Tetracycline Research Articles

Photo-assisted conversion of tetracycline in regulated persulfate system: Multiple roles of natural dissolved organic matter

Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using persulfate system can effectively remove organic pollutants. However, dissolved organic matter (DOM) has multiple effects on AOPs efficiency, and the influence of DOMs from natural sources on AOPs is still unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of soil DOM (SDOM) and fertilizer DOM (FDOM) on tetracycline (TC) removal by persulfate systems. DOMs introduction decreased light transmittance, slightly increased the pH of the systems, and destroyed original adsorption–desorption equilibrium. SDOM promoted most reactive species generation in the initial stage, thus improving the initial TC degradation rate. However, introduction of SDOM and FDOM increased the final TC residual rate. FDOM produced more obvious inhibitory effects on TC degradation. The final TC residual rates in systems containing 7.5 and 15 mg L-1 FDOM (F7.5-TC-PS and F15-TC-PS, respectively) were 25.85 % and 25.52 %, respectively. The inhibitory effects of FDOM on TC degradation were related to the combination between TC and FDOM, with humic acid-like component in FDOM being the main contributor. Besides, the main components in DOMs underwent transformation in the persulfate systems. This study sought to provide insights into the regulatory effects of DOM on TC photo-assisted conversion by AOPs.

Self-assembled fluorescent Zn-MOF with high specific surface area based on the coordination interaction for sensitive detection and selective removal of tetracycline antibiotic in water

As one of most common used antibiotics, tetracyclines (TCs) have been widespread used in many fields. However, the abuse of antibiotics resulted in serious environmental pollutants. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop new materials for rapid detection and effective removal of tetracyclines. In this study, a step-by-step synthesis strategy was adopted to prepare a fluorescent LMOF material Znq2@ZIF-8, and it was well characterized. Znq2@ZIF-8 showed strong green emission and has large specific surface area, with excellent stability and good recyclability. The fluorescence of Znq2@ZIF-8 can be quenched with the addition of tetracycline (TC) in the aqueous environment, demonstrating good selectivity and strong interference resistance, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.13 μmol∙L−1. In addition, Znq2@ZIF-8 exhibits excellent adsorption and removal abilities for TC. As a result, Znq2@ZIF-8 enables the simultaneous detection and removal of TC in aqueous environments, providing a solution for future TC pollution in water.

Adsorption behavior and mechanism of NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA composite adsorbent for tetracycline removal

Herein, we employed a rational approach to develop a hydrogel composite material by encapsulating NH2-MIL-101(Cr)/covalent organic frameworks (COFs) in sodium alginate (SA) to effectively capture of tetracycline (TC). Experimental tests and various characterizations (including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron spectroscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)) confirmed that the NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA composite exhibited a more robust, multilayer pore structure with abundant active functional groups. Under conditions of 298 K and pH = 7, the NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA adsorbent demonstrated remarkable TC adsorption capability, achieving a removal rate of 96.38 % in 120 min and a qmax of 252.6 mg/g at 298 K by Langmuir model. Kinetic analysis indicated that the interaction between TC and NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA follows a pseudo-second-order model, suggesting that chemisoption governs the process. The Langmuir model and thermodynamic analysis suggested that TC adsorption follows a monolayer sorption pattern and is spontaneous and exothermic. Even in the presence of other ions, NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA maintained high efficiency for TC adsorption, demonstrating superior selectivity. NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA demonstrated remarkable recyclability, with only a minimal reduction in the removal efficiency (85.5 % and 142 mg/g) after 10 cycles of adsorption and regeneration. Various analytical techniques, including FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, XPS, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of adsorption energy were used to elucidate the TC adsorption mechanisms by NH2-MIL-101(Cr)@COFs@SA. The adsorption process primarily involved π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interactions, and complexation.

Surface Nanojunction Enabled by Vapor‐Assisted π‐Conjugation Modification of Carbon Nitride for Enhanced Photocatalytic Water Splitting

The unsatisfied visible light harvesting, slow charge separation, and limited practical surface area of carbon nitride (CN) constrain its performance in photocatalytic water splitting and environmental remediation. Herein, the thermal vapor‐assisted π‐conjugation modification of CN by grafting with p‐aminophenoxy groups was developed to tune the photophysical properties of CN to enhance its photocatalytic activity. Besides extending the light absorption, the surface modification constructed a nanojunction across the depth direction, which leads to facilitated charge separation and transfer. In addition, the thermal vapor modification process thermally etches and trims the pristine CN to be highly holey structure, resulting to >10 times increase in specific surface area. Photocatalysis results showed that the obtained modified CN yielded hydrogen from photocatalytic water splitting at a rate of 7.82 mmol/g/h, over 7‐folds as that of pristine CN, with quantum yield of 3.28% at 400 nm. The π‐conjugation modified CN also demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic environmental remediation application, exemplified by much faster photodegradation of tetracycline hydrochloride. This work provides the thermal vapor surface chemical modification of CN as a promising integrated pathway of multiple favorable photophysical properties towards efficient photocatalysis application.

Advanced biopolymer-based Ti/Si-terephthalate hybrid materials for sustainable and efficient adsorption of the tetracycline antibiotic

This study involves the synthesis of an organic-inorganic hybrid material consisting of Ti/Si-terephthalate (Ti-TPA-Si) in a 1:1:1 ratio using sol-gel method and its reaction with cellulose and chitosan (Ti-TPA-Si-C and Ti-TPA-Si-CS). Characterization techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDS, XPS, BET, TGA, and DTA were used. The incorporation of biopolymers (cellulose and chitosan) into the Ti/Si-terephthalate structure improved the morphology and textural properties of the hybrid materials, leading to increased adsorption capacity and sustainability. Adsorption experiments reveal that Ti-TPA-Si, Ti-TPA-Si-C, and Ti-TPA-Si-CS hybrid materials exhibit a high affinity towards tetracycline, achieving remarkable adsorption efficiencies of 88.27, 89.60, and 88.98 %, respectively. Isotherm studies indicate that the adsorption process follows both Langmuir (R2 = 0.971, 0.990, and 0.994) and Dubinin-Radushkevich (R2 = 0.922, 0.965, and 0.949) isotherm models. According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of Ti-TPA-Si, Ti-TPA-Si-C, and Ti-TPA-Si-CS adsorbents was found to be 24.10, 33.56, and 26.59 mg/g, respectively. Kinetic studies indicate that the adsorption process follows both pseudo-second-order (R2 = 0.998, 0.984, and 0.989) and intra-particle diffusion (R2 = 0.995, 0.994, and 0.988) models. Thermodynamic studies reveal that adsorption processes are spontaneous and endothermic in nature. Reusability studies demonstrate their potential for repeated use without significant loss in performance.

Efficient activation of N and S co‐doped magnetic biochar for peroxomonosulfate degradation of tetracycline

AbstractN‐S co‐doped magnetic biochar (NSMBC) was synthesized by a two‐step pyrolysis technique and used for the degradation of tetracycline (TC) by activated persulfate (peroxomonosulfate [PMS]). Batch experiments showed that the pyrolysis temperature and doping ratio affected the catalytic performance of NSMBC. The degradation rate of TC in the NSMBC/PMS system prepared at 350°C with a doping ratio of 33% was up to 94.50%, and the system exhibited strong pH adaptability and resistance to environmental interference. The results of free radical burst and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy experiments indicated the free radical pathway (SO4•−) for TC degradation. In addition, NSMBC has good stability and excellent magnetic properties favorable for separation and recovery. This study not only provides a new idea for the synthesis of efficient and stable catalysts but also provides a green pathway for the resourceization of pomelo peel waste.

Hydrothermal carbonization of coking sludge: Migration behavior of heavy metals and magnetic separation performance of hydrochar

This study comprehensively investigated the migration behavior and environmental risk of heavy metals (HMs) during the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of coking sludge (CS). The results indicated that over 90 % of HMs accumulated in the coking sludge hydrochar (CHC). The decomposition and loss of organic matter led to an increased concentration of HMs with rising temperatures. However, HTC also facilitated the transformation of HMs from bioavailable fractions to more stable fractions. Higher hydrothermal temperatures positively influenced the control of HMs' environmental risks. Ecological risk assessments revealed that the Potential Ecological Risk Index (RI) values of HMs in CHC decreased from 631.15 to 134.23, reaching considerate risk levels. Risk assessment codes indicated that, except for Mn, other HMs were reduced to no risk or low risk after hydrothermal treatment. Furthermore, the magnetic separation performance of CHC was explored, and its practical value was validated using a semi-continuous adsorption-separation device. The results showed that CHC achieved removal rates of 80.41–87.15 % for Congo red (CR) and tetracycline (TC), maintaining stability in various complex water environments. The CHC was rapidly separated after adsorption with a simple magnetic field, achieving a separation and recovery rate of over 80 %. These findings provided theoretical support for the stabilization of HMs in CS and the resource utilization of hydrochar in water treatment applications.

A water stable cobalt-bipyridine based hydrogen bonding double layered network for catalytic degradation of tetracycline

Reaction of Co(NO3)2∙6H2O, 2, 2′-bipyridine (bipy) and 1, 4-benzene dicarboxylic acid (H2BDC) by a two-step hydrothermal process, a stable inorganic-organic hybrid compound, [Co(bipy)(H2O)4]BDC (1), was obtained, which structure was characterized by X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. Acted as catalyst, its photocatalysis-peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation for tetracycline (TC) degradation was explored under solar light. The critical experimental factors in tetracycline decomposition were investigated, including the pH, [Co(bipy)(H2O)4]BDC dosage, tetracycline concentration, PMS dose, and temperature. [Co(bipy)(H2O)4]BDC has fast degradation performance, sufficient stability and reusability, that degradation rate were 97.5 % and 88.8 % after five cycles within 60 min. Furthermore, the sulfate radical (SO4•−, superoxide (O2•−), hydroxyl (•OH) free radicals and singlet oxygen (1O2) were confirmed as the key oxidation factors in the 1/PMS/SL system for tetracycline degradation.

Unveiling the role of artificial intelligence in tetracycline antibiotics removal using UV/sulfite/phenol advanced reduction process

UV/sulfite-based advanced reduction processes (ARP) have attracted increasing attention due to their high capability for removing a wide range of pollutants. Therefore, developing UV/sulfite ARP systems with assisted Artificial Intelligence (AI) models is considered an efficient strategy for sustainable pollutant removal. The present study delves into modeling and optimizing photodegradation of tetracycline (TC) antibiotics under UV/sulfite/рhenol reԁuсtion рroсess (UV/SPAP) using integrаteԁ Artifiсiаl Neurаl Networks (ANN), Suррort Veсtor Regression (SVR), аnԁ Genetiс Algorithm (GA). The сonсentrаtions of рhenol (X1) аnԁ sulfite (X2), рH (X3), reасtion time (X4), аnԁ TC сonсentrаtion (X5) in our exрerimentаl setuр were varied, аnԁ use the generаteԁ ԁаtа to trаin AI moԁels. The findings revealed that the AI-optimized performance is very effective in predicting and optimizing the removal of TC, thereby providing a sustainable water treatment approach. In general, SVR performed better based on scaling coefficients and ANN using different criteria indicated that X4 and X5 parameters were statistically significant. Oрtimаl rаnges for X1, X2, X3, X4, аnԁ X5 аre ԁetermineԁ to be 6.34, 3, 8.45, 80.13, аnԁ 1, resрeсtively. This аррroасh highlights the imрortаnсe of integrаting AI аnԁ ARP for sustаinаble environmentаl mаnаgement.

Efficient removal of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics using triazine-based porous organic polymers

This study reports the application of a triazine-based porous organic polymer containing amine groups (T-POP) as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of sulfonamides (e.g., sulfamethazine (SMT)) and tetracycline (TC) from aqueous solutions. These antibiotics are emerging, persistent, and potentially toxic pollutants, contributing to the worrying increase in antimicrobial resistance. The impact of different parameters on the adsorptive performance was evaluated. T-POP, having a high surface area (239.6 m2 g−1), mesopores (14.2 nm) and high physicochemical stability, exhibited high adsorption capacities and efficiencies. T-POP performance was better for SMT than for TC (maximum adsorption capacities of 0.40 mmol g−1 and 0.153 mmol g−1, and removal efficiencies up to 88% and 76%, respectively). Additionally, the polymer proved to have good reusability over 5 cycles. Molecular dynamics simulations provided crucial insights on the molecular details that govern the systems’ behaviour and allowed to rationalise the main experimental results. In this sense, surfactants with different alkyl chain lengths and charges were used to assess the role of the hydrophobic effect on the adsorbent–adsorbate interactions. It was demonstrated that the interactions between the carbon chain of surfactants and T-POP were more significant for the longest surfactant studied (hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide). Interestingly, advanced models were used to analyse the adsorption data at molecular scale. Overall, this paper provides a new vision of the adsorption mechanism via different advanced approaches.

Synergetic photocatalytic degradation of the tetracycline antibiotic over S-scheme based BiOBr/CuInS2/WO3 ternary heterojunction photocatalyst

The present research investigated the photodegradation capability of a ternary BiOBr/CuInS2/WO3 heterojunction against the tetracycline (TC) antibiotic. BiOBr/CuInS2/WO3 heterojunction is formed using a straightforward physical mixing method, whereas pure photocatalysts (CuInS2, WO3) were synthesized hydrothermally and BiOBr by a coprecipitation process. The Field Emission Scanning Electron Spectroscopy examination validated the nanorod and nanosheet shape of the fabricated BiOBr-CuInS2-WO3. The photodegradation capabilities of the BiOBr-CuInS2-WO3 heterojunction were superior to those of other pure photocatalysts, and it followed the S-scheme charge transfer route as indicated by the band alignments. After 120 min of light irradiation, the BiOBr/CuInS2/WO3 S-scheme ternary heterojunction obtained a photodegradation rate of 98.9 %, much greater than other pure photocatalysts. According to electron spin resonance investigations and scavenging experiments, the radicals hydroxyl radicals (•OH), hole (h+), superoxide (•O2−) play a significant role in the photodegradation of TC. The ternary heterojunction's improved light absorption, lower recombination rate, and higher photocarrier separation rate were due to the fabrication of S-scheme heterojunction. The ternary BiOBr/CuInS2/WO3 photocatalyst's photodegradation efficacy was consequently enhanced. Investigations for photocatalyst reusability demonstrated its exceptional stability, with a 93.8 % degradation rate after five catalytic cycles.

Recyclable wood-structured bimetallic carbon aerogel for high-performance bulk catalytic antibiotic decomposition

Harnessing renewable low-cost, bulk wood-structured materials with highly porous, anisotropic and compressible properties that fulfills sustainable water purification is imperative yet still challenging to push forward a circular bioeconomy. In this work, a bimetallic Fe-Co implanted, N-doped wood carbon aerogel (Fe-Co/NWCA) is constructed to guarantee the facile regeneration in high-performance catalytic antibiotic decomposition via activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). A rapid, reversible and excellent tetracycline (TC) elimination performance (∼90% in 12 min) within a wide pH range of 3–11 is achieved by Fe-Co/NWCA-mediated system. Importantly, the as-prepared hydrophilic Fe-Co/NWCA not only delivers a favorable robustness to interfering anions (e.g., Cl−, H2PO4− and HCO3−), but also presents a superior recyclability with over 90% retention after the fourth cycling operation via a convenient squeezing behavior. Integration of radical quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance demonstrates the participation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) into catalytic TC oxidation, wherein the dominant contributor is 1O2 followed by O2•‾, SO4•‾ and •OH. As an important non-radical route, the directly interfacial electron transfer is confirmed by electrochemical measurements and density-functional-theory computations. In the context of activating PMS, the multi-valent Fe, Co-coordinated species function as the redox reactive site to trigger diversiform ROS with accelerated kinetics, while N, O-associated surface defects and unsaturated functional groups (e.g., −COOH and ketonic C=O) contribute to the 1O2 formation and electron shuttling. This universal approach paves a critical avenue to manufacture the reactive wood-based aerogels with hierarchical microchannels in the practical pollutant remediation, shedding the valuable insights on multifunctional biomass-water nexus.

Dual-State Red-Emitting Zinc-Based MOF Accompanied by Dual-Mode and Dual-State Detection: Color Tonality Visual Mode for the Detection of Tetracycline.

Red-emitting metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are still mostly based on the use of lanthanides or functionalization with red fluorophores. However, production of transition-metal-based MOFs with red-emitting is scarce. This work reports on the synthesis of a novel dual-state red-emitting Zn-based MOF (denoted as UoZ-7) with the capability to detect target molecules in dual state, in solution, and as solid on paper. UoZ-7 gives strong red emission when excited in the solution and in the solid state with 365 nm ultraviolet (UV) lamp irradiation. Coordination-induced emission is the mechanism for the red emission enhancement in the MOF as a restriction of intramolecular rotation occurred to the ligand within the framework structure. UoZ-7 was successfully used for tetracycline (TC) using dual-mode detection, fluorescence-based ratiometry, and color tonality, in the dual state, in solution, and on the paper. TC molecules adsorb on the red-emitting UoZ-7 surface, and a yellow-greenish color emerges due to aggregation-induced emission between TC and UoZ-7. Concurrently, the inner filter effect diminishes the red emission of UoZ-7. The dual-mode or dual-state detection platform provides a simple and reliable fast method for the detection of TC on-site in various environmental and biomedical applications. Moreover, red-emitting UoZ-7 will have further luminescence-based biomedical applications.

Visible light assisted periodate activation with porous C3N5 for tetracycline degradation: Enhanced electron-hole separation and reactive oxygen species formation

In this study, porous C3N5 (p-C3N5) was synthesized to activate periodate (PI) for tetracycline (TC) degradation under visible light condition. Experimental results confirmed that the porous structure in C3N5 created abundant defects as active sites, which not only increased the photoelectricity and electron-hole separation efficiency, but also promoted PI activation and reactive oxygen species formation, achieving significantly improved PI-assisted photocatalytic performance. In detail, p-C3N5 exhibited high photocurrent density which was 12.7 and 28.9 times as much as those of g-C3N5 and g-C3N4 respectively. Moreover, the p-C3N5/PI/vis system can achieve 80% TC removal rate within 10 min via ∙O2-, 1O2, IO3∙, ∙OH, h+ and electron transfer pathways. Furthermore, this system could maintain stable degradation capacity under a wide pH range, with less interference by inorganic anions, demonstrating its high reusability, robustness and environmental friendliness. Six possible degradation pathways of TC were proposed based on the detection of intermediate products and density functional theory calculation. Finally, the toxicity assessment showed a significantly reduction of TC bio-toxicity after treatment by p-C3N5/PI/vis system, and no formation of iodine by-products. It provides a deep insight into designing high efficiency and environmentally photocatalysts for activating PI to treat the antibiotic wastewater.

A LMOF/MIP paper-based chip and analysis of tetracycline in foodstuff with sample-to-answer performance

The development of high-performance specific sensors is promising for the rapid detection of harmful residues in animal-derived foods. Recently, luminescent metal-organic framework/molecularly imprinted polymer (LMOF/MIP) materials have been developed as ideal candidates for the analysis of harmful residues. Here, we reported a simple fabrication protocol of paper-based chip through in-situ growth of LMOF on a negatively charged modified filter paper, a paper-based molecularly imprinting layer (FP@BA-Eu@MIP) was thereafter successfully prepared via the boronate affinity-based controllable oriented surface imprinting strategy. The paper-based chips obtained were used to construct a rapid test strip of tetracycline (TC). After addition of TC, significant fluorescence changes on the surface of the FP@BA-Eu@MIP paper-based chip could be observed from blue to red via inner filter effect and photo-induced electron transfer under the excitation of 360 nm. The adsorption kinetics was explored in detail. The presented strip exhibited satisfied selectiveness and sensitivity with a limit of detection of 8.47 μg L−1 for TC. It was confirmed that LMOF/MIP as a biomimetic recognition module can play a crucial role in enrichment and fluorescence response. This study provided a real application case for an in-situ fabricated fluorescence paper-based chip in rapidly detecting harmful residues.

Visible-light-driven Z-scheme ZnTe/WO3 heterojunction for simultaneous elimination of tetracycline and Cu(II)

Z-Scheme heterojunction photocatalysts can effectively suppress the recombination of charge carriers while maintaining high redox capacity. In this study, ZnTe/WO3 (ZW) Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts were synthesized using a hydrothermal method, and a series of photocatalytic materials were prepared for the simultaneous removal of tetracycline (TC) and Cu(II) from water. The physicochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of the catalytic materials were characterized through various methods, including SEM, XRD, XPS, and others. The experimental results indicate that the ZW-10 % composite material exhibits the most significant removal efficiency for pollutants. Within 150 min of visible light irradiation, the removal rates for TC and Cu(II) reach 73.8 % and 73.3 %, respectively, representing a substantial improvement compared to individual ZnTe and WO3. Free radical capture experiments and electron spin resonance analysis reveal that ·O2− and ·OH are the key reactive species responsible for TC oxidation, while electrons (e−) dominate the reduction of Cu(II).

Enhancement of peroxymonosulfate activation with nickel foam-supported CuCo2O4 for tetracycline degradation: Performance and mechanism insights

The modulation of bimetallic oxide structures and development of efficient, easily recoverable catalysts are expected to effectively overcome the limitations associated with powdered catalysts in activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS). In this study, CuCo2O4 was successfully immobilized on the surface of nickel foam (NF) via an electrodeposition-calcination procedure, with highly efficient activation of PMS for tetracycline (TC) degradation (0.55 min−1). Besides acting as a support carrier and providing ample active sites, NF mediated electron transport, prevented the leaching of metal ions and enhanced the efficiency of recycling. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental tests illustrated that Cu/Co dual-sites can efficiently adsorb PMS, enabling simultaneous reduction and oxidation reactions. The dual-site synergy substantially decreased the adsorption barrier and increased the electron transfer rate. Especially, the Cu+/Cu2+ redox couple acted as an electron donor and facilitated rapid charge transfer, leading to the conversion of Co3+ to Co2+. Moreover, the CuCo2O4@NF + PMS system effectively eliminated TC by employing radical pathways (SO4•−, •OH) and nonradical processes (1O2, e−). Therefore, this study introduces a new approach to overcome the limitations of powdered bimetallic oxides, providing a promising solution for practical applications.

Visible light driven photocatalyst NiFe2O4/Ag2WO4 nanocomposite for the degradation of tetracycline (TC-HCl) antibiotics

The use of tetracycline (TC-HCl) antibiotics is harmful to ecosystems worldwide. Herein, NiFe2O4/Ag2WO4nanocomposite (NC) was synthesized via the hydrothermal method for the degradation of tetracycline. The photodegradation efficiency of TC-HCl reached 92.3% after being exposed to visible light for 90 min. Additionally, the stability of the NiFe2O4/Ag2WO4nanocomposite is maintained during the photodegradation of tetracycline, as verified by the recyclability test. Degradation efficiency up to 83% was still present after six cycles. The presence of DMPO-∙O2- and DMPO-•OH is confirmed by the ESR study, when the visible exposure period expanded to 15 min. High photocatalytic performance, strong recyclability, and stability make NiFe2O4/Ag2WO4a potential antibiotic photodegradation candidate.

Study of the inhibitory effect of tetracycline hydrochloride on mild steel in HCl, HNO3, H2SO4 and NaCl solutions

This study investigates the potential of tetracycline hydrochloride as a corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in various corrosive environments, including 1 M H2SO4, 1 M HCl, 1 M HNO3, and 0.05 M NaCl. The inhibition efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride was evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), metallographic analysis with optical microscope, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and weight loss measurements. The results indicate a maximum inhibition efficiency of 74.10 % in the sample with 500 ppm of tetracycline hydrochloride in HCl, while efficiencies of 41.16 %, 59.76 %, and 72.58 % were observed for H2SO4 (500 ppm), HNO3 (100 ppm), and NaCl (100 ppm), respectively. For the EIS analysis, the measurements were performed in a frequency range from 10 kHz to 0.01 Hz, with an amplitude of 0.01 V. This study suggests that tetracycline hydrochloride has promising potential as a corrosion inhibitor in various industries, offering a sustainable alternative for the reuse of expired medications.

Mechanochemical ball mill goethite to activate sodium persulfate for the treatment of organic wastewater containing tetracycline hydrochloride

Mechanochemical ball mill goethite to activate sodium persulfate for the treatment of organic wastewater containing tetracycline hydrochloride