Tetranychus Cinnabarinus Boisduval Research Articles

Herbivorous mites as ecological engineers: indirect effects on arthropods inhabiting papaya foliage.

We examined the potential of a leaf roller to indirectly influence a community of arthropods. Two mite species are the key herbivores on papaya leaves in Hawaii: a spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, and an eriophyid mite, Calacarus flagelliseta, which induces upward curling of the leaf margin at the end of the summer when populations reach high densities. A survey and three manipulative field experiments demonstrated that (1) leaf rolls induce a consistent shift in the spatial distribution of spider mites and their predators, the coccinellid Stethorus siphonulus Kapur, the predatory mites Phytoseiulus spp., and the tangle-web building spider Nesticodes rufipes Lucas; (2) the overall abundance of spiders increases on leaves with rolls; (3) the specialist predators Stethorus and Phytoseiulus inhabit the rolls in response to their spider mite prey; and (4) the spider inhabits the rolls in response to the architecture of the roll itself. This study shows the importance of indirect effects in structuring a terrestrial community of herbivores.

Biological characteristics and life tables of Neoseiulus umbraticusChant (Acari, Phytoseiidae) at three constant temperatures

AbstractThe development time, survival and fecundity of the generalist predatory mite, Neoseiulus umbraticusChant, were determined at 20, 25, and 30 °C and 65 ± 10 % RH. N. umbraticus females completed development in 9.7, 8.0 and 5.9 days, respectively, using a diet of all life stages of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval. Total developmental times of males were relatively shorter at 25 and 30 °C than at 20 °C. In general, preoviposition, oviposition, and postoviposition periods of N. umbraticus shortened as temperature increased. The longest survival rate of N. umbraticus of 80.5 days occurred at 20 °C, followed by 67.0 and 57.6 days at 25 and 30 °C, respectively. Mated females laid an average 0.9, 1.3 and 1.4 eggs per female per day and 33.1, 44.0 and 43.6 eggs over their entire lives at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively. The sex ratios of this species were 0.57, 0.57 and 0.54 female (female+male) at 20, 25 and 30 °C, respectively. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) became greater with rising temperatures from 0.123 at 20 °C to 0.180 at 30 °C. The net reproduction rate (Ro) was highest at 25 °C (25.0 females/female) and lowest at 20 °C (18.8 females/female), while To decreased with increasing temperatures, from 23.8 days at 20 °C to 17.5 days at 30 °C.

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT HOST PLANTS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF PREDATORY INSECT SPECIES DERAEOCORIS PALLENS REUTHER (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)

In this study, development of the biological control agent, Deraeocoris pallens Reuther (Heteroptera: Miridae) was investigated on Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Acarina: Tetranychidae), one of the most important pests of vegetables. T. cinnabarinus on host plants, bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) were given to D. pallens individuals for feeding. The experiment was carried out in a climatic chamber at 25+/-1 °C temperature and 65±5 % relative humidity. Total developmental time of nymph stages were 19.97+/-0.81 days on bean and 15.89+/-0.36 days on eggplant. Longevity of adults was 5.79+/-1.50 and 5.07+/-0.53 on the same host plants, respectively. Highest mortality rate occurred on bean plants. It was seen in the study that biological control with D. pallens was more effective on eggplant.

Population dynamics of naturally occurring Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) colonising beans (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Sari) infested by spider mites, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae), in Turkey

Population dynamics of the naturally occurring phytoseiid Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot was studied in relation to Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval in five unsprayed bean plots of 250 m2 (10 by 25 m) during 1994 and 1995 in Samandag province of Hatay, Turkey. T. cinnabarinus remained active throughout winter reproducing on a range of ground-cover plants. P. persimilis was generally encountered as gravid females in a non-diapausing phase in debris during winter. Population growth had begun by April on T. cinnabarinus-infested weeds such as Malva neglecta Wallr., Solanum melongena L., and S. nigrum L. In 1994, T. cinnabarinus reached peaks with 15.20±2.40, 11.67±1.70, 22.15±4.06, 25.51±4.43 and 19.0±2.39 total stages/cm2 leaf area, from June 28 through July 21 in Fidanli 1, 2, 3, Karacay and Kusalani, respectively (Mean±SE). In the same year, the highest average densities of P. persimilis were 0.89±0.26, 1.59±0.39, 0.81±0.13, 0.43±0.16, and 0.33±0.12/cm2 leaf area on July 12 through August 4, respectively. In 1995, peaks of both prey and predator were lower than in 1994 in all plots except T. cinnabarinus in Fidanli 2. The highest average densities of T. cinnabarinus were 11.68±1.69, 14.73±1.65, 13.95±1.98, 0.97±0.25 and 11.59±1.81 total stages/cm2 leaf area in Fidanli 1, 2, 3, Karacay and Kusalani, respectively in 1995 with peaks occurring between July 6 and 27. Thesedensities were 0.22±0.06, 0.33±0.06, 0.07±003, 0.01±0.02 and, 0.41±0.09 total stages/cm2 leaf for P. persimilis on July 6 through 27 in the above mentioned plots, respectively. Throughout the experiments moderate T. cinnabarinus damage was seen on bean leaves before P. persimilis populations peaked, then the visible damage by pest on host plant diminished due to elimination of the pest by the predator and new leaf formation in both years.

Combined versus Single Species Release of Predaceous Mites: Predator–Predator Interactions and Pest Suppression

Abstract Interactions such as competition, intraguild predation (IGP), and cannibalism affect the development and coexistence of predator populations and can have significance for biological control of commonly exploited pest organisms. We studied the consequences of combined versus single release of two predaceous mite species (Phytoseiidae), with differing degrees of diet specialization, on their population dynamics and the suppression of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval (Tetranychidae), on greenhouse-grown gerbera. Population growth of the specialist predator Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot was greater and population decline steeper when released in combination with the generalist Neoseiulus californicus McGregor than when released alone. In contrast, the N. californicus population grew and declined more gradually when released in combination with P. persimilis, compared to the single species release. The differential impact on each other's population dynamics can be primarily attributed to contrasting properties in competition, IGP, and cannibalism. At the same overall predator density and as long as prey was abundant, the specialist P. persimilis was more strongly affected by intraspecific competition than by interspecific competition with the generalist N. californicus. In contrast, interspecific competition with P. persimilis had a greater impact on N. californicus than intraspecific competition. After prey depletion, the generalist predator N. californicus was more likely to engage in IGP than was the specialist predator P. persimilis. Overall, the study demonstrates that prey specificity has significance for the quality and intensity of predator–predator interactions and indicates potential implications for biological control of spider mites. All predator releases (i.e., either species alone and both species in combination) resulted in reduction of the spider mite population to zero density. Individual release of the specialist P. persimilis led to the most rapid spider mite suppression. Nonetheless, in perennial greenhouse-grown crops P. persimilis and N. californicus could have complementary effects and a combination of the two predators could enhance long-term biological control of spider mites. The potential risks and benefits associated with the release of both species are discussed.

The potential of Lagenaria rootstock to confer resistance to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in Cucurbitaceae.

Antibiosis and resistance of six Cucurbita and two Lagenaria accessions to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval, were evaluated in the laboratory. Significant differences among accessions were observed three days after the inoculation of detached leaf discs. The Lagenaria accessions, Slawi and Sus, proved to be the most resistant to mites, with average populations of mite eggs, 87 and 95%, respectively less than that of the susceptible C. pepo accession, Orangetti. The Cucurbita accessions, Tace, Brava, Tetsukabuto, Phoenix and TZ-148 had mite egg totals 4, 9, 13, 26 and 40%, respectively, less than those of accession Orangetti. The Sus accession of Lagenaria was resistant to T. cinnabarinus from the four-leaf stage until fruit set in laboratory and field tests. Grafting the susceptible Brava onto Sus rootstock increased the resistance of the scion to the same level as that of non-grafted Sus. Grafting the susceptible Cucumis melo Noy Yizre'el on resistant or susceptible rootstocks of Cucurbita and Lagenaria accessions did not affect its susceptibility to T. cinnabarinus. The results indicate that resistance to T. cinnabarinus can be transferred by grafting from Lagenaria stocks to Cucurbita scions but not in the opposite direction.

Study on Tetranychus cinnabarinus-Solanum melongena interaction system III: Induction of HRGP accumulation in the leaves of S. melongena by T. cinnabarinus

Abstract A field experiment system was established to study the interaction between Solanum melongena L. and Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval with emphasis on plant stress reaction mechanism under pest pressure. It was discovered and proved for the first time that piercing-sucking of T. cinnabarinus could induce accumulation of HRGP, a structural protein of plant cell wall in S. melongena leaves. This induced response has certain characteristics similar to other induced responses; e.g. the induction could be transmitted in the plant with temporal dynamics and its strength was correlated with the extent of injury. Observations on the activity of GDH enzyme showed that plant stress reaction was a combination of various physiological metabolic reactions which constitutes the self-regulative and integrated defense process of plants.

Indicator Plants for Monitoring Pest Population Growth

Some plants are more attractive to agricultural pests than the crop to which they are a pest. The use of these plants as indicator plants to monitor pest populations is examined. Bean plants were found to be effective indicators for forecasting the growth of carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), on greenhouse tomatoes, Lycopersicum esculentum L. Spider mite population growth rates were the same on both host plants, but because they became established up to 5 wk earlier on beans, Phaseolus vulgaris L., monitoring carmine spider mite population growth on beans provides enough time to order and distribute natural enemies for their control on tomatoes. The oviposition and developmental rates of mites did not differ on the 2 host plants. However, the temperature threshold for oviposition was 7°C lower on beans than tomatoes, resulting in earlier establishment and onset of population growth in the spring on the indicator plants. The potential for using indicator plants to establish biological control agents was investigated with the predatory mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot. P. persimilis became established equally well when broadcast on the crop (with its much lower prey population density) as when released only on infested indicator plants. Best control of carmine spider mites by Phytoseiulus was obtained when the predators were released when spider mite density reached 12 per tomato leaf, which occurred when the mite density on beans was 100 per leaf, 5 wk after reaching 12 mites per bean leaf. Acting on this threshold, a grower would have ample time to order, receive, and release predatory mites. Predation of spider mites by Phytoseiulus was higher on the tomatoes than the beans. Phytoseiulus populations dipped after introduction on both host plants but recovered more rapidly on beans. The different predation and survival rates on the 2 host plants probably served to keep the 2 population cycles on the 2 hosts out of synchrony, thereby sustaining the population interactions.

The potential of spiders of different taxa and a predacious mite to feed on the carmine spider mite — a laboratory study

Four spider species and the predacious mitePhytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) were examined in the laboratory for their capacity to feed on the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval). The adult females ofChiracanthium mildei L. Koch showed the highest capacity for feeding onT. cinnabarinus (27.5 mites/day) and differed significantly from all other spider species, including the immatureC. mildei which consumed an average of 18.9 mites/day — nearly equal to that of the Oxyopidae species (16.8 mites/day). The salticid (10.1 mites/day) and theridiid (9.5 mites/day) spider species had the lowest capacity, which was nearly equal to that of the predacious miteP. persimilis (11.3 mites/day). Results indicate that spiders play an important role as mite predators.

Resistance of selected melon lines to the carmine spider mite Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acari: Tetranychidae)–field and laboratory experiments

AbstractThe resistance of two melon lines (CHI-7 and BUS-7) selected for resistance to the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), and of the susceptible line (NY), was studied under field and laboratory conditions. Significant differences among lines were observed at different growth stages. Throughout the season, the resistant lines had reduced populations of mites, 35–100% lower on CHI-7 and 25–100% lower on BUS-7, compared with the susceptible line NY. Laboratory evaluation of antibiosis to the mite at different plant growth stages showed that on CHI-7 and BUS-7 mite fecundity was reduced by 29–60% and 43–83%, respectively.

Resistance to carmine spider mite in watermelon

Resistance of 37Citrullus lanatus L. lines to the carmine spider mite,Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), was evaluated in three laboratory experiments, each including seven plants per line. Infestation with ten adult female mites per leaf, of each plant, was done at the three-leaf stage. In experiment A, average counts 10 days after infestation of three leaves ranged from 42 to 144 mites per leaf. In experiment B, average counts 8 days after infestation of two leaves ranged from 40 to 286 mites per leaf. In experiment C, average counts 8 days after infestation of two leaves ranged from 15 to 196 mites per leaf. The results suggest that a definite variation in resistance against mite infestation exists among watermelon lines.

Species presence and density of tetranychid and phytoseiid mites in unsprayed and sprayed apple orchards in Northern Israel

Species presence and density of mixed populations of phytophagous tetranychid and predacious phytoseiid mites were studied in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in northern Israel during three growing seasons. Two species of phytophagous tetranychids, namely,Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval andT. Urticae Koch, and two species of predatory phytoseiid mites —Typhlodromus athiasae Porath and Swirski andAmblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot — were found. Predator density was lower than herbivore density in sprayed commercial orchards, but the reverse was true in unsprayed orchards.

Effect of temperature and humidity on dorsal strial lobe densities inTetranychus(Acari: Tetranychidae)

ABSTRACT Mites of the Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) — T. urticae Koch complex were reared at two temperature and humidity regimes for 10 generations. Adult females collected from each generation and a reference control were examined using scanning electron microscopy. Measurements from the dorsal area bounded by the 2nd and 3rd pair of dorsal hysterosomal setae indicate that the dorsal strial lobe densities change due to temperature or humidity. This indicates that the current practice of utilizing dorsal strial lobe density as a species character is not valid.

Distribution Densities of Tetranychus cinnabarinus 1 on Greenhouse-Grown Codiaeum variegatum 2

Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) populations exhibited similar distribution patterns on Codiaeum variegatum (L.) in both cool and warm weather in a greenhouse. The mite can be most easily detected by sampling the lower leaf surface of mature foliage on the upper third of the plant. These data provide a basis for mite sampling throughout the year in commercial greenhouses.

Differences in dorsal integumentary lobe densities betweenTetranychus urticaeKoch and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) from Northeastern North Carolina

Abstract With the aid of a scanning electron microscope differences in the density of dorsal integumentary lobes on two species of spider mites, Tetranychus urticae Koch and Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) were found to besignificant. Lobes per 10 microns along an integumentary fold avaraged 6. 44(S. E. = 0. 85, n=30) for T. urticae and 7. 47 (S.E.=0.81, n=30) for T. cinnabarinus.

Comparison of Spray Nozzles for Ground Applications for Control of Cotton Insects and Spider Mites123

Fenvalerate applied at a rate of 0.11 kg AI/ha to cotton gave equal control of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, Heliothis spp., beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), fall armyworm, S. frugiperda (J. E. Smith), and cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hubner), whether the nozzles were the conventional type (Conejet TX6), the 8001 low-pressure fan nozzle, or Raindrop®, 33974-(3–23). Control of the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), with monocrotophos and American Cyanamid AC–85,258 (nitrilacarb 1:1 complex with zinc chloride) applied with Raindrop 33974 (5–23) nozzles was statistically equal to that obtained with conventional nozzles. AC–85,258 was phytotoxic when applied with Raindrop 33974 (5–23) nozzles. An LD50 dose for the boll weevil was found at various distances downwind in relation to the type of spray nozzle used and height above plants. The only significant difference between the conventional and Raindrop nozzle 33974 (3–23) occurred when these were raised to 107 cm above the cotton plants.

Laboratory and field evaluation of certain pesticides against the adults and eggs of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval on cotton

SUMMARYThe effectiveness of certain pesticides a ainst adults and eggs of Tetranychus cinnabarinus Boisduval infesting cotton was sti died. Kelthane S and Rogor gave the best performance in the field evaluation, whilu Kelthane, Dursban and Cyolane were best in the laboratory evaluation. Specific acaricides were generally more toxic than the other insecticides on both adults and eggs of the mite. The slide-dip method was more sensitive for testing Kelthane, Dursban and Cyolane.

Effect of Host Nutrition on Tolerance of the Carmine Spider Mite to Malathion12

The effect of changes in nitrogen and phosphorus in the diet of bean plants on malathion tolerance in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), is described. Mites reared on beans grown on a nutrient solution Containing a relatively high phosphorus level (62 ppm versus 31 ppm in the control solution) were more susceptible to malathion than mites from plants grown on a 0 phosphorus diet. Nitrogen did not exert a significant influence on mite tolerance to malathion.

Resistance to Acaricides in the Carmine Spider Mite in Israel12

Resistance patterns are presented for malathion, dicofol, tetradifon and binapacryl for 7 strains of Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) in lsrael. High resistance to malathion, tetradifon, and dicofol was found; no resistance to binapacryl could be detected. New laboratory methods of testing for adult acaricides and for ovicide are described.

A New 8-Row Ground Sprayer with Auxiliary Air for ULV Application of Pesticides to Cotton123

A ground sprayer that uses the principle of the air blast to deliver ultra low volume (ULV) applications of pesticides minimized drift and increased the amount of material deposited on the target area. The 8-row sprayer consists of 8 boom-mounted external atomizers (1 per row) that spray finely atomized material into air blasts of about 85 mph that are directed into the plants. The rapidly moving air replaces the carrier water used in a conventional water-oil emulsion sprayer. ULV applications of Azodrin® (3-hydroxr- N -methyl- cis -crotonamide dimethyl phosphate), technical grade Bay 41831 ( O, O -dimethyl 0-4.nitro- m -tolyl phosphorothioate), and toxaphene + DDT were compared with conventional spray applications of toxaphene + DDT and Azodrin against various cotton pests. Results against the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman; the bollworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie) ; and the carmine spider mite, Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), obtained with materials applied with the new ULV sprayer were at least as good as those obtained when the insecticides were applied with the conventional sprayer.