriate method to examine witness accounts and, therefore, contributes to a better understanding of the complex relationship between testimony in events under litigation and credibility.

Applying Co‐occurrence Text Analysis with ALCESTE to Studies of Impression Management

This paper reviews the potential role of co‐occurrence text analysis using ALCESTE, a computerized text analysis program. Using an illustrative case study from the biometric industry, we demonstrate that this method offers a number of advantageous features, including the provision of visual outputs which are useful for interpreting results, the ability to study longitudinally the effectiveness of impression management at the inter‐organizational level of analysis and the possibility of studying large textual data sets without using predefined dictionaries. Meanwhile, key limitations of the method include its limited versatility, its tedious data‐cleaning process and its ineffectiveness in identifying the centrality or tonality of the discourse. Our overall conclusion is that the introduction and more widespread use of this method in management is timely, particularly for scholars interested in studying narrative fidelity and frame amplification.

Learner Characteristics and Syntactic and Lexical Complexity of Written Products

The purpose of this study was to search for the probable effects of learners’ characteristics on linguistic properties of their writings. Learners’ characteristics were studied via three main leaner variables; affective, cognitive, and biological variables. Extroversion/ introversion (affective), reflectivity/ impulsivity (cognitive), and gender (biological) were selected as three variables via which the learners could be categorized into different groups. The linguistic properties of the learners’ written performance were measured through Syntactic Complexity and Lexical Complexity. The participants were selected from a homogeneous group of university language learners whom were asked to write a composition. The compositions were then transcribed into available information for a computer. A computerized text analysis program (Word Smith Tools) was used to measure the linguistic properties of the written compositions. Syntactic complexity (ratio of subordination and average sentence length of the written texts) and Lexical complexity (lexical diversity and lexical density) were calculated by the program. Extroverts indicated to write in a more lexically complex way than introverts. The results showed that there was not any significant difference between reflective and impulsive learners with respect to the linguistic properties of their writings. Female and male learners also indicated no such difference with regard to the linguistic characteristics of their written performance.

Automate to Educate

Education Science education reforms face a daunting challenge: How do we assess skills that cannot be easily automated or digitized? Nehm et al. , examined the capacity of the software package Summarization Integrated Development Environment (SIDE) to automatically analyze and score written explanations of evolutionary change. Using an online response system, 2260 writing samples from 565 undergraduates with varying levels of evolution knowledge were collected and graded by two human raters. Human-scored responses were used to train SIDE software, and human- and software-scored samples were compared. SIDE performance was found to be most effective when used at the individual item level; that is, SIDE was most effective when it was trained with the same type of items that it subsequently scored. SIDE was found to be advantageous over current commercial text analysis programs, because it required less time and financial investment. Because SIDE can be used in areas outside of biology, it has potential to become an important tool for educators as science education moves to include more authentic problem-solving tasks. J. Sci. Educ. Technol. 21 , 183 (2012).

Medical online consultation service regarding maxillofacial surgery

ObjectiveThe University Hospital of Zurich provides a medical online consultation service since 1999. Our aim was to characterise the users of an online consultation with queries regarding maxillofacial surgery, to analyse the content of their questions and to study the actions by the internet doctors with the ambition of defining whether the telemedical consultation is a useful tool in this surgical field. Materials and methodsThe procedure of inductive category development described by MAYRING was used. A professional text analysis program MAXQDA supported the process of analysis. 204 questions were evaluated. ResultsMen sent 37% of the questions, 48% originated by women, mean age was 38years. Often they asked for information about medical therapies or pharmaceuticals (n=74) and about specific disease or an injury (n=26). The three most common maxillofacial surgery topics were sinusitis (n=21), aphthae in the mouth (n=17) and basal cell carcinoma (n=14). ConclusionsOnline consultation is not only understood as a first contact with the healthcare system but also as a centre to get professional further and detailed information and advice after a doctor visit, especially about chronic diseases and infections. Online consultation can complement the traditional healthcare and conventional physician–patient relationship in maxillofacial surgery.

Cognitive–Affective Styles Associated With Position on War

This study examined cognitive–affective styles associated with position on the Iraq war by analyzing responses posted on an online discussion forum using a computerized text-analysis program (Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count). Overall, the results were consistent with those obtained in narrative-coding studies. The pro-war group was associated with an external focus and a simplistic style of information processing. The anti-war group was associated with an internal focus and high levels of cognitive processing and negative emotion words. The “neither” group scored the highest on cognitive complexity and positive emotion words, and it was also the most balanced in terms of internal and external focus.

We‐Talk, Communal Coping, and Cessation Success in a Couple‐Focused Intervention for Health‐Compromised Smokers

We investigated first-person plural pronoun use (we-talk) by health-compromised smokers and their spouses as a possible implicit marker of adaptive, problem-resolving communal processes. Twenty couples in which one or both partners used tobacco despite one of them having a heart or lung problem participated in up to 10 sessions of a smoking cessation intervention designed to promote communal coping, where partners define smoking as "our" problem, rather than "your" problem or "my" problem, and take collaborative action to solve it. We used the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count automatic text analysis program to tabulate first-person pronoun use by both partners from transcripts of a pretreatment marital interaction task and later intervention sessions. Results indicated that pretreatment we-talk by the patient's spouse predicted whether the patient remained abstinent 12 months after quitting, and residualized change in we-talk by both partners during the course of intervention (controlling for baseline levels) predicted cessation outcomes as well. These findings add to evidence regarding the prognostic significance of partner we-talk for patient health and provide preliminary documentation of communal coping as a possible mechanism of change in couple-focused intervention.

Associations among childhood sexual abuse, language use, and adult sexual functioning and satisfaction

ObjectivesTo better understand the link between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and adult sexual functioning and satisfaction, we examined cognitive differences between women with (N=128) and without (NSA, N=99) CSA histories. MethodsWe used the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count, a computerized text analysis program, to investigate language differences between women with and without CSA histories when writing about their daily life (neutral essay) and their beliefs about sexuality and their sexual experiences (sexual essay). ResultsCompared to NSA women, women with CSA histories used fewer first person pronouns in the neutral essay but more in the sexual essay, suggesting women with CSA histories have greater self-focus when thinking about sexuality. Women who reported CSA used more intimacy words and more language consistent with psychological distancing in the sexual essay than did NSA women. Use of positive emotion words in the sexual essay predicted sexual functioning and satisfaction in both groups. ConclusionsThese findings support the view that language use differs in significant ways between women with and without sexual abuse histories, and that these differences relate to sexual functioning and satisfaction.

What's in a word? Linguistic characteristics of Adult Attachment Interviews

In the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI; George, Kaplan, & Main, 1984), state of mind with respect to attachment is assessed not on the basis of the content of the participant's narrative, but rather on the basis of the narrative's linguistic properties. The present study is the first to further explore linguistic characteristics of attachment state of mind in AAI narratives by examining participants' frequency of word usage within the categories of the Linguistic Inquiry Word Count text analysis program (LIWC; Pennebaker, Booth, & Francis, 2007). LIWC uses an internal dictionary to count words in conceptual categories and creates proportion scores for each category based on the total word count. Results from an examination of the AAI transcripts of 136 first-time mothers of infants indicated that (a) participants with secure, dismissing, and preoccupied AAI classifications significantly differed in their use of 14 of the 44 LIWC categories examined; (b) 10 LIWC categories were significantly correlated with AAI coherence of mind; and (c) AAI group assignment based on LIWC linguistic profiles yielded 71% agreement with AAI coders. We drew from existing AAI and LIWC research to interpret and discuss these intriguing findings.