Tetraacetic Acid Research Articles

Synergistic effects of EDTA and lysozyme on the properties of hydroxypropyl starch nano antibacterial films

Hydroxypropyl starch (HPS) nano antibacterial films incorporating Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA) and lysozyme (LY) were fabricated via solvent casting method. The synergistic effects of EDTA and LY on the microstructure, component interactions, color, optical, mechanical, barrier and antibacterial properties of HPS nano antibacterial films were evaluated. The results indicated that EDTA and LY were well dispersed in the matrix of the HPS nano antibacterial films, the film-forming substrates have good compatibility, resulting in a dense multi-layer structure of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The addition of EDTA and LY increased the color parameters (L*, a*, b* and △E*) of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The synergistic effects of EDTA and LY significantly decreased the light transmission of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The presence of EDTA and LY increased the tensile strength (TS) and the elongation at break (EAB) of the HPS nano antibacterial films. The TS and EAB of E2.5L1 reached the highest values of 6.329 MPa and 50.24 %, respectively. The incorporation of EDTA and LY had positive effects on the improvement of water vapor permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). The WVP and OP of E2.5L1 reached the highest values of 0.9350 × 10−12 g cm/cm2•s•Pa and 0.297 × 10 −2 g m/m2 •d, respectively. In addition, EDTA and LY had significant synergistic effects on the antibacterial activity against S. aureus (Gram-positive bacteria) and E. coli (Gram-negative bacteria). E2.5L1 exhibited the highest antibacterial activity and the inhibition zone diameters of S. aureus and E. coli were 3.69 mm and 4.28 mm, respectively. The HPS nano antibacterial films incorporating EDTA and LY are potential functional packaging materials.

Extraction of Soluble Salts and Iron Sulfides from the Wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” Shipwreck

Shipwreck wood often contains soluble salts and iron sulfides, which pose a threat to its stability. Therefore, desalination treatment must be carried out during protection. In this study, deionized water and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA-2Na) solution were used to extract soluble salts and iron sulfides from the 511 wood components of the “Huaguangjiao I” shipwreck. The extraction lasted for 1120 days, during which extraction progress was monitored by measuring the electrical conductivity and iron content of the soaking solution. The results indicated that the extraction experiment reached its endpoint when the conductivity of the soaking solution was maintained at 80~100 μs/cm and the iron content was maintained at 8~15 mg/L. More than 143.35 kg of iron were extracted from the wood of the “Huaguangjiao I” shipwreck. After extraction, the content of soluble salt ions in the wood were less than 5 μg/g, with an iron content below 5%. The wood has returned to its original color and with a certain degree of degradation. “Huaguangjiao I” was the first large-scale marine shipwreck to complete the desalination treatment of all wooden components. This study provides guidance for the desalination treatment of large-scale wooden shipwrecks.

High performance Mn/Mg co-modified calcium-based material via EDTA chelating agent for effective solar energy storage

Calcium-based material is a very promising candidate energy storage material for next generation concentrated solar power (CSP) plants with operation temperatures above 700 °C. However, performance decay and poor solar absorption capacity limit the large utilization of calcium-based material. Here, ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-assisted sol–gel method is first employed to modify CaO with magnesium (Mg) and manganese (Mn) elements. MgO and Ca2MnO4 nanoparticles are attached to the surface of CaO particles to separate grains spatially to inhibit sintering. In addition to the external separation effect, Mn elements are found to be doped successfully into CaO crystal lattice rather than simply mixed, which restrains atomic diffusion and agglomeration inside CaO and thus further inhibits sintering more efficiently. The Mg and Mn co-doped sample (Ca:Mn:Mg = 9:1:2) synthesized by EDTA demonstrates exceptional thermal stability at 800 °C. The performance decay is only 6.3 % after 100 cycles and mainly manifests in the first ten cycles (4 %). Furthermore, by combining two-step calcination to avoid agglomeration and uneven doping, we also obtain the co-doped sample (Ca:Mn:Mg = 9:1:1) with nearly no performance decay in 100 cycles. The proposed materials possess an average solar absorptance of 67 %, about 4 times that of pure calcium material. This work not only designs energy storage materials with excellent performance expected to be applied in the next generation CSP plant but also provides a lattice doping route for calcium-based material modification.

Task specific microextraction column based on monolith for magnetic field-assisted in-tube solid phase microextraction of vanadium species in complex samples prior to online chromatographic analysis

The dominant species of vanadium (V) are V(IV) and V(V) which exhibit different toxicity and biological effects. Thus, speciation of V(IV) and V(V) is highly essential. Efficient sample preparation is the core step in the quantification of V(IV) and V(V). In the present study, a new task specific microextraction column based on monolith mingled with Fe3O4 nanoparticles (MBMC) was in situ synthesized in capillary and utilized as the extraction phase of magnetic field-assisted in-tube solid phase microextraction (MA-IT-SPME) of V(IV) and V(V) species which were coordinated with ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). The prepared MBMC presented porous and superparamagnetic properties, and possessed abundant functional groups. Results revealed that the exertion of magnetic field during adsorption and eluting steps boosted the extraction efficiency of V(IV)-EDTA and V(V)-EDTA chelates from 65.1 % to 55.7 %–90.0 % and 80.1 %, respectively. Under the beneficial extraction parameters, the established MA-IT-SPME was online hyphenated with HPLC/DAD to perform speciation of trace vanadium in water and vegetable samples, the achieved limits of detection were 0.054–0.060 μg/L and 1.4–1.5 μg/kg in water and vegetable samples, respectively, and the spiked recoveries varied from 82.5 to 118 %. In addition, relevant extraction mechanism under magnetic field was explored. In comparison with existing methods, the developed MA-IT-SPME technique displays some attractive merits such as automation, good anti-interference ability, high extraction efficiency, low cost and less use of organic solvent, in the capture of V species. The established online MBMC@MA-IT-SPME-HPLC/DAD system can become a competitive approach for sensitive speciation of V(IV) and V(V) at trace levels in complex samples.

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN CHOLIC ACID USING QUADRUPOLE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY

Objective: The information on the presence of toxic heavy metals in pharmaceutical starting materials and finished product is very crucial from the viewpoint of human life and its hazardous impact on the worldwide environment. The present work deals with the detailed quantification of the toxic heavy metals, namely, V, Co, Ni, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As, present in colic acid using quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICPMS) with prior microwave-assisted digestion. Moreover, the preliminary characterization of commercially available cholic acid by FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C), SEM-EDAX has also been carried out. Methods: Cholic acid of synthesis grade, Nitric acid (65%) AR. grade, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid sodium salt AR grade, and certified reference metal stock standard solutions (1000 mg/L) of multiple elements prepared in 2–3% HNO3 of analytical grade were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the samples were treated with nitric acid and microwave-assisted digestion. For the accurate determination of the elemental amount, various digested solutions and post-digestion diluents were tested. The linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical technique were evaluated in accordance with the United States Pharmacopoeia 233 standard. Results and Discussion: The Q-ICPMS-based analytical method was validated for specificity, LOD, LOQ, linearity, accuracy, precision, and uncertainty. The estimated detection limits of the toxic heavy metals in cholic acid were in the range 2–180 μg/L. The quantification limits were in the range of 1.5–60 μg/L. Mean recoveries±standard deviations at different spiking levels were in the range 75.3±2.1–104.9±8.5%. The coefficients of variation were in the range of 0.5–8.1%. Conclusion: The precision of the analytical method, in terms of relative standard deviation, was below 1.95%. The uncertainty in the quantification of all the validated elements was found to be ≤1.70% for Sample 1.

DETERMINATION OF TOXIC HEAVY METALS IN CHOLIC ACID USING QUADRUPOLE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA MASS SPECTROMETRY

Objective: The information on the presence of toxic heavy metals in pharmaceutical starting materials and finished product is very crucial from the viewpoint of human life and its hazardous impact on the worldwide environment. The present work deals with the detailed quantification of the toxic heavy metals, namely, V, Co, Ni, Cd, Hg, Pb, and As, present in colic acid using quadrupole inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (Q-ICPMS) with prior microwave-assisted digestion. Moreover, the preliminary characterization of commercially available cholic acid by FT-IR, NMR (1H and 13C), SEM-EDAX has also been carried out. Methods: Cholic acid of synthesis grade, Nitric acid (65%) AR. grade, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid sodium salt AR grade, and certified reference metal stock standard solutions (1000 mg/L) of multiple elements prepared in 2–3% HNO3 of analytical grade were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). All the samples were treated with nitric acid and microwave-assisted digestion. For the accurate determination of the elemental amount, various digested solutions and post-digestion diluents were tested. The linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the analytical technique were evaluated in accordance with the United States Pharmacopoeia 233 standard. Results and Discussion: The Q-ICPMS-based analytical method was validated for specificity, LOD, LOQ, linearity, accuracy, precision, and uncertainty. The estimated detection limits of the toxic heavy metals in cholic acid were in the range 2–180 μg/L. The quantification limits were in the range of 1.5–60 μg/L. Mean recoveries±standard deviations at different spiking levels were in the range 75.3±2.1–104.9±8.5%. The coefficients of variation were in the range of 0.5–8.1%. Conclusion: The precision of the analytical method, in terms of relative standard deviation, was below 1.95%. The uncertainty in the quantification of all the validated elements was found to be ≤1.70% for Sample 1.

Insight into a novel circulation system combined with coordination leaching and biosorption for Cu(II) efficient recycling from electroplating sludge

A novel circulation system combined with coordination leaching and biosorption process was successfully used for the direct recycling of Cu2+ from the electroplating sludge. Cu2+ was firstly efficiently leached out from the sludge by the choosing organic acid, and then it was selectively adsorbed onto a modified sorbent from the lixivium containing other co-ions including Zn2+, Ca2+, Fe3+, Cr3+, and Mg2+ under dynamic adsorption condition. The results of static leaching experiments and DFT calculations showed that citric acid showed the best leaching performance for Cu2+ among the studied organic acids and the traditional inorganic acid (HCl). To selective recovery of Cu2+ from the lixivium, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid dianhydride (EDTAD) modified bagasse was prepared, and it had high adsorption capacity, selectivity, and good reusability toward Cu-citric acid complex. The adsorption isotherm for Cu matched with the Langmuir model with a maximum adsorption capacity of 52.2 mg/g. XPS and EXAFS analysis illustrated that the Cu-citric acid complex was broken by EDTA on the modified bagasse, and Cu2+ enriched on the sorbent while citric acid was released into the lixivium again. In the combined leaching and sorption circulation system, Cu2+ was simultaneously absorbed on the modified bagasse fixed bed column once it was leached out. Benefitting the recycling of citric acid and the continuous adsorbing of Cu of the circulation system, the leaching efficiency could be increased from 75.0 % to 92.4 %, even in the very dilute citric acid solutions (concentration of 0.01 mol/L). The combined methods could increase Cu recovery efficiency from the sludge at a low concentration of the leaching agent, which had great potential in the practical application.

Synthesis and application of EDTA grafed metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene composite for the electrochemical detection of lead(II)

ABSTRACTThe rapid and sensitive detection of heavy metal ion concentrations in water holds significant importance for water resource quality control and protection. In this study, we developed a novel electrochemical sensor utilising a composite material consisting of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) grafted metal-organic frameworks (MOFs NH2-UiO-66) and graphene to detect Pb2+ in water. The NH2-UiO-66 material exhibited a large specific surface area and porous structure, which was advantageous for the pre-enrichment of the heavy meatal ions. EDTA contained abundant – COOH groups, enabling it to chelate metal ions and increase the reaction sites of redox reactions. The introduction of graphene improved the conductivity of the composite, facilitating electron transfer and enhancing the sensitivity of the electrochemical sensor. Under optimal conditions, the linear range for Pb2+ detection was 0.1 μM–50 μM, and the limit of detection was achieved at 0.052 μM. Furthermore, simultaneous detection of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was successfully accomplished. The fabricated sensor also exhibited excellent selectivity, reproducibility and stability.

Pattern of Lead Accumulation in Two Vegetable Plants Due to EDTA Treatment

Phytoextraction and phytostabilization are the most consistent patterns or mechanisms of action of phytoremediation. One of the elements influencing the mechanism of action of heavy metal absorption by plant species is Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA). Therefore, this study aimed to determine the pattern of phytoremediation in water spinach and spinach due to the addition of EDTA in the soil. The treatments tested by factor 1 were water spinach (T1) and spinach (T2), and factor 2 was the concentration of EDTA consisting of 3 levels, 0, 3, and 6 g/polybag. Each treatment was repeated three times on five sample plants. Furthermore, growth evaluation was carried out in the first six days after planting and conducted every 3 days. It was carried out on variables such as changes in plant height, leaves area, total root length, Pb content in the soil, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, shoot, seeds, and Translocation Factor (TF). The results showed that water spinach and spinach had different mechanisms of action due to the application of EDTA in Pb-contaminated media. Furthermore, water spinach and spinach have a mechanism of phytoextraction and phytostabilization, respectively. Therefore, spinach is safer than water spinach when grown in Pb-polluted land.

Phytoremediation efficacy of Nerium oleander L. for removal of Cd, Ni, and Pb- contaminated soil

A pot experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of Nerium oleander L. in phytoremediation of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb)- contaminated soil. This evaluation included the application of ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and a nutrient solution containing NPK. The results revealed that the inclusion of EDTA and NPK, in combination with varying metal concentrations, significantly increased the dry weight of the plants. The results demonstrated that oleander, when aided by EDTA and NPK, exhibited a high capacity to efficiently absorb and accumulate Pb without any amendments. The addition of EDTA increased Pb concentrations in both aerial parts and roots (84.9 mg kg-1 and 80.2 mg kg-1, respectively). For Nickel, in the presence of NPK, the concentration in roots was 80,2 mg kg-1. Cd accumulation was highest in the treatment with 100 mg kg-1 EDTA, reaching 72.9 mg kg-1 in the aerial parts. Particularly, NPK reduced Ni levels in aerial parts, while EDTA enhanced root metal uptake. The Translocation Factor (TF) was greater than 1 for Cd and Ni treatments, indicating oleander's remarkable ability to absorb and accumulate these heavy elements. The treatment involving Pb50+EDTA displayed the highest Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) value at 1.7. Furthermore, for Pb50, Ni50 and Cd50, the NPK treatment exhibited the highest Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) values, ranging from 0.3 to 1.69. Nerium oleander L. exhibits promise for both Ni phytoextraction and Cd and Pb phytostabilization, suggesting its potential as an effective phytoremediation agent. Future research should focus on optimizing metal uptake conditions and investigating long-term plant health and soil impacts to refine sustainable strategies for mitigating metal pollution in contaminated environments.

Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) modulate platelet ADAM10 activity

Platelet-specific collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP)VI is stable on the surface of circulating platelets but undergoes ectodomain cleavage on activated platelets. Activation-dependent GPVI metalloproteolysis is primarily mediated by A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10. Regulation of platelet ADAMs activity is not well-defined however Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases (TIMPs) may play a role. As levels of TIMPs on platelets and the control of ADAMs-mediated shedding by TIMPs has not been evaluated, we quantified the levels of TIMPs on the surface of resting and activated platelets from healthy donors by flow cytometry and multiplex ELISA. Variable levels of all TIMPs could be detected on platelets. Plasma contained significant quantities of TIMP1 and TIMP2, but only trace amounts of TIMP3 and TIMP4. Recombinant TIMP3 strongly ablated resting and activated platelet ADAM10 activity, when monitored using a quenched fluorogenic peptide substrate with ADAM10 specificity. Whilst ADAM10-specific inhibitor GI254023X or ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) could modulate ligand-initiated shedding of GPVI, only recombinant TIMP2 achieved a modest (~20%) inhibition. We conclude that some platelet TIMPs are able to modulate platelet ADAM10 activity but none strongly regulate ligand-dependent shedding of GPVI. Our findings provide new insights into the regulation of platelet receptor sheddase activity.

An extended bore length solid-state digital-BGO PET/CT system: design, preliminary experience, and performance characteristics.

A solid-state PET/CT system uses bismuth germanium oxide (BGO) scintillating crystals coupled to silicon photomultipliers over an extended 32 cm axial field-of-view (FOV) to provide high spatial resolution and very high sensitivity. Performance characteristics were determined for this digital-BGO system, including NEMA and EARL standards. Spatial resolution, scatter fraction (SF), noise equivalent count rate (NECR), sensitivity, count rate accuracy, and image quality (IQ) were evaluated for the digital-BGO system as per NEMA NU 2-2018, at 2 sites of first clinical install. System energy resolution was measured. Bayesian penalized-likelihood reconstruction (BPL) was used for IQ. EARL Standards 2 studies were reconstructed by BPL combined with a contrast-enhancing deep learning algorithm. An Esser PET phantom was evaluated. Three patient examples were obtained with low-dose radiotracer activity: 2 MBq/kg of [18F]FDG ([18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose), 2.3 MBq/kg [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-TATE ([dodecane tetra-acetic acid,Tyr3]-octreotate), and 14.5 MBq/kg [82Rb]RbCl ([82Rb]-rubidium-chloride). Total scan times were ≤ 8 min. NEMA sensitivity was 47.6 cps/kBq at the axial center. Spatial resolution at 1 cm from the center axis was ≤4.5 mm (filtered back projection) and ≤3.8 mm (ordered subset expectation maximization). SF was 35.6%, count rate accuracy was 2.16%, and peak NECR was 485.2 kcps at 16.9 kBq/mL. Contrast for IQ was 61.1 to 90.7% (smallest to largest sphere) with background variations from 7.6 to 2.1%, and a "lung" error of 4.7%. The average detector energy resolution was 9.67%. Image quality for patient scans was good. EARL Standards 2 criteria were robustly met and Esser phantom features ≥4.8 mm were resolved at 2 min per bed position. A solid-state 32 cm axial FOV digital-BGO PET/CT system provides good spatial and energy resolution, high count rates, and superior NEMA sensitivity in its class, enabling fast clinical acquisitions with low-dose radiotracer activity.

Orange peel-derived carbon dots/Cu-MOF nanohybrid for fluorescence determination of l-ascorbic acid and Fe3+

Recycling and reuse of biomass waste in synthesis of nanomaterials have recently received much attention as an effective solution for environmental protection and sustainable development. Herein, nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs) with blue emission were synthesized from the orange peels as a precursor through a simple hydrothermal method and then, modified with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (N-CD@EDTA). The N-CD@EDTA was embedded as a fluorophore in Cu-based metal-organic framework (MOF-199) structure (N-CD@EDTA/MOF-199) to construct fluorescence sensor toward l-ascorbic acid (L-AA) determination. The N-CD@EDTA/MOF-199 nanohybrid significantly and selectively turned on toward L-AA determination during the fluorimetric experiments. Under optimal conditions, the probe showed a suitable linear response in the concentration range of 10 nM–100 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 8.6 nM and high sensitivity of 0.201 μM−1. The possible mechanism of recognition and adsorption, including the reduction of Cu 2+ nodes in the MOF-199 structure in the presence of L-AA and the release of trapped N-CD@EDTA into the solution, was explored. Moreover, the N-CD@EDTA/MOF-199/L-AA (100 μM) system was further applied as a fluorescent “on–off” sensor for Fe3+ determination with a LOD of 1.15 μM. The proposed probe was successfully used in orange juice and water samples to determine L-AA and Fe3+ with satisfactory recovery, which displays the promising capability of sensor in real samples. The recoveries obtained by suggested method are consistent with that obtained from high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and atomic absorption spectroscopy which confirm the favorable characteristic of the sensor for accurate determination of L-AA and Fe3+ in practical applications.

Comparative evaluation of effect of nisin-incorporated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and MTAD on endodontic biofilm eradication, smear layer removal, and depth of sealer penetration.

To comparatively evaluate the nisin-incorporated ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (N-EDTA) and MTAD on cytotoxicity, endodontic biofilm eradication potential, smear layer removal ability, and sealer penetration depth. N-EDTA was prepared and characterized using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Minimum inhibitory, minimum bactericidal, and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBC, MIC, and MBIC) were determined on Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) strain. The cytocompatibility of N-EDTA and MTAD was evaluated using 3,(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT)-based colorimetric assay. Dentin specimens (n = 88 for antibacterial analysis, n = 170 for sealer penetration depth) were prepared and subjected to the classical irrigating strategy and obturation, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic evaluation (SEM) was done for the evaluation of biofilm disruption and smear layer removal. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) evaluation was done for determining percentage of bacterial viability and sealer penetration depth. Statistical analysis of one-way ANOVA and Tukey's HSD post hoc tests for bacterial viability and Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney test for smear layer removal and depth of penetration were done with the significance level set at p < 0.05. MTAD and N-EDTA showed cytocompatibility without any statistical differences from each other. For N-EDTA, the MIC and MBC values were 12.5 μg/ml (1:8), and MBIC values were 36 μg/ml. Biofilm disruption and killed bacterial percentage of N-EDTA was statistically higher than MTAD, whereas both the materials showed similar efficacy in the removal of the smear layer and sealer penetration depth. N-EDTA had negligible cytotoxicity with similar smear layer removal ability, sealer penetration, and better antibiofilm potential than MTAD. N-EDTA can serve as a viable alternative endodontic irrigant.

A Comparative Evaluation of the Cleaning Efficacy of Five Different Root Canal Irrigation Devices: A Histological Study.

This study is aimed to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of five different irrigation systems as SonicMax, RinsEndo, EndoVac, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), and manual needle irrigation (MNI) to histologically evaluate the presence of organic structures and the penetration of irrigation solution. Forty-two single-rooted, extracted human mandibular premolars were used in the study. Each tooth was decoronated at the cementoenamel junction and the root canals were instrumented using ProTaper rotary instruments in a crown-down manner. The specimens were randomly divided into five experimental groups (n = 7) Group (1) SonicMax, group (2) RinsEndo,group (3) EndoVac, group (4) PUI, group (5) MNI, and the control groups (n = 7). Each system used 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), and 2.5% NaOCl, respectively, in the experimental groups. The control group did not receive any final irrigation.The measurements were analyzed by employing two-way analysis of variance multivariate results to show significant differences between the length of the dentin tubules in the apical, middle, and coronal of the six groups. The post-hoc test was used when groups were compared by pairs. The results of this study indicate that among the five groups, the RinsEndo and EndoVac were found to be most effective in the cleaning of root canals. The RinsEndo shows highly significant results in the cleaning efficiency of the coronal and middle parts compared with the other groups. The cleaning efficiency in the apical area was the same for RinsEndo and EndoVac. The result of our study indicates that RinsEndo and EndoVac may be more effective in clinical practice.

Organically Functionalized Porous Aluminum Phosphonate for Efficient Synthesis of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural from Carbohydrates

Naturally occurring fossil fuels are the major resource of energy in our everyday life, but with the huge technological development over the years and subsequent energy demand, the reserve of this energy resource is depleting at an alarming rate, which will challenge our net energy resources in the near future. Thus, an alternative sustainable energy resource involving biomass and bio-refinery has become the most emerging and demanding approach, where biofuels can be derived effectively from abundant biomass via valuable chemical intermediates like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF). 5-HMF is a valuable platform chemical for the synthesis of fuel and fine chemicals. Herein, we report the synthesis of the organically functionalized porous aluminum phosphonate materials: Ph-ALPO-1 in the absence of any template and Ph-ALPO-2 by using 1,3-diaminopropane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid as a small organic molecule template and phenylphosphonic acid as a phosphate source. These hybrid phosphonates are used as acid catalysts for the synthesis of 5-HMF from carbohydrates derived from biomass resources. These Ph-ALPO-1 and Ph-ALPO-2 materials catalyzed the dehydration of fructose to 5-HMF with total yields of 74.6% and 90.7%, respectively, in the presence of microwave-assisted optimized reaction conditions.

DOTA functionalized adsorbent DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan derived from recycled shrimp shells and sludge and its application for lead and chromium removal from water

DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan was synthesized by a facile treatment using DOTA (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N′,N,N′-tetraacetic acid) to modify dry sludge and chitosan in an acidic solution. The performance of developed DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan was investigated for the adsorptive removal of Cr6+ and Pb2+ from water. Characterization studies showed that the materials possess a large surface area (52.009 m2/g), pore volume (0.069 cm3/g), and abundant functional groups of amino and hydroxyl. The prepared material showed a synergetic effect due to carboxylic acid and sludge, effectively removing Cr6+ and Pb2+. It reached 329.4 mg/g (Pb2+) and 273.3 mg/g (Cr6+) at 20 °C, much higher than commercial activated carbon. The regeneration of the adsorbent was tested for six adsorption and desorption cycles. The results demonstrate that the DOTA@Sludge@Chitosan adsorbent well-maintained high adsorption capacity attributed to its stability, making it a promising adsorbent for heavy metals removal from industrial effluent.

Process design and optimization of EDTA-biojarosite – a treatment approach in the Box–Behnken framework

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the performance of biojarosite as a catalyst in Fenton oxidation with and without the presence of the chelating agent ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The addition of EDTA resulted in increased iron dissolution, confirming the role of EDTA as a chelating agent. The heterogeneous catalytic properties of jarosite were confirmed by the removal efficiencies of 93.5 and 83.4%, with and without EDTA, respectively. The Box–Behnken method was employed as a Design of Experiments tool to identify suitable experimental runs. Both Fenton oxidation and EDTA-based Fenton oxidation were examined separately, with PCP removal being the response variable. In the case of Fenton oxidation, the optimization process resulted in the selection of 0.1–1 g/L of iron catalyst, 100–1,000 mg/L of H2O2, and a pH range of 2.5–3.5. On the other hand, for EDTA-based Fenton oxidation, the optimal conditions were determined to be 0.1–1 g/L of iron catalyst, 100–1,000 mg/L of H2O2, and a pH range of 6.5–7.5. ANOVA was conducted to analyze the results, and the model fit was examined.

Inhibition and Reduction of Biofilm Production along with Their Antibiogram Pattern among Gram-Negative Clinical Isolates.

Bacterial biofilm is a significant virulence factor threatening patients, leading to chronic infections and economic burdens. Therefore, it is crucial to identify biofilm production, its inhibition, and reduction. In this study, we investigated biofilm production among Gram-negative isolates and assessed the inhibitory and reduction potential of ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) towards them. In addition, we studied the antimicrobial resistance pattern of the Gram-negative isolates. Bacterial isolation and identification was done using standard microbiological techniques, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guideline, 28th edition. The Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolates, and β-lactamase production was tested via the combination disk method. Biofilm formation was detected through the tissue culture plate (TCP) method. Different concentrations of EDTA and DMSO were used to determine their inhibitory and reduction properties against the biofilm. Both inhibition and reduction by the various concentrations of EDTA and DMSO were analyzed using paired t-tests. Among the 110 clinical isolates, 61.8% (68) were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR). 30% (33/110) of the isolates were extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producers, 14.5% (16/110) were metallo-β-lactamase (MBL), and 8% (9/110) were Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) producers. Biofilm formation was detected in 35.4% of the isolates. Biofilm-producing organisms showed the highest resistance to antibiotics such as cephalosporins, chloramphenicol, gentamicin, and carbapenem. The inhibition and reduction of biofilm were significantly lower (p < 0.05) for 1 mM of EDTA and 2% of DMSO. Isolates forming biofilm had a higher resistance rate and β-lactamase production compared to biofilm nonproducers. EDTA and DMSO were found to be potential antibiofilm agents. Hence, EDTA and DMSO might be an effective antibiofilm agent to control biofilm-associated infections.

Influence of the Molar Activity of 203/212Pb-PSC-PEG2-TOC on Somatostatin Receptor Type 2-Binding and Cell Uptake.

(1) Background: In neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), somatostatin receptor subtype 2 is highly expressed, which can be targeted by a radioactive ligand such as [177Lu]Lu-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-N,N',N″,N‴,-tetraacetic acid-[Tyr3,Thr8]-octreotide (177Lu-DOTA-TOC) and, more recently, by a lead specific chelator (PSC) containing 203/212Pb-PSC-PEG2-TOC (PSC-TOC). The molar activity (AM) can play a crucial role in tumor uptake, especially in receptor-mediated uptake, such as in NETs. Therefore, an investigation of the influence of different molar activities of 203/212Pb-PSC-TOC on cell uptake was investigated. (2) Methods: Optimized radiolabeling of 203/212Pb-PSC-TOC was performed with 50 µg of precursor in a NaAc/AcOH buffer at pH 5.3-5.5 within 15-45 min at 95° C. Cell uptake was studied in AR42 J, HEK293 sst2, and ZR75-1 cells. (3) Results: 203/212Pb-PSC-TOC was radiolabeled with high radiochemical purity >95% and high radiochemical yield >95%, with AM ranging from 0.2 to 61.6 MBq/nmol. The cell uptake of 203Pb-PSC-TOC (AM = 38 MBq/nmol) was highest in AR42 J (17.9%), moderate in HEK293 sstr (9.1%) and lowest in ZR75-1 (0.6%). Cell uptake increased with the level of AM. (4) Conclusions: A moderate AM of 15-40 MBq/nmol showed the highest cell uptake. No uptake limitation was found in the first 24-48 h. Further escalation experiments with even higher AM should be performed in the future. It was shown that AM plays an important role because of its direct dependence on the cellular uptake levels, possibly due to less receptor saturation with non-radioactive ligands at higher AM.