Variance Homogeneity Test Research Articles

Efficiency of Bartlett and Levenes Tests for Testing Homogeneity of Variance Under Varying Number of Replicates and Groups in One – Way ANOVA

In numerous investigates, regardless of whether or not beneficial or hypothetical, an inquiry that emerges in performing examination of change is the Homogeneity of Variance suspicion. Severa analysts have checked out terrific assessments for trying out homogeneity of fluctuation and reached determinations dependent on the power and shortcomings of these checks with out considering the effectiveness of these exams below transferring reproduces and gatherings. This paper is devoted to looking on the productivity of Bartlett and Levenes assessments for trying out homogeneity of change depending on each power and kind I blunder beneath transferring variety of reproduces and gatherings (with same contrasts organized with the aid of strategies) for single course ANOVA through one thousand reproductions of arbitrary ordinarily disseminated facts for each mixture of imitates and gatherings. The aftereffects of the exam uncovered that, all in all, type I blunder price diminishes from zero.1 to zero.05 and after that remaining elements quite tons in a degree as the amount of repeats builds unbiased of the quantity of gatherings. Anyways, it seems while range of gatherings is three or a good deal less, Levenes take a look at is better, and Bartlett take a look at is higher when variety of collecting increments. As for kind II blunder, each check brought approximately consistent abatement in mistake rate as sort of recreates and gatherings increments. Be that as it may, each check executed inadequately even with 30 duplicates for every collecting irrespective of the truth that Bartlett test achieved advanced to Levenes at better variety repeats. Turning into test want to be selected by using structure of the data and want to kind I mistake and type II blunder.

A Precise and Reliable Method of Determining Lesion Size in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head Using Volumes

BackgroundTo ascertain whether volumetric measurements to characterize lesion size in osteonecrosis of the femoral head using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and 3D software are more precise than other previously described methods. MethodsTwenty-four patients were included in the study. Two musculoskeletal radiologists independently analyzed radiographs and MRIs using the methods described by Kerboul et al [9], Koo and Kim [10], and Cherian et al [11]. Volumetric measurements were calculated from the MRIs using 3D imaging software. Inter-rater reliability was calculated for all 4 methods using the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Levene's test was used to compare the variance across methods, serving as a measure of precision of each method. ResultsAn ICC value of 0.81 was calculated for the volumetric measurements. The ICC values of the Kerboul et al, Koo and Kim, and Cherian et al methods were 0.94, 0.61, and 0.49, respectively. Levene's test for homogeneity of variance using absolute deviations showed the variance was not equal across methods (P < .01). The variance and the corresponding 95% confidence interval were calculated showing that the variance for the volumetric measurements was the smallest among the 4 methods examined, indicating that the volumetric measurements are more precise in characterizing lesion size as compared to the other methods. ConclusionVolumetric measurements of lesion size using 3D MRI imaging software to assess osteonecrosis of the femoral head are more precise than previously described methods and have excellent interobserver reliability. A 3D MRI assessment of volume of osteonecrosis in the femoral head may be useful in clinical decision-making.

HOTS-Speed Test untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Penalaran Analisis Peserta didik

The effect of HOTS-speed test based on problem-based learning (PBL) in improving analytical reasoning ability of students of class XI MIPA SMA N 1 Marga is the purpose of this study. By using factorial group design (treatment by subject); involving sample 132 students. HOTS-speed test and PBL are independent variables, as well as analytical reasoning abilities as the dependent variable. The data was collected using tests, namely: analytical reasoning ability tests, which have been tested for validity and reliability coefficients. The collected data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, which previously tested the data distribution normality and variance homogeneity test. The results of the study indicate that there was an effect of HOTS-speed test setting of a problem-based learning model on the analytical reasoning ability of students. In order to obtain a more optimal analytical reasoning ability, the types of tests used must be considered. Key words: HOTS-Speed test, PBL, analytical reasoning ability

Examining the Psychological Resilience of Adolescents with Leukemia: A Comparative Study

ÖZAmaçAraştırma, lösemi tanısıyla izlenen 15–18 yaş dönemindeki adölesanların psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla karşılaştırmalı tanımlayıcı tasarımda gerçekleştirilmiştir.YöntemAraştırma grubunun örneklemini iki üniversite hastanesi ve Sağlık Bakanlığı’na bağlı bir eğitim araştırma hastanesinin çocuk hematoloji polikliniklerinde lösemi tanısı ile izlenen 15–18 yaş arası 80 adölesan oluşturmuştur. Karşılaştırma grubunun örneklemini ise seçilen bir lisenin 9, 10, 11 ve 12. sınıflarında okuyan 15–18 yas arası 80 sağlıklı öğrenci oluşturmuştur. Veriler, anket formu ve California Psikolojik Sağlamlık ve Ergen Gelişim Ölçeği/Yılmazlık Değerlendirme Ölçeği uygulanarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde, varyansların homojenlik testi (Levene), Mann-Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis varyans analizi ve Ki-Kare testi kullanılmıştır.BulgularAraştırma sonuçlarına göre, lösemili adölesanlar ile sağlıklı adölesanların psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinde anlamlı bir fark belirlenmemiştir (p>0.05). Araştırma grubunda cinsiyeti kız olanlarda erkeklere göre daha yüksek psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyi belirlenirken, psikolojik destek almayan adölesanlarda psikolojik destek alan adölesanlara göre daha düşük psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyi belirlenmiştir (p<0.05). Ölçeğin alt faktörlerine göre ise okuldaki koruyucu ilişkiler ve yüksek beklentiler alt faktör puan ortalaması araştırma grubundaki adölesanlarda, amaçlar ve özlemler alt faktör puan ortalaması ise karşılaştırma grubundaki adölesanlarda daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05).SonuçAraştırmadan elde edilen bulgular doğrultusunda, adölesanların psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerini geliştirmeye yönelik koruyucu ruh sağlığı hizmetlerinin planlanıp uygulanması, okul-arkadaş-aile-toplum tarafından sağlanacak koruyucu ilişkilerin desteklenmesi önerilmektedir.

PENGARUH MEDIA POP UP FLASHCARD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN MEMBACA PERMULAAN SISWA TK B

This research is aimed to figure out the comparison of initial reading ability from group B of KSPA UNJ play group Rawamangun. Whether using Pop Up Flashcard media or without using any media to be given. This research type is Pre-Experimental One-Group Pretest Design with 10 subjects. The data collected through pre test and post test while the learning is in progress. Pre test and post test are used to determine the initial reading ability of the students. Furthermore, the data were analyzed by giving pre test hypothesis (normality test and variance homogeneity test) and hypothesis test by using partial test (T). The result are; there is a comparison of the initial reading ability from the group B KSPA UNJ play group when Pop Up Flashcard media was interfered. It also indicates that Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted.

Experimentation of Innovative Learning Models in Terms of Students Multiple Intelligences Among Midle School Students in Demak District

The purpose of this study was to find out from each mathematical learning model, Interactive Setting Cooperative Learning Model (PSIK), Course Review Horey (CRH) and Conventional model, which ones provide better mathematics learning achievements, students who have mathematical intelligence, visual , kinesthetic, or interpersonal in middle school. This research method of this study is quasi-experimental research or pre-experimental research with research design using 3 x 4 factorial designs. The population in this study is the entire students 8th grade SMP N in Demak District. The fokus material in The Material Geometry Flat Side. Sampling was conduct with stratified cluster random sampling techniques. Instruments used to collect data are a questionnaire of multiple intelligences and mathematics learning achievement test. The prerequisite test includes the population normality test using the Lilliefors method and the homogeneity test of population variance using the Bartlett method. With α = 0, 05. Hypothesis testing of the study are analysis of two variance with unequal cell. Based on the results of hypothesis testing is [Fab 4,3390 &amp;gt; 2,14] with the decision of the H test are rejected, this means that there is an interaction between the learning model and students’ multiple intelligence towards mathematics learning achievement

LEARNING MODELS USING PROBING PROMPTING TECHNIQUES ASSISTED BY BLENDED LEARNING EDMODO TO IMPROVE MATHEMATICAL UNDERSTANDING ABILITY

This study aims to see an increase in the ability of mathematical understanding of students using probing learning models prompting assisted by edmodo blended learning. In this model the researcher presents a series of questions that are digging and guiding so that a thinking process that links each student's knowledge and experience with new knowledge is occurring. learned. Research subject of 3rd Semester Student in Mathematics and Teacher Training Faculty, University of PGRI Palembang. This research method is Quasi-Experimental. The data of this study are of two types. Quantitative data was obtained through analysis of student answers on the KPM test which was carried out pretest and posttest, and qualitative data were obtained from observations of lecturer and student activities, and the results of interviews with students. Data analysis used: doing descriptive analysis of data and calculating normalized gain (normalized gain) pretest and posttest, Testing requirements analysis is the data normality test and variance homogeneity test of the whole quantitative data, and hypothesis testing in this study t test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, one-way ANAVA test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Hypothesis testing using SPSS-20 for Windows. The results of the data analysis concluded that 1) the increase in the ability of mathematical understanding of students who get learning by probing prompting assisted by edmodo blended learning is better than students who get conventional learning in terms of (a). all students (b) .KAM students

Science literacy skills through the experience of project activities with assisted local potential based learning materials

Scientific skills literacy is one of the skills that students need to have to support the learning process. This study aims to explain the literacy skills of the students through project experience with the help of local potential-based teaching materials. This research is a quantitative study and it used quasi-experimental design, pre-and posttest design. ANCOVA analysis was used as the data analysis technique at a significant level of 5% (p &lt; 0.5). Analysis prerequisite tests included the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for normality test and homogeneity of variance with Levene's-Test. All data testing was done using the SPSS version 23.0 for Windows. The results of the study show that the experience of project activities has a significant effect on the scientific literacy skills in three competencies. These competencies are to explain scientific phenomena, evaluate and design scientific investigations and interpret scientific evidence and data. Competence in evaluating and designing scientific investigations has the greatest significance compared to the other two competencies.

Effect of problem based learning on critical thinking ability on science

This study aims to determine the tendency of critical thinking on the content of science class V students of elementeray school of Rejowinangun, Yogyakarta, which is taught by the model of learning problem-based learning and direct instruction learning model, knowing the difference of critical thinking ability. This research includes the kind of quasi-experimental research. The sample of this research is V student of elementary school of Rejowinangun, Yogyakarta number 52 students. Data collection techniques use documentation techniques and test techniques. The technique of data analysis using descriptive analysis and t-test which preceded by test requirement analysis covering test of distribution normality and homogeneity test of variance. The result there is a very significant ability to think critically between the taught with the model of learning problem-based learning and direct instruction learning model. The average score of critical thinking ability taught with problem-based learning is higher than that taught by direct instruction; it means there is the influence of learning problem-based learning model on the ability of critical thinking on science

Spatial source phase: A new feature for identifying spatial differences based on complex-valued resting-state fMRI data.

Spatial source phase, the phase information of spatial maps extracted from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data by data-driven methods such as independent component analysis (ICA), has rarely been studied. While the observed phase has been shown to convey unique brain information, the role of spatial source phase in representing the intrinsic activity of the brain is yet not clear. This study explores the spatial source phase for identifying spatial differences between patients with schizophrenia (SZs) and healthy controls (HCs) using complex-valued resting-state fMRI data from 82 individuals. ICA is first applied to preprocess fMRI data, and post-ICA phase de-ambiguity and denoising are then performed. The ability of spatial source phase to characterize spatial differences is examined by the homogeneity of variance test (voxel-wise F-test) with false discovery rate correction. Resampling techniques are performed to ensure that the observations are significant and reliable. We focus on two components of interest widely used in analyzing SZs, including the default mode network (DMN) and auditory cortex. Results show that the spatial source phase exhibits more significant variance changes and higher sensitivity to the spatial differences between SZs and HCs in the anterior areas of DMN and the left auditory cortex, compared to the magnitude of spatial activations. Our findings show that the spatial source phase can potentially serve as a new brain imaging biomarker and provide a novel perspective on differences in SZs compared to HCs, consistent with but extending previous work showing increased variability in patient data.

Practical Road-Resistance Functions for Expressway Work Zones in Occupied Lane Conditions

In order to create a practical road-resistance function for work zones under different lane occupation conditions, the expected speed of vehicles was calibrated in the work zone simulation model based on measured data, and simulation models were constructed for the closed half lane and the closed inside lane under different rates of trucks. Based on the statistical theory, the influence of significance of traffic volume and truck ratios for road resistance was analyzed, and a suitable truck ratio was found for the work zone. By using the optimal nonlinear fitting theory, the practical road-resistance function for work zones under different lane occupation conditions was constructed. The results showed that the road resistance is significantly affected by the traffic volume and rate of trucks. Under the same truck ratio, the road resistance linearly increases slowly when the traffic volume is less than the critical traffic volume and rapid increases irregularly when it is greater than the critical traffic volume. Under the same traffic load, the road resistance of the work zone increases with the increase in the rate of trucks, and the difference is not obvious when the traffic volume is less than the critical traffic volume, and increases gradually when it is greater than the critical traffic volume. Through the goodness of fit test and the homogeneity of variance test, the road-resistance function constructed in this paper has high goodness of fit. The practical road-resistance functions constructed in this study could be used to guide the diversion of the rebuilt/expanded highway to ensure traffic safety. Further, the study provides a theoretical basis for the construction of intelligent highway work zones.

Red Pomegranate Extracts on Catalase Levels in Huvecs Culture Which are Exposed Preeclampsia Plasma

In a normal pregnancy, there is an increase in the production of free radicals, compared to on not pregnant and when the preeclampsia occurs the production is even more. This situation controlled with anti-oxidants. In general, antioxidants divided into two groups, namely: enzymatic antioxidants / primary antioxidants / antioxidant deterrents and nonenzymatic antioxidants consist of SOD, GPx and CAT. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of giving Pomegranate Fruit extract to CAT levels in HUVECs who exposed to plasma preeclampsia. This study used a laboratory exploration method with samples: 1 negative control group (HUVECs culture exposed to normal 2% plasma pregnancy). One positive control group (HUVECs culture exposed to 2% preeclamptic plasma) and three treatment groups (HUVECs culture exposed to plasma 2% preeclampsia was given red pomegranate extract at different doses of 14 ppm, 28 ppm, 56 ppm, followed by calculating the amount of CAT which was a marker of intracellular antioxidants. Using the assumption of normality and homogeneity of variance tests that was using the Levene test as a prerequisite for parametric statistical testing, (2) One Way ANOVA Test (F Test), and (3) Pearson correlation test. The result is Red Pomegranate extract can prevent a decrease in CAT levels at a dose of 56 ppm. In conclusion, the Pomegranate Fruit extract can increase CAT levels

Analysis of prognostic factors for 24-month survival of hepatitis B virus-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure patients treated with telbivudine

Objective To investigate the baseline independent prognostic factors for 24 months survival of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients treated with telbivudine. Methods The prospective cohort study was conducted in HBV-associated ACLF patients who were hospitalized in Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University and volunteered to be treated with telbivudine for more than 24 months. The patients were observed for survival at month 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 after treatment. The baseline biochemical index, coagulant function, model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score, HBV DNA level as well as comorbidities were analyzed in this study. The count data were compared with kappa test or Fisher′s exact test. For the normal distributed measurement data, the homogeneity test of variances (Levene test) was firstly used for comparison between groups. Further, the group t test was applied for variance homogeneity, while the approximate t test was applied for variance non-homogeneity and the Mann-Whitney U test was applied for the non-distributed measurement data. Results A total of 41 patients were enrolled, including 3 drop-outs and 38 accomplishments. Among these 38 patients, there were 3 females (7.9%) and 35 males (92.1%), with ages (38.5±11.1) years. There were 32 patients alive and 6 dead during 1 month′s follow-up, while baseline MELD score was the independent prognostic factor (RR=1.864, 95%CI: 1.151-3.019) for survival. There were 31 patients alive and 7 dead during 3 months′ follow-up, while baseline MELD score and upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (UGH) were the independent prognostic factors (RR=2.053, 95%CI: 1.163-3.625; RR=394.939, 95%CI: 1.880-82 948.817). There were both 26 patients alive and 12 dead during 6 and 12 months′ follow-up, while baseline MELD score was the independent prognostic factor (RR=1.761, 95% CI: 1.230-2.523). At the end of 24 months′ follow-up, there were 15 patients alive and 23 dead. Viral rebounds were observed in 6 patients and 3 of them were dead. Baseline HBV DNA level, MELD score and electrolyte imbalance were the independent prognostic factors (RR=9.722, 95% CI: 1.607-58.821; RR=1.518, 95% CI: 1.066-2.162; RR=87.505, 95% CI: 2.263-3 384.232) for 24 months′survival. Conclusions Although telbivudine is not recommended as the first-line treatment, ACLF patients with low MELD score and low HBV DNA level at baseline, individualized treatment may improve patient's survival rate. UGH and electrolyte imbalance may affect the efficacy of telbivudine and reduce the survival rate of ACLF patient. Key words: Hepatitis B virus; Liver failure; Telbivudine; Survival analysis

Effects of Local Application of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction on Tendon-Bone Healing after Rotator Cuff Tear in Rabbits.

Effects of Local Application of Adipose-Derived Stromal Vascular Fraction on Tendon-Bone Healing after Rotator Cuff Tear in Rabbits.

Conventional MRI texture analysis of peritumoral edema in the differential diagnosis of glioblastoma and solitary metastatic brain tumor

Objective To investigate the value of conventional MR texture analysis of peritumoral edema in differentiating between glioblastoma and solitary metastatic brain tumor. Methods Forty patients with brain glioma and forty patients with brain metastases confirmed by pathology or clinic were enrolled. All patients underwent conventional MRI scan and enhanced examination, including axial T1WI, T2WI, fluid attenuated inversion recovery(FLAIR) and enhanced T1WI. The ROI was manually outlined by MaZda software in the most obvious level of 4 sequences of peritumoral edema and the texture features were extracted, including mean, variance, skewness, kurtosis, 1 percentile, 10 percentile, 50 percentile, 90 percentile, 99 percentile. Independent sample t-test (in case of normality and variance homogeneity test) or rank sum test (in case of not satisfying normality and homogeneity of variance) was used to compare the differences of the histogram parameters and to make meaningful parameters based on logistic regression modeling and drawing the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve) to evaluate the differential diagnosis efficacy. Results Through the preliminary feature screening, skew of FLAIR (SkewFLAIR) for glioblastomas was -0.358±0.432, respectively,while for solitary metastatic brain tumor, the statistics was -0.648±0.503. The results showed statistically significant difference(t=7.574, P=0.006). The differences between the kurtosis (KurtFLAIR) were also proven to be statistically significant (Z=4.360, P=0.037),with -0.384 (-0.798, 0.049) for glioblastomas and -0.089 (-0.456, 0.613) for solitary metastasis brain tumor. The sensitivity of the corresponding logistic regression differential diagnosis model was 77.5%, specificity was 94.3%, and area under the curve (AUC) was 0.85. Conclusion Conventional MRI texture analysis of peritumoral edema provides reliable and quantified objective basis for the differential diagnosis of glioblastoma and solitary metastasis. Key words: Glioblastoma; Solitary metastasis; Peritumor edema; Magnetic resonance imaging; Texture analysis

PENGARUH MODEL QUANTUM TEACHING TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR IPA SISWA KELAS IV SD NEGERI GLAGAH YOGYAKARTA

This research is descriptively aimed to know the category of science achievement of fourth grade students of SD Negeri Glagah Yogyakarta in academic year 2017/2018 whose learning using quantum teaching model and direct instruction model. Comparatively to know the difference of science achievement of fourth grade students of SD Negeri Glagah Yogyakarta in the academic year 2017/2018 between learning using quantum teaching model and direct instruction model. This type of research is quasi experiment with nonequivalent control group design. Techniques of collecting data using tests and documentation. The data analysis technique was calculated by using the t-test after the prerequisite analysis test which included the test of distribution normality and variance homogeneity test. Descriptively research show the category of science achievement of fourth grade students of SD Glagah Yogyakarta in the academic year of 2017/2018 whose learning using the quantum teaching model obtained the average of 19,308 including the high category and learning using the direct instruction model obtained the average of 16,077 including the high category. In t-test obtained thitung = 2,398 with p = 0,020, because p=0,05 mean there is a significant difference in science achievement of fourth grades of SD Negeri Glagah Yogyakarta in academic year 2017/2018 between learning using quantum teaching model and direct instruction model. The average score of quantum teaching model is higher than the average score of direct instruction model. It means there is a positive and significant influence of quantum teaching model on the science achievement of fourth grades SD Negeri Glagah Yogyakarta in the academic year 2017/2018.

Study on the effects of total flavonoids from litchi nucleus on nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B and related protein expression in rat hepatic stellate cell

Objective: The effect of total flavonoids of litchi (TFL) on nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF- kappa B) in rat hepatic stellate cell line (HSC-T6) induced by transforming growth factor - beta 1 (TGF- beta 1) in vitro was studied to explore the mechanism of action of anti-hepatic fibrosis drugs. Methods: HSC-T6 was cultured in vitro, induced by TGFβ1 for 24 h, and then treated with TFL at 125, 250 and 500 μg/ml for 48 h. The effect of TFL on NF-κB nuclear translocation in HSC-T6 was observed by confocal laser microscopy. The effects of TFL on the expression of TLR4, p-IκB ɑ, p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB and Collagen I protein were detected by western blot. The expressions of TLR4 and p-NF-κB p65 were detected by immunofluorescence. Data were presented as mean±SEM. Homogeneity test of variance was performed and then followed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The multiple comparisons between groups were performed by LSD test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed TFL inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB in activated HSC-T6 in a concentration-dependent manner and TFL down regulated the protein expression levels of TLR4, p-IκB ɑ, p-NF-κB p65, NF-κB and collagen I protein in HSC-T6 in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion: The mechanism of TFL against hepatic fibrosis may be related to the inhibition of nuclear translocation of NF-κb in the activated HSC-T6 and the expression of TLR4, P-iκbɑ, P-nf-κb p65, NF-κb and collagen I protein in HSC-T6.

Empathic Tendencies of Pre-Service Physical Education and Sports Teachers

&lt;p style="text-align:justify"&gt;The aim of this study is to investigate the empathic tendency levels of physical education teacher candidates according to some variables. Study group consists of 117 pre service physical education and sports students (74 women and 43 men) of Kafkas University in the fall semester of 2015/2016 academic year. “Personal Information Form” and the "Empathic Tendency Scale" which developed by Dokmen was used to collect data. In the evaluation of data, firstly, normality hypothesis and Shapiro Wilk and Levene tests for homogeneity of variances have been used. In paired comparisons, independent samples t-test and in comparison of more than one group, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparison test have been used. SPSS 21 statistical package program was used and the results were considered significant at p &lt;0.05 level. As a result of the study, it can be said that gender, age, class, place of education, parent education level and family monthly income variables did not affect the empathic tendency levels of the physical education teacher candidates.&lt;/p&gt;

Variability, plot size and border effect in lettuce trials in protected environment

ABSTRACT The variability within rows of cultivation may reduce the accuracy of experiments conducted in a complete randomized block design if the rows are considered as blocks, however, little is known about this variability in protected environments. Thus, our aim was to study the variability of the fresh mass in lettuce shoot, growing in protected environment, and to verify the border effect and size of the experimental unit in minimizing the productive variability. Data from two uniformity trials carried out in a greenhouse in autumn and spring growing seasons were used. In the statistical analyses, it was considered the existence of parallel cultivation rows the lateral openings of the greenhouse and of columns perpendicular to these openings. Different scenarios were simulated by excluding rows and columns to generate several borders arrangements and also to use different sizes of the experimental unit. For each scenario, homogeneity test of variances between remaining rows and columns was performed, and it was calculated the variance and coefficient of variation. There is variability among rows in trials with lettuce in plastic greenhouses and the border use does not bring benefits in terms of reduction of the coefficient of variation or minimizing the cases of heterogeneous variances among rows. In experiments with lettuce in a plastic greenhouse, the use of an experimental unit size greater than or equal to two plants provides homogeneity of variances among rows and columns and, therefore, allows the use of a completely randomized design.

Pengaruh Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Probing Prompting dan Contextual Teaching and Learning Terhadap Hasil Belajar Ditinjau dari Motivasi Belajar Siswa Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan

The purpose of this research is to determine: (1) Differences of students learning result using Probing-Prompting models and Contextual Teaching and Learning (2) Differences in learning outcomes between students who have low motivation, moderate and high. (3) The interaction between the learning model (Probing-Prompting and Contextual Teaching and Learning) with student's learning motivation. This type of research is a experiment research with factorial design 2x3. The population of this research is all students in ten class of SMK Teladan Batam. Sampling was done by cluster random sampling technique, therefore the research sample is two classes, class X Teknik Kendaraan Ringan as an experimental class I and class X Teknik Konstruksi Kapal Baja as an experimental class II. The instrument of data collection applied was the value of midterm test II, a questionnaire about learning motivation, and the result of learning mathematics lessons test. The prerequisite test included the population normality test using the Lilliefors method and homogeneity test of population variance using the Bartlett method. The hypothesis testing was done using a two-way analysis of variance with a different cell. The result of research showed thaht: (1) The Probing-Prompting models and Contextual Teaching and Learning the same learning outcomes. (2) The result of student learning which has a low learning motivation, medium, and high education outcomes are the same. (3) Thereis no interaction between the learning (Probing Prompting and Contextual Teaching and Learning) with the learning motivation.