Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Articles

Evaluating and Developing Tourism. C. A. Gunn and A. J. Worms. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. July 1973. 21p

Evaluating and Developing Tourism. C. A. Gunn and A. J. Worms. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. July 1973. 21p

Off-Road Recreation Vehicles—A Research Summary, 1969-1975. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, The Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. July 1976. 84p

Off-Road Recreation Vehicles—A Research Summary, 1969-1975. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, The Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. July 1976. 84p

Vegetative Growth and Mortality of Drummond's Goldenweed (Isocoma drummondii [T. & G.] Greene: Compositae) as Influenced by Soil Moisture and Site Characteristics

Substantial emergence of Drummond's goldenweed (Isocoma Drummondii (T. & G.) Greene; Compositae) seedlings on the Texas Coastal Prairie occurred in 1 of the 2 yr study. Immediately following seed dispersal in January 1976, average density of new seedlings (2667/m2) on a grey sandy loam was nine times that of a tight sandy loam and almost 30 times that on a honey mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr. var. glandulosa)-dominated loamy sand site. No new seedlings survived the spring season under natural conditions on any of the three sites, although seedling densities remained high in a fenced exclosure, especially where artificially seeded. Cumulative annual mortality of second-year seedlings was 100% on the loamy sand, 47% on the grey sandy loam, and 25% on the tight sandy loam site. Initial establishment of two populations of Drummond's goldenweed appear to have coincided with mechanical removal or serious disturbance of the mixed-brush overstory. Maximum rate of stem elongation (1.77 mm/day) of mature Drummond's goldenweed growing in full sunlight occurred during late summer and was associated with high rainfall. Stem growth of juvenile Drummond's goldenweed on a deep, calcareous site with high extractable phosphorus varied closely with soil water availability (r =0.85). On a heavier-textured, poorly-drained soil with a shallow argillic horizon where salts and sodium accumulated, stem growth was suppressed regardless of soil water availability. Average stem elongation rates of juvenile and mature Drummond's goldenweed across all sites and sampling dates were 0.49 and 0.77 mm/day, respectively. The perennial Drummond's goldenweed is a heavily-branched, suffrutescent subshrub. The rounded canopy may reach 1 m in height, 1 Approved by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station as TA 13887. Senior author was formerly a graduate research assistant, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station.

Variability in Predicting Edible Browse from Crown Volume

Biomass estimates were made with regression techniques using crown volume and weight relationships. The log-log function yielded the highest coefficient of determination for Vasey shin oak, plateau oak, Texas persimmon, and honey mesquite. A quadratic function was best for woollybucket bumelia, littleleaf sumac, agarito, and pricklyash. Sugar hackberry showed equally high coefficients with either the linear or quadratic. Coefficients of determination for catclaw acacia, elbowbush, and skunkbush sumac generally were low regardless of the type of regression equation used. When sampled at various periods over the year, predictive accuracy declined for Vasey shin oak and plateau oak through fall and winter but rose again in spring and early summer. For both species, the log-log function was best from late summer to winter but during spring and early summer the quadratic function was best. Browse biomass commonly is recognized as one of the most difficult of all vegetation components to measure (Blair 1958). Even so, the information has been valuable to foresters for measuring potential flammability (Brown 1976) and to range scientists for estimating utilization by herbivores (Dalrymple et al. 1965; Ferguson and Marsden 1977), forage available to herbivores (Bryant 1977), productivity of herbivores (Leigh et al. 1970), or the response to brush control (Bentley et al. 1970; Scifres et al. 1974). Thus, numerous methods have been developed for inventory of browse or shrub yield. Some of these different methods have been reported by Hamiss and Murray (1976). Recently, techniques used for predicting browse yield have included linear regressions of crown volume on the weight of plants to predict yield. Crown volume requires at least two measurements of the plant in addition to weight, and is well suited because a combination of measurements is usually better than any single measurement (Cook 1960). Also, volume generally yields a better relationship to weight than surface area to weight (Lyon 1968). These volume-weight relationships have usually included only one species (Lyon 1968; Scifres et al. 1974; Rittenhouse and Sneva 1977). Only Bentley et al. (1970) has dealt with more than one shrub species. Previous studies have not examined the same species at different sampling dates within a 1-year period to determine the impact of defoliation on the precision of the predictive equations. Lyon (1968) has, however, found that the precision of regression equations varied with range site for the single species being studied. The authors are assistant professor, Range and Wildlife Management, Texas Tech University; and associate professor, Department of Range Science, Texas A&M University. At the time of this research, Bryant was research assistant, Range Science, Texas A&M University. Financial support from the Texas Agr. Exp. Sta. at Sonora is gratefully acknowledged. This article is TA 14210 from the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. Manuscript received April 28, 1978. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of various regression functions for the prediction of biomass from crown volume for several browse species and for selected species at different sampling dates. Methods and Materials Crown volume and weight relationships were used on several browse species to estimate the availability of edible browse to herbivores. Two of the species were evaluated at different sampling dates over a 1-year period. An 8-ha study site was selected at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Sonora, Texas (Fig. 1). The site had been rootplowed 7 years prior. All available browse was in a young age class and less than 2.2 m tall. Since 1970, the browse had received light used by cattle, sheep, Angora goats, and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus L.). In August, 1975, the density for each species was estimated using either point-center-quarter (Cottam and Curtis 1956) or the correctedpoint-distance technique (Laycock and Batcheler 1975), depending on the degree of aggregation. Two transects, 322 m long, were used and points were established every 30.5 m. The distance to the nearest individual of each species was measured and its height and diameter at the widest point were recorded. Height and diameter measurements were converted to conical volume using the formula

Influence of Soil, Vegetation, and Grazing Management on Infiltration Rate and Sediment Production of Edwards Plateau Rangeland

Terminal infiltration rates for one pasture in a 4-pasture deferred-rotation grazing system and a 27-year exclosure were found to be similar (10.40 and 10.24 cm/hr, respectively). A heavily, continuously grazed pasture exhibited less than one-half the infiltration rate (4.41 cm/hr) of the rotation pasture and exclosure. Grazed pastures were stocked at approximately the same rate (5.0 ha/AU/yr). The continuously grazed pasture also had greater sediment loss (211 kg/ha) than the rotation pasture and exclosure (134 and 160 kg/ha, respectively). Infiltration rate and sediment production were significantly influenced by plant biomass, bulk density, depression storage, and soil depth. Soil and vegetation influences on infiltration and sediment production of rangeland have been documented (Coleman 1953; Branson et al. 1972). Grazing influences infiltration and erosion primarily through its impact on soil and vegetation. Overgrazing generally decreases infiltration (Rhoades et al. 1964; Rauzi and Hanson 1966; Lusby 1970) and causes an increase in erosion (Dunford 1949; Johnston 1962). Although effects of different intensities and durations of continuous grazing on infiltration and sediment production have been studied, there is a lack of information on the effects of rotational grazing on the hydrologic condition of rangeland. There have been few infiltration studies of any type in Texas, .and no published data exists for the Edwards Plateau relative to the influence of soil or grazing management on infiltration and sediment production. The purpose of this study was to evaluate edaphic variables, vegetation and grazing management as they influence infiltration rate and sediment production of Edwards Plateau rangeland. Study Area The study was conducted on the 1,430-ha Texas AM mean January temperature is 9°C (Hardy et al. 1962). Mean annual rainfall at the Station is 57.2 cm. May and September are the wettest months and average 7.8 and 7.6 cm, respectively (Long 1962). Authors art‘. respectively, graduate research assistant and associate professor. Departmcnt ot Range Science, Texas AM and protessor. Texas A&M University Agricultural Research Station, Sonora. Thl report IS published with approval of the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, as TA-11.485. The author wish to achnowledge the Otfice of Water Research and Technology (Project C-03 IO) tor financial support, Dr. W.H. Blackbum for assistance in construction and use ol the drip infiltrometer. and personnel of the Sonora Research Station for their field

Midge Control on Guar, Chillicothe, Texas, 1978

Abstract Three rates of methyl parathion were compared with the registered Diazinon® rate of 0.5 lb ai/acre for guar midge control. ‘Kinman’ guar was planted June 14 at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station at Chillicothe. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Plots were 4 rows wide, on 40-inch centers, by 100 ft long; and blocks were separated by cleared 25 ft alleys. Plots were sampled semi-weekly to monitor larval populations in guar buds. By August 10 all plots had reached an average of 30% bud infestation, the economic threshold. Insecticide applications were made in early morning of August 11 with a tractor mounted spray rig. With 1 nozzle/row the sprayer delivered 8.6 gal/acre at 60 psi. Plants were examined for phytotoxicity symptoms on August 15. No rainfall occurred during the post-treatment sampling period.

Design of Motorcycle Areas Near Campgrounds: Effects on Riders and Nonriders. Richard L. Bury and Ed Fillmore. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. January 1974. 61p

Design of Motorcycle Areas Near Campgrounds: Effects on Riders and Nonriders. Richard L. Bury and Ed Fillmore. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. January 1974. 61p

Evaluating and Developing Tourism. C. A. Gunn and A. J. Worms. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. July 1973. 21 p

Evaluating and Developing Tourism. C. A. Gunn and A. J. Worms. The Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas. July 1973. 21 p

Effects of Tax Depreciation Policy and Investment Incentives on Optimal Equipment Replacement Decisions: Comment

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 58, Issue 2 p. 355-358 Note Effects of Tax Depreciation Policy and Investment Incentives on Optimal Equipment Replacement Decisions: Comment Ronald D. Kay, Ronald D. Kay associate professor Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M University is a graduate assistant in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M University.Search for more papers by this authorEdward Rister, Edward Rister Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Ronald D. Kay, Ronald D. Kay associate professor Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M University is a graduate assistant in the Department of Agricultural Economics at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M University.Search for more papers by this authorEdward Rister, Edward Rister Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1976 https://doi.org/10.2307/1238994Citations: 16 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume58, Issue2May 1976Pages 355-358 RelatedInformation

A Practical Way to Select an Optimum Farm Plan Under Risk: Comment

American Journal of Agricultural EconomicsVolume 57, Issue 1 p. 128-131 Note A Practical Way to Select an Optimum Farm Plan Under Risk: Comment Peter J. Barry, Peter J. Barry associate professor Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M University graduate studentSearch for more papers by this authorLindon J. Robinson, Lindon J. Robinson Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M UniversitySearch for more papers by this author Peter J. Barry, Peter J. Barry associate professor Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M University graduate studentSearch for more papers by this authorLindon J. Robinson, Lindon J. Robinson Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A…M UniversitySearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 February 1975 https://doi.org/10.2307/1238854Citations: 3 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Citing Literature Volume57, Issue1February 1975Pages 128-131 RelatedInformation

An Example of Economically Feasible Opportunities for Reducing Pesticide Use in Commercial Agriculture

AbstractDue to increasing resistance of the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), and tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), in 1968 and 1969, the Texas Department of Corrections in cooperation with the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, initiated a new pest management strategy. This new strategy was basically (i) to control boll weevil with a fall diapause program, (ii) control fleahopper with low dosages of insecticides applied as early as feasible and (iii) to terminate fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Reuter), treatments quickly to allow beneficial insects to build and control bollworm and budworm.Comparing 1968–69 cotton, Gossypium herbaceum L., production (traditional insecticide treatment) to the new 1970–72 strategy indicates that insecticide use declined from 14.51 kg/ha to 7.19 (12.9 to 6.4 lb/acre) while lint yield increased due to the new pest management strategy on the Brazos River region of the Texas Department of Corrections cotton farms. Estimated net returns would be expected to increase $55.87 ($22.61 on a per acre basis) with adoption of the new pest management strategy compared to the traditional strategy. The Trinity River region of the Texas Department of Corrections cotton farms indicate that the new pest management strategy brought about a 50% reduction in per hectare quantity of insecticides used (from 12.28 to 6.22 kg [10.8 to 5.6 lb]), a 90 kg/ha (80 lb/acre) yield increase, and $85.50/ha ($34.627/acre) net return increase.Expanding these results to the 86.8 thousand hectares (215 thousand acres) to cotton in the surrounding area indicates that the new pest management strategy would increase cotton output by over 27.4 thousand bales, reduce quantity of insecticides applied by 607,000 kg (1.4 million lb) while increasing producer net returns over 5 million dollars.

Selectivity of Predator Control Techniques in South Texas

During a comprehensive study to determine the role of predation in reducing the productivity of the wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia), data were gathered on the selectivity and efficiency of M-44's, hunting, strychnine baits, and steel traps for taking certain predators. Selectivity is that property of taking only target species which, for the present study, were coyotes (Canis latrans), bobcats (Lynx rufus), and other small predatory furbearers. The M-44 and hunting were the most selective methods, each taking only target species. Strychnine baits and steel traps took a variety of animals including game animals, raptors, rodents, song birds, and reptiles. The M-44 was probably the most efficient tool for taking coyotes while bobcats were taken more efficiently with steel traps. Nontarget species in one area may be target species in another area so care should be exercised in generalizing about selectivity of predator control techniques. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 38(4):837-844 Recent reports by Leopold (1964) and Cain et al. (1972) have been critical of many aspects of the predator control program as conducted in the United States. Their discussions concern, in large part, the misuse and overuse of predator control methods in the western United States to control coyotes. They state that as a result of these control efforts many animals (nontarget species) besides coyotes are killed or injured because the control techniques are unselective. Of particular interest here is their discussion concerning the nonselectivity of steel traps, various poisons, and cyanide guns (including M-44's). A review of the literature reveals a striking paucity of published objective studies on selectivity of predator control techniques. Robinson presents some data provided by government trappers in Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico listing various animals taken by steel traps (1961), by thallium and compound 1080 (1948), and steel traps and cyanide guns (1943). Balser et al. (1968) list potential nest predators killed by strychnine eggs in Minnesota. The purpose of this paper is not to argue for or against predator control but to provide quantitative information in analyzing selectivity of several predator control techniques. This research was conducted as a part of a more comprehensive study designed to determine the role of predation in the productivity of wild turkeys and not simply as an exercise of predacide. The research was supported financially by the Caesar Kleberg Research Program in Wildlife Ecology through the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station. The King Ranch, Inc., was helpful in providing the area and many facilities. M. Caroline and the Division of Wildlife Services of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are gratefully acknowledged for providing much of the equipment used in this study. W. H. Kiel, Jr., gave many helpful suggestions in the preparation of the manu-

Relationships between Predator Removal and White-Tailed Deer Net Productivity

This study was conducted to determine the impact of predation on productivity of whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) in South Texas by removing predators from one area and comparing the results to a control area. A total of 188 coyotes (Canis latrans) and 120 bobcats (Lynx rufus) were removed during predator removal efforts on the approximately 5,400-acre (2,186-ha) experimental area from 1 February to 30 June 1971 and 1972. Aerial counts in 1971, a severe drought year, revealed a fawn:doe ratio of 0.47 in the experimental predator removal area compared to 0.12 in the control area. In 1972 more favorable climatic conditions led to higher deer productivity in both areas, but the relative difference between the two areas was maintained. The experimental area had a fawn:doe ratio of 0.82 compared to 0.32 on the control area. Counts from roads indicated a decline in fawn:doe ratio with increasing distance from the experimental area. These data indicate that deer populations in this locality could be increased with a very intensive predator control program. To justify such a predator control program on the basis of present information, however, a more intensive hunter harvest would probably be required to hold the deer herd below the density level where starvation, diseases, or other factors begin to take their toll. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 38(4):854-859 Regardless of underlying circumstances, certain canid predators have at times developed a specialization for preying on ungulates to the point of drastically curtailing the population (Errington 1946). Selecting against the young of these conspicuous, relatively slow-breeding forms would be potentially very destructive (Allee et al. 1949:374). That predators can specialize by preying on the young of an ungulate species has been suggested by studies involving the coyote and antelope (Antilocapra americana) in Texas (Jones 1949) and Arizona (Arrington and Edwards 1951), the lynx (Lynx canadensis) and caribou (Rangifer tarandus) in Newfoundland (Bergerud 1971), the black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) and blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi) in South Africa (du Plessis 1972), and the coyote and whitetailed deer in South Texas (White 1966:83, Knowlton 1968). Recent studies with ear-marked (Knowlto 1964) and radio-tagged (Cook et al. 1971) white-tailed deer fawns on the Welder Wildlife Refuge in South Texas have suggested that coyote predation was responsible for substantial juvenile mortality, and that this was likely the major factor stabilizing the dense and generally healthy deer herd on the refuge. Speculation has arisen concerning the fate of white-tailed deer fawns in other portions of South Texas. On th Ki g Ranch in Kleberg County the deer population is maintained at around 3-6 deer per 100 acres (40.5 ha) (Kiel, unpublished data). On other areas of the Rio Grande Pla n of South Texas an average of 3.5-5.5 deer per 100 acres exists (Harwell and Kierce 1972), whereas on the Welder Refuge pproximately 15-18 deer per 100 acres are fo nd (Cook et al. 1971). The deer population in much of the Central Mineral Region of Texas also approximates 18 per 100 acres (Teer et al. 1965). Teer et al. (1965) found average embryo counts for adult white-tailed deer to range from 0.96 to 1.29, whereas yearlings averaged 0.75. Average embryo counts of adult 1 Research supported by the Caesar Kleberg Research Program in Wildlife Ecology through the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 854 J. Wildl. Manage. 38 (4):1974 This content downloaded from 157.55.39.163 on Sun, 20 Nov 2016 04:24:27 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms PREDATOR REMOVAL AND DEER o Beasom 855 deer in South Texas have been found to range between 1.24 and 1.81 per doe (Barron and Harwell 1973). Illige (1951) found an average production of 1.28 embryos per doe (adults and yearlings) in a county adjoining the present study area. Postpartum fawn:doe (including adults and yearlings) ratios in Kleberg County, South Texas, however, are rarely greater than 0.3 (Kiel, unpublished data). Evidence suggests that the relatively low whitetail net productivity is a result of high fetal or early postnatal mortality. This study originated as part of a more intensive study on Rio Grande wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo intermedia). It was designed to investigate the effects of predator removal on net productivity of both the turkey and white-tailed deer. Gratitude is extended to W. H. Kiel, Jr., biologist, King Ranch, Inc. who provided advice and assistance throughout the study. The enthusiastic field support of D. A. Stiles, J. C. Hutchinson, W. A. Sandifer, H. H. Haucke, R. G. Sims, R. L. Mitchell, and F. S. Guthery during certain phases of the project is gratefully appreciated. E. D. Ables offered many helpful suggestions on the preparation of the manuscript.

Bionomics of Several North American Species of Anthonomus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Information on the life history, habits, host plants, parasites and taxonomy is presented for 9 species of the weevil genus, Anthonomus. Included are new host records for 5 species and new parasite records for 4 species. The pupal and larval stages of Anthonomus dealbatus Champion and A. heterogenus Dietz are described and illustrated. Anthonomus callirrhoae Pierce is synonymized with Anthonomus squamans Champion (New Synonymy). Information on the life history, habits, hosts and immature stages of various species of the weevil genus Anthonomus Germar has been published by Burke (1968), Ahmad and Burke (1972), and Gates and Burke (1972). We have recently accumulated additional biological data on the following species: ANTHONOMUS DEALBATUS CHAMPION. This weevil was originally described (Champion, 1910) from a single female collected in Guatemala. Except for being listed in a checklist by Blackwelder (1947) and in Coleopterorum Catalogus by Schenkling and Marshall (1934), the species has not been reported in the literature since being described. The present account includes the first report of the species from Mexico, a new host record, and the first descriptions of its larval and pupal stages. Adults were collected on Sida cordifolia L. near Lerdo de Tejada, Veracruz, Mexico in June 1965. These specimens were determined by direct comparison with the Champion type which is deposited in the British Museum (Natural History). On 23 August 1967 adults, larvae and pupae were taken from S. cordifolia at the Lerdo de Tejada locality. Larvae develop in the fruit capsules of this plant and pupation occurs in the larval feeding cavity. 1 Technical article no. 10417. Department of Entomology, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University.

USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE PELLETS FOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE OF LAMB CARCASSES

Journal of Food ScienceVolume 39, Issue 5 p. 1068-1069 USE OF CARBON DIOXIDE PELLETS FOR SHIPMENT AND STORAGE OF LAMB CARCASSES G. C. SMITH, G. C. SMITH Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this authorZ. L. CARPENTER, Z. L. CARPENTER Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this authorR. D. SIMMONS, R. D. SIMMONS Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this authorW. H. MARSHALL, W. H. MARSHALL Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this author G. C. SMITH, G. C. SMITH Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this authorZ. L. CARPENTER, Z. L. CARPENTER Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this authorR. D. SIMMONS, R. D. SIMMONS Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this authorW. H. MARSHALL, W. H. MARSHALL Meats & Meat Chemistry Section, Dept. of Animal Science Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1974 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1974.tb07316.xCitations: 6AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume39, Issue5September 1974Pages 1068-1069 RelatedInformation

Decapod Crustaceans of the Navasota River System in Central Texas

Ten species of decapods, nine crawfishes and one grass shrimp, are reported from the Navasota River drainage of central Texas. One species appears to be endemic to the river system while the range of two other species is extended to include the Navasota River. A brief discussion is given for each species along with collecting localities. The general distribution for each species in Texas is also noted. Our interest in the decapod crustaceans of the Navasota River system began in 1968 during a study by the senior author on the crawfishes in the Gracilis Section of the genus Procambarus. During 19681970 the junior author and his students took crawfishes in several of their collections while carrying out a base line study of the river by the Texas Water Resources Institute. This report is based on the collections of both authors and their students. Identification of astacid crawfishes is based primarily on the structure of the first pair of pleopods (gonopods) of adult males (Fig. i). However, other morphological characters of adults are also very useful, especially when dealing with species in restricted geographical areas. Most of these characters are shown in Figure 2. Adult male crawfishes exhibit two different morphological forms which are directly related to the reproductive cycle. Form I males are capable of copulation while Form II males are not. Form I males can be distinguished from Form II males by differences in the terminal elements of the first pair of pleopods which, in Form I males, are well defined and at least one is corneous. Although all of the crawfishes are aquatic, many have adapted to living in burrows and in some cases the burrows are far removed from surface water. Procambarus incilis and Orconectes palmeri longimanus seem to be restricted to open water although both may burrow during droughts. Procambarus incilis is most common in pools on the flood 1A contribution of the Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and Texas Water Resources Institute, Texas A&M University.

Registration of TAM W‐101 Wheat1 (Reg. No. 541)

Crop ScienceVolume 14, Issue 4 cropsci1974.0011183X001400040050x p. 608-608 Registration of Crop Cultivars Registration of TAM W-101 Wheat1 (Reg. No. 541) K. B. Porter, K. B. Porter Professor-in-Charge, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.Search for more papers by this author K. B. Porter, K. B. Porter Professor-in-Charge, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, USDA Southwestern Great Plains Research Center, Bushland, Texas.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 July 1974 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400040050xCitations: 11 1 Registered by the Crop Science Society of America. Cooperative investigations of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station and ARS, USDA. Approved for publication as Technical Article No. 11066 by the Director of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, Texas. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume14, Issue4July–August 1974Pages 608-608 RelatedInformation

Hookworms in South Texas Coyotes and Bobcats

Hookworm (Ancylostoma caninum) ova were found in 89.3 percent of the fecal samples of 75 coyotes (Canis latrans) and 97.7 percent of 44 bobcats (Lynx rufus) in the present South Texas study. Examination of field-collected scats of these two species showed 90.4 percent hookworm infestation in coyotes and 91.9 percent in bobcats. The degree of hookworm parasitism in these South Texas coyotes and bobcats, and the severity of hookworm infestations in many young host animals, suggest that hookworms could account for some of the natural mortality in wild populations of coyotes and bobcats. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 38(3):455-458 Hookworms occur in almost all suitable regions of their tropical and subtropical distribution (Miller 1971). These parasites are commonly found in dogs, cats, and other closely related carnivores. Hookworm infection is more severe in pups than adults, with the more visible characteristic symptoms being progressive anemia, emaciation, hemorrhagic diarrhea, and general weakness, sometimes resulting in death. The parasite's action is on the wall of the small intestine where it periodically attaches to suck blood and then releases to move to another site. A loss of blood ranging from 0.07 ml to 0.12 ml per worm per day occurs both from the hookworm's feeding and the abandoned oozing wound (Clark et al. 1961). Wells (1931), however, reported blood losses as high as 0.8 cc per worm per 24-hour period. Infection may occur by ingestion or cutaneous penetration (Morgan and Hawkins 1960:227), in utero by placental migration (Clapham 1962), or via the colostrum (Stone 1966). Hookworm infestations have been reported in populations of wild animals in several parts of North America. Olsen (1958) reported that hookworms (Uncinaria lucasi) were responsible for a rather high mortality of young fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) on the Pribilof Islands. Hookworms have been reported in 33 percent of 66 coyotes sampled in Michigan (Dunatchik 1967), 25 percent of 1,850 Kansas coyotes (Gier and Ameel 1959), and 3.2 percent of 61 coyotes examined in Minnesota (Erickson 1944). Of 15 bobcats examined by Miller and Harkema (1968) in the Carolinas, 33 percent were infected with Ancylostoma caninum and 20 percent with A. braziliense. Little et al. (1971) found A. caninum in all seven bobcats checked from South Texas but in none of two West Texas bobcats. In general, the reported infestation rates per animal are relatively low but this is of little consequence since pregnant females acquiring light infestations can produce heavily infected young. The purpose of the present study was to establish the degree of hookworm infestation in wild populations of coyotes and bobcats in a portion of South Texas. This research was supported financially by the Caesar Kleberg Research Program in Wildlife Ecology through the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, and the King Ranch, Inc. Thanks are extended to R. G. Sims, Field Assistant, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, for providing many of the animals used in the present study. B. A. Fall, Department of Wildlife and Fisheries J. Wildl. Manage. 38 (3):1974 455 This content downloaded from 207.46.13.168 on Sat, 09 Apr 2016 06:36:17 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 456 HOOKWORMS IN COYOTES AND BOBCATS * Mitchell and Beasom Sciences, Texas AM R. B. Davis, Biology Department, Texas AM and J. P. Smith, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Texas A&M University, are gratefully acknowledged for critically reading the manuscript.

Salient Aspects of Huisache Seed Germination

Germination of huisache (Acacia farnesiana [L.] Willd.) seeds is restricted by an impermeable seed coat. Mechanical scarification or soaking seeds in concentrated sulfuric acid for 45 to 60 min resulted in 65 to 70% germination. More huisache seeds germinated at 30 C than at 16, 21 or 38 C. At the optimum temperature, germination was not reduced by osmotic pressures of 4 atm. Germination and seedling growth were favored by a pH range of 6 to 8. Huisache seeds were not light sensitive, and optimum seedling emergence from soil occurred when seeds were planted 2 cm deep. Percent germination at 30 C was not reduced by less than 5,000 ppm NaCL or MgC12 in aqueous solution but seedling development was inhibited by 300 ppm NaC1 or 150 ppm MgCl2. Huisache (Acacia farnesiana [L.] Willd.) is an introduced woody plant which inhabits almost 2.5 million acres in the Gulf Prairies and marshes and South Texas Plains physiographic provinces of Texas (Smith and Rechenthin, 1964). The species is established as far north as College Station in Brazos County, Texas. Huisache grows rapidly and may develop into a many-stemmed shrub or a thorny tree (Fig. 1). Huisache leaves are pinnately compound, alternate and 3-10 cm long with 2-8 pairs of pinnae. Plants flower in February and March, producing yellowish heads 1-2 cm in diameter (Vines, 1960). Fruits are usually 5-7 cm long and purple or black. Huisache is adapted to tropical or semi-tropical conditions (Vines, 1960). Climatic conditions in its center of distribution in Texas are typified by a growing season of more than 300 days, warm temperatures and relatively high humidity (Gould, 1969). Rainfall in the distribution range varies from less than 50 cm annually in the west to about 130 cm in the east. Soils in the center of huisache distribution are typically acid sands, sandy loams or clays (Gould, 1969); many are only slowly permeable and drouthy by nature. Vegetation of such 1 Approved by the Director, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station as Technical Article 9690.

Registration of TAM 0‐312 Oats1 (Reg. No. 257)

Crop ScienceVolume 14, Issue 1 cropsci1974.0011183X001400010043x p. 128-128 Registration of Crop Cultivars Registration of TAM 0-312 Oats1 (Reg. No. 257) M. E. McDaniel, M. E. McDaniel Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University.Search for more papers by this author M. E. McDaniel, M. E. McDaniel Associate Professor, Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas A&M University.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 January 1974 https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1974.0011183X001400010043xCitations: 5 1 Registered by the Crop Science Society of America. Contribution from the Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, College Station, TX 77843. AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume14, Issue1January–February 1974Pages 128-128 RelatedInformation