Test Subjects Research Articles

Development of Fewer Falls in MS-An Online, Theory-Based, Fall Prevention Self-Management Programme for People With Multiple Sclerosis.

The aim of this study was to describe the process used to develop a theory-based, online fall prevention self-management programme for ambulatory and non-ambulatory people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS). The development process was guided by the Medical Research Council framework of complex interventions and began with a scoping review of the literature on self-management of falls in pwMS. Subsequent phases of development were performed through iterative and concurrent processes and were informed by the perspectives of pwMS and healthcare professionals with MS expertise. Through a systematic and iterative process in close collaboration with pwMS and healthcare professionals, a theory-based online fall prevention self-management programme, Fewer Falls in MS, for ambulatory and non-ambulatory pwMS was developed. The programme is grounded in theory and pedagogical models and features utilization of action plans to address diverse influences on fall risks. A carefully operationalized definition of self-management and an iterative co-development process were essential to the creation of the Fewer falls in MS programme. Continuation of the co-development process and collaboration with end users was needed to refine the programme. PwMS and healthcare professionals were involved throughout the development process of the programme. The patient organization Neuro Sweden was contacted in the initial phase to discuss the relevance of a self-management programme to prevent falls in MS. They supported the research group (all authors) in identification of and contact with pwMS with interest to participate. Three members of the research group (S.T.J., M.F. and C.Y.), that is, the operative group, met neuro Sweden and one pwMS to further discuss the relevance of a self-management programme to prevent falls. To develop the process and content of the fall prevention programme, a co-design process was performed together with pwMS and healthcare professionals. The results of the co-design process are presented in this manuscript. In addition to participating in the co-design process, pwMS and healthcare professionals provided feedback to the research group on programme process and content on several occasions during the subsequent programme development process. In a pretest (Beta version) of the programme, four pwMS acted as test subjects and provided additional feedback on the programme to the research group. NCT04317716.

Development of Character-Infused Mathematical Comic Media for Pancasila Student Profile in Improving Problem-Solving Abilities in Fourth Grade Elementary School

Mathematical problem solving skills are important for students to have, but in reality, mathematics learning in schools has not been able to develop students' problem solving skills, besides that the integration of Pancasila student profile character education in mathematics learning needs to be maximized. One of the efforts that can be made is the use of innovative learning media and containing character education for Pancasila student profiles. This study aims to (1) develop a mathematics comic media design with character education of Pancasila Student Profile; (2) assess the feasibility of mathematics comic media media with character education of Pancasila Student Profile; (3) test the effectiveness of mathematics comic media with character education of Pancasila Student Profile on problem solving skills in Class IV SD.This research is a development research with the Borg and Gall model. The R&D model in this study consists of 8 stages, namely: (1) potential and problems; (2) data collection; (3) product design; (4) design validation; (5) design revision; (6) product trial; (7) product revision; (8) trial use. The test subjects in this study were fourth grade students of SDN 01 Kalipancur. Data collection techniques using tests, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis techniques used product feasibility analysis, to determine the effectiveness of using the average test, classical completeness test, two-sample t test, proportion difference test, paired t test, gain test.The results showed that (1) the development process includes the stages of potential and problems, data collection, product design, design vailidaition, design revision, product triails, product revision, triail use so thait maithemaiticail comic mediai with chairaicter educaition Profil Pelaijair Paincaisilai is produced (2) the product in the form of maithemaitics comic mediai with chairaicter educaition Profil Pelaijair Paincaisilai is declaired feaisible by maiteriail experts, lainguaige aind mediai experts (3) the use of maithemaitics comic mediai with chairaicter educaition Profil Pelaijair Paincaisilai is effective in improving students' maithemaiticail problem solving skills. The conclusion of this study is thait the teaiching maiteriails for maithemaitics comics contaiining chairaicter educaition for the Paincaisilai Student Profile aire feaisible aind effective for students' problem solving skills. Keywords: maith comics, problem solving, chairaicter, Paincaisilai student profile

Occupational Hazard Exposure: Assessment of Hypogonadism and Dyslipidemia in House and Automobile Painters in Ilorin, Nigeria

Aims: To investigate the impact of human exposure to the constituents of paint on serum reproductive hormone and Lipid profile among occupationally exposed House and Automobile spray painters in Yakuba district of Ilorin East Local Government area of Kwara State. Nigeria. Study Design: Experimental./ Cross sectional. Place and Duration of Study: Yakuba district of Ilorin East Local Government area of Kwara State. Nigeria, 6months; between July 23 and January 2024. Methodology: 120 male participants were recruited for this study with the mean age 33.15±0.86 years. The participants included 40 automobile painters, 40 house painters, and male artisans who were not painters and served as the control group .Venous Blood samples were collected from both the test and control subjects for the measurement of serum lipids and testosterone using reference techniques. Results: Total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HD and LDL cholesterol were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the exposed automobile and house painters than the control groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the serum lipid values of the automobile and the house painters. The serum testosterone level in both group of exposed painters was statistically similar(P>0.05). There was no significant correlation (P>0.05) between the frequency of cars or houses painted per month and work experience with the lipid profile parameters and testosterone levels in the occupationally exposed house and automobile painters. Conclusion: Occupational exposure to some chemical constituents of paint is associated with dyslipidemia and decrease serum testosterone which may precipitate adverse ill health among the painters.

Automatically Detecting Pancreatic Cysts in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease on MRI Using Deep Learning.

Pancreatic cysts in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) correlate with PKD2 mutations, which have a different phenotype than PKD1 mutations. However, pancreatic cysts are commonly overlooked by radiologists. Here, we automate the detection of pancreatic cysts on abdominal MRI in ADPKD. Eight nnU-Net-based segmentation models with 2D or 3D configuration and various loss functions were trained on positive-only or positive-and-negative datasets, comprising axial and coronal T2-weighted MR images from 254 scans on 146 ADPKD patients with pancreatic cysts labeled independently by two radiologists. Model performance was evaluated on test subjects unseen in training, comprising 40 internal, 40 external, and 23 test-retest reproducibility ADPKD patients. Two radiologists agreed on 52% of cysts labeled on training data, and 33%/25% on internal/external test datasets. The 2D model with a loss of combined dice similarity coefficient and cross-entropy trained with the dataset with both positive and negative cases produced an optimal dice score of 0.7 ± 0.5/0.8 ± 0.4 at the voxel level on internal/external validation and was thus used as the best-performing model. In the test-retest, the optimal model showed superior reproducibility (83% agreement between scan A and B) in segmenting pancreatic cysts compared to six expert observers (77% agreement). In the internal/external validation, the optimal model showed high specificity of 94%/100% but limited sensitivity of 20%/24%. Labeling pancreatic cysts on T2 images of the abdomen in patients with ADPKD is challenging, deep learning can help the automated detection of pancreatic cysts, and further image quality improvement is warranted.

Preservatives for postmortem brain tissue in biomechanical testing: A pilot study.

Postmortem human subject (PMHS) studies are essential to brain injury research in motor vehicle safety. However, postmortem deterioration reduces the similarity between postmortem test results and invivo response in material testing of brain tissue and in biomechanical testing of the whole head. This pilot study explores the effect of potential preservatives on brain tissue breakdown to identify promising preservatives that warrant further investigation. To identify preservatives with potential to slow postmortem degradation, samples from an initial PMHS were refrigerated at 10°C to qualitatively compare tissue breakdown from 58 to 152 h postmortem after storage in candidate solutions. On brain tissue samples from a second PMHS, compressive stiffness was measured on six samples immediately after harvest for comparison to the stiffness of 23 samples that were stored at 10°C in candidate solutions for 24 h after harvest. The candidate solutions were artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) without preservatives; ACSF with a combination of antibiotics and antifungal agents; ACSF with added sodium bicarbonate; and ACSF with both the antibiotic/antifungal combination and sodium bicarbonate. Results were analyzed using multiple linear regression of specimen stiffness on harvest lobe and storage solution to investigate potential differences in tissue stiffness. Qualitative evaluation suggested that samples stored in a solution that contained both the antibiotic/antifungal combination and sodium bicarbonate exhibited less evidence of tissue breakdown than the samples stored without preservatives or with only one of those preservatives. In compression testing, samples tested immediately after harvest were significantly stiffer than samples tested after 24 h of storage at 10°C in ACSF (difference: -0.27 N/mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.50, -0.05) or ACSF with antibiotics/antifungal agents (difference: -0.32 N/mm, 95% CI: -0.59, -0.04), controlling for harvest lobe. In contrast, the stiffness of samples tested after storage in either solution containing sodium bicarbonate was not significantly different from the stiffness of samples tested at harvest. There was no significant overall difference in the mean tissue stiffness between samples from the frontal and parietal lobes, controlling for storage solution. Given the importance of PMHS studies to brain injury research, any strategy that shows promise for helping to maintain invivo brain material properties has the potential to improve understanding of brain injury mechanisms and tolerance to head injury and warrants further investigation. These pilot study results suggest that sodium bicarbonate has the potential to reduce the deterioration of brain tissue in biomechanical testing. The results motivate further evaluation of sodium bicarbonate as a preservative for biomechanical testing using additional test subjects, more comprehensive material testing, and evaluation under a broader set of test conditions including in whole-head testing. The effect of antibiotics and antifungal agents on brain tissue stiffness was minimal but may have been limited by the cold storage conditions in this study. Further exploration of the potential for microbial agents to preserve tissue postmortem would benefit from evaluation of the effects of storage temperature.

Biotesting of decabromodiphenyl oxide using a multi-component test system

The results of biotesting of decabromodiphenyl oxide using a multicomponent test sys- tem are presented. It has been demonstrated that its aqueous solutions exhibit a reverse dose- dependent effect in stimulating the growth of colonies of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris and show no signs of toxic effects on Daphnia magna. During the thermal decomposition of decabro- modiphenyl oxide at a temperature of 400°C, a mixture of products is formed, one of which is bromine. The decomposition product is released into the air and possesses toxic properties, as evi- denced by stimulation of the growth of colonies of the green algae Chlorella vulgaris, as well as the death and growth abnormalities of Planorbis mollusk embryos. Therefore, water samples con- taining decabromodiphenyl oxide can be assessed for toxicity by biotesting methods, using cul- tures of green algae Chlorella vulgaris and 24-hour-old Planorbis embryos as test subjects. It is noteworthy that in the context of the prevailing perception of the safety of decabromodiphenyl ox- ide, based on its poor water solubility and low toxicity to biological organisms, there arises a need to study embryotoxic effects of the thermal decomposition products on both animals and humans.

Multi-constraint improved RS path planning method for unmanned rice direct seeding machine

Path planning is one of the key technologies that determines the efficiency and quality of field operations using autonomous agricultural machinery. To date, there has been extensive research on global coverage path planning for unmanned agricultural machinery within the working area; however, the issue of “encircling and edging” left by the machinery during headland turns is often overlooked. This study focuses on the operational conditions of unmanned agricultural machinery in the rice fields of southern China. The path planning problem is abstracted under physical constraints, such as the space at the field headland, the agricultural environment (e.g., types of field ridges), the turning characteristics of the machinery, turning radius, working width, and minimum safety distance, into mathematical constraints. This yields an optimized path planning model and sequence combination. Based on the improved Reeds–Shepp curve, an en-circling and edging path planning algorithm is designed. The planned path for the unmanned agricultural machinery from start to finish consists only of arcs and straight lines, suitable for the right-angle turning, reversing, and 180° U-turn operations required for rice field machinery, thus significantly improving the coverage of field edges and missed areas at the headland. A rice direct-seeding machine was used as a test subject for encircling and edging field trials, with tests conducted in rectangular, trapezoidal, and irregular quadrilateral rice fields. The results show that, for rectangular plots, the full-field coverage rate of rice direct-seeding operations can reach 96.44%; for trapezoidal plots, the coverage rate is 95.47%; and for irregular quadrilateral fields, the coverage rate is 95.69%. These results are promising, indicating that the encircling and edging path planning based on the improved Reeds–Shepp curve can effectively increase the full-field coverage rate of unmanned agricultural machinery, improving work quality and meeting the needs of modernized, intelligent agricultural machinery operations.

Transforming Culture: a Culture of Care in Animal Research

Abstract The EU adopted Directive 2010/63/EU, thereby creating an instrument for legally implementing effective measures to regulate animal experimentation. In this framework, the 3Rs principle for replacement, reduction, and refinement of animal experiments proposed by Russell and Burch (1959) is of paramount importance. The highest goal of the 3Rs can be understood as a Culture of Care (CoC), entailing complete renunciation of sentient beings as test subjects. The implementation of a CoC is explicitly mentioned in Recital 31 of the EU-Directive. This article elaborates on historical underpinnings of the CoC concept and uses qualitative social research to trace its characteristics. Data were based on non-standardized survey procedures (topic-oriented, guideline-based expert interviews) and were collected at the management, scientific, supervisory and care levels in relation to animal experimentation. The goal of the qualitative approach is to understand contexts, conditions, strategies, and consequences of the CoC and depict them as a theoretical model.

Effects of Waterlogging on Rice Growth at Jointing–Booting Stage

The rice waterlogging stress test was conducted at the experimental base of the College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, using Yangxian You 418 as the test subject, in order to investigate the impact of waterlogging on rice growth during the period from July to August each year. Six waterlogging stress tests with different waterlogging depth (1/4 plant height (1/4PH), 2/4 PH, and 3/4 PH) and duration (5 d and 7 d) were set up at the jointing–booting stage of rice (T1: 1/4 PH, 7 d; T2: 2/4 PH, 7 d; T3: 3/4 PH, 7 d; T4: 1/4 PH, 5 d; T5: 2/4 PH, 5 d; T6: 3/4 PH, 5 d;) with shallow water irrigation (CK) as control. The plant height, population leaf area, above-ground dry matter, and the yield of rice were measured. The correlation between the waterlogging depth and rice yield reduction was analyzed, and the flood disaster threshold index of rice was established. The results showed that at the end of stress, the plant height of all waterlogged treatments exceeded CK, and the plant height of T3 and T6 treatments significantly increased by 31.90% and 15.93%, respectively. The leaf area of rice treated with T1, T3, T4, and T5 was higher than CK (p < 0.05), and the above-ground dry matter of rice treated with T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6 was higher than CK (p < 0.05). When normal irrigation was restored to the maturity stage, the plant height of all rice treated with waterlogging was still higher than CK (p < 0.05). However, as the degree of waterlogging increased, rice yield decreased significantly, with a notable reduction of 31.68% observed in the T3 treatment compared to CK. Assuming a drainage index based on a 20% decrease in rice yield, it is imperative that the ratio of flooded depth to plant height remains below 37% when waterlogging persists for 7 days in rice cultivation. These research findings offer crucial scientific insights for implementing effective drainage management measures during flood disasters in rice paddies.

Role of artificial intelligence applied to ultrasound in gynecology oncology: A systematic review.

The aim of this paper was to explore the role of artificial intelligence (AI) applied to ultrasound imaging in gynecology oncology. Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases were searched. All studies were imported to RAYYAN QCRI software. The overall quality of the included studies was assessed using QUADAS-AI tool. Fifty studies were included, of these 37/50 (74.0%) on ovarian masses or ovarian cancer, 5/50 (10.0%) on endometrial cancer, 5/50 (10.0%) on cervical cancer, and 3/50 (6.0%) on other malignancies. Most studies were at high risk of bias for subject selection (i.e., sample size, source, or scanner model were not specified; data were not derived from open-source datasets; imaging preprocessing was not performed) and index test (AI models was not externally validated) and at low risk of bias for reference standard (i.e., the reference standard correctly classified the target condition) and workflow (i.e., the time between index test and reference standard was reasonable). Most studies presented machine learning models (33/50, 66.0%) for the diagnosis and histopathological correlation of ovarian masses, while others focused on automatic segmentation, reproducibility of radiomics features, improvement of image quality, prediction of therapy resistance, progression-free survival, and genetic mutation. The current evidence supports the role of AI as a complementary clinical and research tool in diagnosis, patient stratification, and prediction of histopathological correlation in gynecological malignancies. For example, the high performance of AI models to discriminate between benign and malignant ovarian masses or to predict their specific histology can improve the diagnostic accuracy of imaging methods.

A benchmarked comparison of software packages for time-lapse image processing of monolayer bacterial population dynamics.

Time-lapse microscopy provides a detailed window into the world of bacterial behavior. However, the vast amount of data produced by these techniques is difficult to analyze manually. We have analyzed four software tools designed to process such data and compared their performance, using populations of commonly studied bacterial species as our test subjects. Our findings offer a roadmap to scientists, helping them choose the right tool for their research. This comparison bridges a gap between microbiology and computational analysis, streamlining research efforts.

Variations in Plasma Glucose, Testosterone, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Relationship with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Viral Seromarkers in Infertile Women: A Case–Control Observational Study

Study Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common cause of infertility in Nigeria which is associated with insulin resistance. Insulin resistance may be induced by elevated inflammatory cytokines, androgen excess (testosterone), and irregular menstruation or anovulation. Aim and Objective: This work was designed to determine possible variations in plasma glucose, testosterone, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) in relationship with PCOS and viral seromarkers in infertile women. Materials and Methods: Two hundred and fourteen (214) primary infertility women with PCOS aged 37 ± 4.93 years diagnosed through ultrasound were recruited as test subjects while one hundred (100) age-matched primary infertility women without PCOS were recruited as control. All subjects were negative to Giemsa thick blood film staining for the detection of Plasmodium and Ziehl–Neelsen staining for the detection of acid–fast bacilli. HIVp24 antigen and antibody, plasma testosterone, antibody to hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), and envelope antigen to hepatitis B Virus (HBeAg) were determined in the subjects by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay while blood glucose was measured spectrophotometrically. Results: The results obtained showed a higher frequency of 0.93% (2) HIVP24antigen-antibody, 6.5% (17) anti-HCV, 14.5% (31) HBeAg, and 0.5% (1) HIVP24 + HBeAg (except for HIVP24 antigen and antibody) in PCOS women than the frequency of viral seromarkers of 1% (1) HIVP24 antigen and antibody, 6% (6) anti-HCV, 8% (8) HBeAg, and 0% (0) HIVP24 + HBeAg in non-PCOS control women. There was a significant association between PCOS and expression of viral seromarkers; there was a significantly higher fasting plasma glucose and testosterone level in all PCOS women with or without viral seromarkers (P < 0.05). There was a significantly higher plasma TNFα in PCOS women that expressed viral seromarkers than in PCOS women who do not express any of the viral seromarkers (P < 0.05). There was a significantly higher plasma TNFα in PCOS and non-PCOS women although more in PCOS women that expressed viral seromarkers than in women without any viral seromarker (P < 0.05). Conclusion: PCOS may be characterized by elevated plasma fasting glucose, testosterone, and expression of viral seromarkers while viral infection could also trigger higher plasma TNFα in PCOS women than in non-PCOS women infected with viral agent.

Electrogastrography measurement systems and analysis methods used in clinical practice and research: comprehensive review.

https://www.prisma-statement.org/.

Using VR experience to show new subjects to undergraduate students: HalDron Project.

Abstract The present research aimed to test if immersive technologies would help STEM undergraduate students from Ecuador to conceptualize and connect with new subjects. An application was developed for Oculus Quest 2 on Introduction to Radioactivity. The test subjects were presented with a questionnaire containing a theoretical assessment and then were exposed to a short, interactive experience about the topic with audio and video explanations from a Virtual Learning Companion and animations with small interactions and hyper-lapses in the fashion of a futuristic laboratory. A majority of the test subjects were not gamers and had little exposure to virtual reality outside of smartphones or 3D films before the experience. In a posterior questionnaire, results show that regardless of their prior experience, the users obtained a high degree of immersion that helped them understand and develop an interest in the topic. None of the students reduced their initial grade on the questionnaire, 44.8% increased their grades from one to two times, and 44.8% increased their grades 2 times or higher. Another questionnaire was presented to learn about their user experience to understand better how the immersion and their previous exposition, or lack thereof, helped them conceptualize the concepts presented.

Preliminary investigation of the safe dose of oleandrin when administered orally to Beagles.

The purpose of the study reported herein was to determine the dose of oleander extract and oleandrin (the key pharmacologically active constituent) that could be safely administered PO to dogs. 42 purebred Beagle dogs were used to study an extract of Nerium oleander. 3 studies were performed in 42 purebred young adult (ages 12 months or older) Beagle dogs using a supercritical fluid extract of N oleander leaves. The first study was an 8-day initial dose-ranging study in 2 dogs, a second 7-day repeat-dosing study was performed in 4 dogs, and the final study was performed in 32 dogs where test subjects were given extract or placebo once daily for 28 consecutive days via oral (gavage) administration followed by a 14-day recovery period. At 2.3 µg/kg of oleandrin, there were no observable adverse effects during the duration of the study. Adverse effects were not seen until doses exceeded 6.9 µg/kg of oleandrin, at which time mild, reversible clinical signs were noted. However, a dose > 460 µg of oleandrin/kg was fatal in 1 of 2 dogs in this study. The studies reported here, taken in totality, suggest that doses exceeding 6.9 µg/kg of oleandrin may be associated with cardiac abnormalities. An estimated no treatment effective adverse event oral dose of oleandrin appears to be 4.6 µg of oleandrin/kg. Higher doses may be tolerable but should be used with appropriate monitoring.

Test time affects Farnsworth D15 outcomes in practiced, but not unpracticed, subjects with color vision deficiency.

Imposing a time limit on the Farnsworth D15 test may prevent patients from compromising the test. This study aimed to investigate the effect of test time on the Farnsworth D15 color vision test in unpracticed and practiced subjects and determine an optimal test time. Twenty-one subjects (mean/standard deviation age, 33.1/9.3 years) with a range of congenital color vision deficiency participated in the study. Pseudoisochromatic plate screening, Farnsworth D15, and anomaloscope testing were performed for classification purposes. At each of 2 visits, 10 trials of the Farnsworth D15 were performed with a range in test times from 30 seconds to 10 minutes. Between visits, subjects practiced the test. Major crossovers were used as the outcome measure. A repeated-measures analysis of variance compared the scores across trials. Post hoc Dunnett's testing analyzed the pairwise data. Although no significant difference in the mean number of major crossovers was found across the 10 trials for the first visit ( F (9, 180) = 1.30, p=0.24), a significant difference was found for the second visit ( F (9, 180) = 4.77, p<0.001). The range of mean number of major crossovers for the second visit was 1.71 to 5.1, with the 30-second trial resulting in the largest number of major crossovers and the longest trial resulting in the smallest number of major crossovers. Analysis showed that a 2-minute time limit resulted in a Farnsworth D15 outcome that would be expected based on the anomaloscope for a majority of subjects. In this study, test time was found to affect performance in practiced subjects but not in unpracticed subjects. Based on this study, we recommend enforcing a time limit of 2 minutes to discourage those who try to pass the Farnsworth D15 through practice. Additional measures, such as recording patient behavior, can also be taken.

Separation of ventilation and perfusion of electrical impedance tomography image streams using multi-dimensional ensemble empirical mode decomposition

Objective. In the future, thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) monitoring may include continuous and simultaneous tracking of both breathing and heart activity. However, an effective way to decompose an EIT image stream into physiological processes as ventilation-related and cardiac-related signals is missing.Approach. This study analyses the potential of Multi-dimensional Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition by application of the Complete Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition with Adaptive Noise and a novel frequency-based combination criterion for detrending, denoising and source separation of EIT image streams, collected from nine healthy male test subjects with similar age and constitution.Main results. In this paper, a novel approach to estimate the lung, the heart and the perfused regions of an EIT image is proposed, which is based on the Root Mean Square Error between the index of maximal respiratory and cardiac variation to their surroundings. The summation of the indexes of the respective regions reveals physiologically meaningful time signals, separated into the physiological bandwidths of ventilation and heart activity at rest. Moreover, the respective regions were compared with the relative thorax movement and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal. In linear regression analysis and in the Bland–Altman plot, the beat-to-beat time course of both the ventilation-related signal and the cardiac-related signal showed a high similarity with the respective reference signal.Significance. Analysis of the data reveals a fair separation of ventilatory and cardiac activity realizing the aimed source separation, with optional detrending and denoising. For all performed analyses, a feasible correlation of 0.587 to 0.905 was found between the cardiac-related signal and the PPG signal.

Development of Cartoon Puppet Media to Improve Understanding of Sexual Education in Elementary School Students

Sexual education is still considered sensitive to discuss with elementary school children. This makes children have a low understanding of sexual education information. This condition is exacerbated by the absence of media to provide sexual education to students, so this study aims to develop cartoon puppets in puppet plays about sexual education for grade VI SD X students. This research is research and development that adopts the Borg and Gall research design. The test subjects in this research were material experts and media experts. Based on the results of research from these experts, cartoon puppet media in puppet plays about sexual education for sixth grade elementary school students is very good/suitable for use with an average score of 78.75% from the material expert assessment and 80% from the media expert assessment. Based on the test results, the score percentage is 82%, thus the product that has been tested is included in the very good category. The results of this development research can be used by guidance and counseling teachers or class teachers to provide an understanding of sexual education to elementary school students.

Development of E-Student Worksheet Based Task-Based Learning Through LiveWorksheets.com for High School Students

The objective of this study is to determine the development of electronic student worksheet using LiveWorksheets interactive website that is reliable, useful, and efficient on the material produced. This kind of research and development (RD) tries to create an e-student worksheet product. Liveworksheet task-based learning development is accomplished using the ADDIE design development, which includes analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. Students in Class 11-TKJ at SMK Perbankan Riau in 2023 served as the study's test subjects. A validation sheet was used to assess the reliability of the e-student worksheet, a response questionnaire was used to determine how useful the e-student worksheet was, and learning outcomes tests were used to determine the efficiency of the e-student worksheet. The results of material expert validation and learning expert validation amounted to 91.8% with very good criteria and 82.6% with very good criteria. Comparison of results before and after using e-student worksheet is pre-test 76.8 and post-test 85.88. Therefore, it is known that there is an increase in student understanding by using e-student worksheet through LiveWoksheets. The questionnaire response of students received an average rating of 78.2% with good criteria. While the teacher's questionnaire response obtained a score of 80% with good criteria. Thus, it can be concluded that interactive e-student worksheet through LiveWorksheets is reliable, usable, and efficient also can increase student learning motivation.

Utilizing the game design factor questionnaire to develop engaging games for adaptive learning in the serious educational game: the Ma'had

This study explores the unique mandatory residence, Ma'had Sunan Ampel Al Alyi (MSAA), at the State Islamic University (UIN) Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, aiming to develop Quranic reading competence in new students. The varying educational backgrounds of admitted students lead to differences in their Quranic reading capabilities, highlighting the need for adaptive learning. In response to this diversity, adaptive learning using artificial intelligence is employed, implemented through the serious education game "The Ma'had." Survey results from expert individuals using a Game Design Factor Questionnaire reveal the game's substantial potential. The results show high agreement (100%) on clear goals, engaging gameplay, and a sense of freedom, with 67% strongly agreeing on improved understanding. Challenges are motivating, and the game successfully sparks curiosity. "The Ma’had" Game proves effective, but further research is recommended to explore variations in player engagement and compare results with expert test subjects, employing alternative quantitative testing methods for a comprehensive analysis.