Testing Standards Research Articles

A realistic approach for evaluating antimicrobial surfaces for dry surface exposure scenarios.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has raised public awareness about the importance of hygiene, leading to an increased demand for antimicrobial surfaces to minimize microbial contamination on high-touch surfaces. This is particularly relevant in public and private transportation settings, where surfaces frequently touched by individuals pose a significant, yet preventable, risk of infection transmission. Typically, the antimicrobial activity of surfaces is tested using test methods of the International Standards Organization, American Society for Testing and Materials, or Japanese Industrial Standards, which involve complete submersion in liquid, elevated temperature (37°C), and prolonged (24 h) contact periods. However, these conditions do not accurately represent real-world scenarios where surfaces are exposed to air. In this study, we propose a modified test method designed to better reflect real-life conditions in the intended end-use setting. The modifications included using deionized water instead of nutrient broth while preparing bacterial inoculum, applying a small test inoculum to the surface and allowing it to dry, maintaining ambient temperature and relative humidity throughout the contact period, and reducing the contact period to 4 h. With this modified approach, the antimicrobial activity of 20 samples was reassessed. This screening revealed that out of 20 samples, only 2 samples were effective against all species, while 8 samples demonstrated partial effectiveness against selected species, and 10 samples showed no significant effect. These findings highlight the inadequacy of the current test standard and emphasize the urgent necessity for revised and adapted testing method to ensure a reliable and accurate evaluation.IMPORTANCEThe recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic has sparked increased demand for antimicrobial surfaces to mitigate the risk of fomites-transmitted infection in both indoors and confined spaces. Commonly, the antimicrobial activity of these surfaces is assessed using test standards established by national standards bodies, which do not distinguish between different application scenarios. While these test standards are suitable for surfaces intended for submerged application, they are inappropriate for antimicrobial surfaces designed for dry surface exposure. The usage of these standards can lead to an overestimation of antimicrobial efficacy. Thus, this study introduces a modified dry exposure test method aimed at better reflecting real-life conditions in the intended end-use setting. Our results revealed the subpar antimicrobial performance of numerous samples, highlighting the necessity to revise and tailor the universal test standard to real-world scenarios in order to ensure a reliable and accurate evaluation.

A comprehensive study on the effects of printing parameters on the mechanical properties of PLA

Purpose This study aims to investigate the effects of five different printing parameters, namely, printing speed (PS), printing temperature/nozzle temperature/extrusion temperature, heated-bed temperature, raster angle (RA) and layer height (LT), on mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards were used for the specimen design. Then, the Taguchi method was used for the design of the experiment and an L16 orthogonal array was preferred. Tensile, Shore D and surface roughness tests were conducted on polylactic acid test specimens. The test results were analyzed using the signal-to-noise ratio and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Findings As a result of the study, it was seen that RA is the most important parameter for the tensile strength, PS is for the hardness and LT is for the surface roughness. According to the ANOVA results, the effects of the RA, PS and LT on the maximum tensile strength, hardness and surface roughness were 41.59%, 69.51% and 44.6%, respectively. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the most comprehensive parameter optimization studies for additive manufacturing in the literature because it includes five different printing parameters and three mechanical test procedures.

Стандартизация методики «Перцептивное моделирование» для детей 5-6 и 6-7 лет

<p>In modern sociocultural conditions, reliable diagnostic tools are needed to assess the mental development of a child, which would at the same time make it possible to adjust the objectives of educational work. The article reflects the results of adaptation and standardization of the "Perceptual modeling" test included in the diagnostic set for assessing the mental development of preschoolers (L.A. Wenger and colleagues). The study sample consisted of two groups: children 5-6 (N=1003) and children 6-7 (N=1516) years old. In these groups, children were offered various test options based on their age-related perceptual modeling capabilities. The adaptation of the "Perceptual modeling" test involved converting it into electronic form, changing the system for evaluating the results obtained and statistically verifying the possibility of using it in this form to solve diagnostic problems. The test standardization procedure has shown good external and internal validity, and its diagnostic reliability. Statistical analysis revealed the absence of significant gender differences in the performance of the test and the presence of significant differences between children with normal development and children with disabilities (speech, hearing impairment and mental retardation). As a result of standardization, age norms for mastering perceptual modeling actions for children with normal development and children with disabilities were determined by children of the sixth and seventh years of life.</p>

A-298 A Novel DNA Array Technology to Detect and Discriminate Complex Panels of Microbial Pathogens

Abstract Background UTI (Urinary Tract Infection) is a prototype for the field of polymicrobial testing. Current testing standards suggest that UTI testing may require the Detection and Discrimination of a panel of at least (@24) bacteria and fungi (@2) along with a panel of antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) markers (>12). Today, such analysis of UTI’s at the DNA level can be obtained with predicates such as large-panel qPCR reactions, e.g. the Thermo OpenArray qPCR assembly, or by NGS based microbiomics. The necessary complexity of such polymicrobial testing pushes the content limits of qPCR and, although NGS has substantial capacity to resolve complex mixtures, NGS remains relatively low throughput and requires a level of data processing that exceeds what is practical in some laboratories. Methods We have developed a new technology for UTI testing, “D3 ArrayTM-UTI”, which obviates most of the present limitations of DNA based polymicrobial testing. The process begins with urine being isolated and purified using standard automated magnetic bead DNA sample prep, already in place in most molecular laboratories, at up to 96 samples in parallel. This is followed by a single multiplex, endpoint PCR reaction on each sample, also at up to 96 samples in parallel, then automated room temperature hybridization of the PCR product in a standard 96 well format, onto a single 21x21 D3 Array at the bottom of each well. Dedicated autonomous software analyzes the hybridization data yielding the complete list of microbial pathogens and ARG’s detected in a urine specimen. The first deployment of the D3 Array-UTI test is now available to support analysis of 96 urine samples in 6hrs. The results of such preliminary testing are presented here. Results aLOD analysis has been performed with purified DNA and found to be in the 0.1-10cp/RXN range among the full set of 24 bacterial species and 12 ARG targets. Concordance analysis for bacterial Species Detection and Discrimination has been performed on 235 clinical isolates obtained from collaborators at Mako Medical laboratories (Thermo Openarray as the comparator) which averaged = 97 +/- 5% for all but two species: A urinae (88%) and M morganii (94%). Concordance analysis for Antibiotic Resistance Gene Detection and Discrimination has been performed on 384 clinical isolates also obtained from Mako Medical laboratories (Thermo Openarray as the comparator) which averaged = 98 +/-5% and was found to be >98% for all but one ARG target: gyrA point mutation (88%). Conclusions The data provided here demonstrates that the D3 Array-UTI platform can perform complex polymicrobial/ARG testing as a high throughput 96 well plate based assay, with Sensitivity and Specificity that matches or exceeds that of qPCR, using standard automation that can be deployed in any molecular laboratory. The resulting performance is unique in that Species and ARG Discrimination are readily scalable to 3-4 dozen Species per test, performed in triplicate in a single well with completely autonomous, cloud enabled data analysis, at a sample-to-answer throughput >96 samples per shift. Beta testing has been initiated among laboratory partners.

Insight into the relationship between similarity and the degree of equilibrium of contaminant release curves through numerical simulations

The assumption of local equilibrium, especially in test standards for assessing the leaching of hazardous substances from materials, is crucial for the use of test results and the robustness of testing. However, previous studies of contact time conditions in percolation test standard have evaluated equilibrium and robustness separately. Therefore, this study tests the assumption of local equilibrium in the up-flow percolation test, standardized as ISO 21268-3 in 2019, and discusses the relationship between the similarity of test results and degree of equilibrium. Thus, we conducted approximately 6000 numerical simulations in total with varying leaching parameters to determine breakthrough curves (BTCs) for the substances investigated by the test standard. The results showed that the two BTCs for the longest and shortest contact time conditions within the standard test were identical over a wide range of parameters, supporting the robustness of the standard test. Interestingly, identical BTCs occur in equilibrium or near-equilibrium and nonequilibrium leaching. This finding indicates the need to reconsider the conventional interpretation that equilibrium is reached when test results with different contact time conditions appear identical and encourages efforts to develop procedures to verify equilibrium leaching.

Prediction of cavitation using machine learning techniques on centrifugal pump

Abstract When the local static pressure drops below the fluid’s vapour pressure at that particular temperature, a dynamic process known as cavitation takes place in the liquid. Due to cavitation, the performance (total head and flow rate) of the pump will deteriorate, and hence the vibration and noise will develop. Both the performance and cavitation investigations are carried out for a low-specific-speed pump as per the testing standards. The results obtained during cavitation studies are extracted to train the machine learning algorithms. The flow rate, speed, torque, suction head, and delivery head are considered as input variables for machine learning, with total head, Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH), efficiency, and noise magnitude being output variables. The current studies employ four machine learning techniques: random forest, support vector machines, extreme gradient boosting, and linear regression. In the analysis, notable performance was observed for the random forest and extreme gradient boosting algorithms among others consistently demonstrated superior predictive capabilities for the output parameters of the pumps. For linear regression, random forest, and extreme gradient boosting, the coefficient correlation values are around one for all output parameters except for noise. Similar observation is depicted for coefficient of determination and normalized root mean squared error. These ensure the level of noise during cavitation is very dynamic. These findings will enable the pump user to incorporate AI techniques for the diagnosis of centrifugal pump operation with reference to the nominal flow rate (best efficiency flow). Through this technology, preventive and predictive maintenance of pumps can be adapted with less downtime in process industries, power plants, chemical industries, oil and gas refineries, and so on.

Development and Standardization of an Arabic Test for spatial listening in Children

Development and Standardization of an Arabic Test for spatial listening in Children

Experimental studies on insulating oils for power transformer applications

Abstract In recent days, ester-based alternatives like natural and synthetic oils are preferred as an alternative to mineral oil by the power industry due to its higher bio-degradability, superior thermal conductivity, and fire resistance than mineral oil. In addition to this, blended oils are quite attractive because of its low dielectric loss and a low ratio of degradation. The present research deals with the experimental studies on different insulating oils like mineral oil, synthetic ester oil, coconut oil, blended oils, and nanofluids, which are developed from ZnO and TiO2 nanoparticle doped at 0.01 vol% in different insulating oils through ultrasonication process. In this experiment, the critical properties like electrical and physicochemical properties are examined according to International Electrotechnical Commission and American Society for Testing and Materials standards. Results show that ZnO and TiO2 nano-powder enhances the AC breakdown voltage (BDV), dielectric permittivity, and DC resistivity properties of different insulating oils with improved flash and fire resistance. Remarkably, it is found that mineral oil-based TiO2 nanofluid shows an enhancement of 55.8 % in AC BDV, 9.1 % in permittivity, and 15 % in flash resistance. Moreover, mineral oil based ZnO and TiO2 nanofluid results exhibit remarkable decrement in loss tangent with increased DC resistance property. Finally, it is observed that the influence of TiO2 nano-powder at 0.01 vol% remarkably enhances the electrical and physicochemical properties in different insulating oils compared to ZnO nanofluids. Hence, mineral oil and green insulating based synthetic ester oil (which is based on TiO2 nanofluids) have been considered as a potential candidate to make alternatives to traditional insulating oil for power transformer applications. The findings offer critical insights for the future of transformer insulation systems, guiding industry standards and fostering innovation in material science.

An experimental analysis of mechanical properties for a dissimilar pattern structure in the 3-D printing of a PLA5F filament using the Taguchi method

Abstract Many automobile components and machine parts can be fabricated using the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process with materials such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol (PET-G), and polymeric composite materials (e.g., PLA with carbon fiber, PLA with glass fiber). In this study, a new polymeric composite material was fabricated using Polylactic Acid and natural flax fiber was analysed for tensile stress, elongation, and impact load resistance using Taguchi Analysis. This analysis optimized the printing parameters, including layer thickness (0.15, 0.25, 0.35 mm), nozzle movement speed (80, 100, 120 mm s−1), filling structure (Lines - a, Triangular - b, and Octet - c), and occupancy rate (20%, 40%, 60%). The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for tensile strength (ASTM D638) and impact strength (ASTM D256) were used for evaluation. As a result, layer thickness was found to be the most effective variable for improving tensile characteristics, compared to extruder temperature, occupancy rate, or filling structure pattern. Mechanical properties including a layer thickness of 0.25 mm, an occupancy ratio of 20% for the bottom of the 2nd layer and 40% for the top of the 4th layer, triangular and octet filling structures, a nozzle speed of 100 mm s−1, and an extruder temperature of 200 °C are considered the most appropriate parameters for producing automotive parts in Three Dimensional (3D) Printing. Due to its tensile properties and impact strength resistance, these settings can be utilized in potential application in a wide variety of machine parts and vehicle components.

Numerical analysis of sloshing effects in cryogenic liquefied-hydrogen storage tanks for trains under various vibration conditions

This study examines the effects of hydrogen sloshing on internal pressure, temperature, and fluid behavior liquefied-hydrogen storage tanks designed for train usage by applying the natural frequency and frequency conditions from train vibration test standards. Notably, it investigates the impact on BOG generation using a transient volume-of-fluid phase change model. Here, simulations were conducted at vibrations of 0, 0.53, 1.53, and 3 Hz, which were established using sine wave acceleration. The results demonstrated that sloshing increased with higher frequencies, thereby resulting in a more intense heat transfer between the wall of the tanks and free surface of hydrogen and an increase in the BOG generation. Compared to the 0 Hz baseline, BOG generation increased by 13, 44, and 66 % at 0.53, 1.53, and 3 Hz, respectively.

Hydrothermal preparation of magnesium alloy surface composite coatings and its performance research

Magnesium alloys have great potential for industrial and aerospace applications due to their low density and high strength. Aiming at its defects of poor corrosion resistance and susceptibility to galvanic coupling corrosion in metal coatings, a composite coating was prepared on the surface of AZ91D magnesium alloy by the hydrothermal method. Scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the surface micromorphology, phase composition, and elemental valence and evaluate the adhesion of the coating to the substrate by the ASTM D3359-09 test standard. Electrochemical experiments were done in a 3.5% NaCl solution. The results show that there are nanoscale dense granular structures on the surface of the samples, and the main components of the coatings are Mg(OH)2, Al2O3, and MgSiO3. ASTM grade 4B is between coating and substrate. The corrosion rate of the best sample was reduced by a factor of 238.96 compared to the substrate, and the corrosion current density was reduced by two orders of magnitude. The corrosion rate and corrosion current of the samples after repeated friction did not change much compared with those before friction, which proved that the composite coating had better corrosion resistance and friction stability.

Study on the Performance of Pressure Balance Pipe of Pump-turbine

Abstract For pump-turbine, axial water thrust can cause damage to the unit. It is important to realise automatic levelling by using pressure balance pipe. To study the influence of the pressure balance pipe on the performance of the reversible pump-turbine, axial water thrust and pressure fluctuation have been carried out for reversible pump-turbine with different guide vane opening and different operating heads by numerical and experimental analysis. The unsteady simulation results for the full flow channel of the pump-turbine show that the 298 mm guide blade opening meets the test standards of flow and power. Furthermore, CFD tests were carried out for different water heads at 298mm guide vane opening. At last, under the typical working conditions of 298mm guide vane opening and 400 m water head, pressure fluctuation, the axial water thrust in the vaneless zone are analyzed.

Determination and classification soils in practice according to PN-EN ISO 14688:2018

Despite the passage of time, ISO standards for description and classification have not been fully adapted to common and correct use in practice. This article presents the methods of identification, description and classification of soils contained in PN-EN ISO 14688-1:2018-05 and PN-EN ISO 14688-2:2018-05 in practical terms. The level of detail of description depends on the properties of the soil in question, the size and quality of the soil sample as well as the purpose of their collection within the framework of the design or reconnaissance task performed. In this regard the practice of PN-EN ISO 14688-1:2018 soil determination and description varies. The article gives examples of soil determination based on the above-mentioned ISO standards in field and laboratory tests. Problems were observed due to, among other things, the translation of the standard as well as unspecified issues of description. Most soils usually include more than one fraction. A distinction is made between the main fraction and secondary fraction, as well as a tertiary fraction in justified cases. In the determination of the main fraction in practice there is no trouble, so in the case of multifractional fine-grained soils, the lack of a direct and unambiguous way to record the secondary fraction causes difficulties for the assessor resulting in discrepancies in the soil description

Toward High-Quality Real-World Laboratory Data in the Era of Healthcare Big Data.

With Industry 4.0, big data and artificial intelligence have become paramount in the field of medicine. Electronic health records, the primary source of medical data, are not collected for research purposes but represent real-world data; therefore, they have various constraints. Although structured, laboratory data often contain unstandardized terminology or missing information. The major challenge lies in the lack of standardization of test results in terms of metrology, which complicates comparisons across laboratories. In this review, we delve into the essential components necessary for integrating real-world laboratory data into high-quality big data, including the standardization of terminology, data formats, equations, and the harmonization and standardization of results. Moreover, we address the transference and adjustment of laboratory results, along with the certification for quality of laboratory data. By discussing these critical aspects, we seek to shed light on the challenges and opportunities inherent to utilizing real-world laboratory data within the framework of healthcare big data and artificial intelligence.

A Study for Testing Standards Development of the Impact Absorbing Performance in Firefighting Water Rescue Helmets

A Study for Testing Standards Development of the Impact Absorbing Performance in Firefighting Water Rescue Helmets

Analysis of compact tension specimens with deflected cracks for orthotropic materials

Anisotropic materials, such as alloy, wood and fiber-reinforced composites, are widely used in load-bearing components. Accurately obtaining its fracture performance is crucial for safety assessment. However, existing testing methods based on compact tension (CT) specimen have not taken into account material anisotropic characteristics and crack deflection. In this work, the systematic finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted for CT specimens with deflected cracks made of orthotropic materials. A wide range of geometric (crack deflection angle, β, and ratio of crack length to width, ap/W) and orthotropic material (λ and ρ) parameters were discussed. Complete solutions of the stress intensity factor (KI and KII) and load-line compliance (C) were determined for the first time. The results showed that the geometric dimensions and material parameters have a significant coupling influence on the fracture parameters. The influence of the λ is generally greater than that of the ρ. Changes of material parameters can make fracture parameters’ dependence on β vary. The variation of β and ap/W could enlarge or minish even dismiss the impact of λ and ρ. In addition, to further verify the importance of the obtained fracture parameters, the CT fracture tests of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy resin under various orientations were conducted. The solutions will promote the optimization of the fracture toughness testing standards for CT specimens made of anisotropy materials.

Measuring Theory of Mind: a preliminary analysis of a novel linguistically simple and tablet-based measure for children

This study introduces a novel linguistically simple, tablet-based, behavioral Theory of Mind (ToM) measure, designed for neurotypical (NT) and autistic children aged 4–10 years. A synthesis of five comprehensive reviews of existing ToM measures revealed significant gaps in their designs; the weaknesses include a mismatch between the operational and conceptual definition of ToM, high verbal demands in most measures, materials that are minimally interesting for children, and often a lack of psychometric evaluations. These findings call into question the suitability of most of the currently available ToM measures used in children, both with and without developmental disorders, such as children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). For example, the assessment of ToM in children with ASD may require reduced reliance on complex language or social interaction that can be part of the diagnostic criteria of the condition. This newly designed ToM measure, developed in line with the “Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing” of the American Educational Research Association, is linguistically simple, tablet-based, suitable for children with ASD, and is available in English, German, French, Italian, and Spanish. With a sample of 234 participants, including 152 NT children and 82 children with ASD between 4 and 10 years of age, the new ToM measure's psychometric properties were preliminarily evaluated. Descriptive statistics, measures of internal consistency, inter-item correlation, and validity checks were conducted in both groups. Further inspections of the measure's scale- and item-level characteristics were conducted with the help of exploratory factor analyses (EFA), and item response theory (IRT) within the NT children's group. These preliminary evaluations suggest that the newly developed ToM measure possesses good psychometric properties and is both accessible and engaging for children. Further investigation with a larger group of participants is necessary to reinforce these initial results. This will allow item- and scale-level assessments within a wider range of autistic children. For this purpose, the task will be made freely available to the scientific community.

Determination of specific and non-specific standardization parameters for ethanol extract of purple leaves (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff )

Purple leaves are a traditional medicine that is widely used by people in West Java, Maluku and Papua. Empirically, purple leaves are usually used to treat wounds, liver swelling, and treat gallstones. The aim of this research is to establish standardization of specific parameters (organoleptic and chemical content) and non-specific parameters (ash content, water content, drying loss, heavy metal contamination, yeast mold number (AKK), microbial contamination/Total Plate Number (ALT)) as well as antioxidant on purple leaf plants (Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff). The results showed that the specific parameters of the organoleptic properties of the 96% ethanol extract of purple leaves ( Graptophyllum pictum (L) Griff ) namely black in color , shaped like paste, has a distinctive purple leaf odor and a bitter taste. The results of the phytochemical screening of 96% ethanol extract of cherry leaves contain alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins . However, the saponin test was negative for containing saponin. The non-specific parameters of 96% ethanol extract of cherry leaves are water content of 5.96 % , total ash content of 16.8570 %, drying loss of 17.26 %, heavy metals As and Cd were not detected in Pb of 0, 1236 mg/kg, microbial contamination (Alt) and yeast mold numbers (Akk) were not found in colonies. Based on standardization testing of non-specific parameters, purple leaf simplicia meets the simplicia quality standards

Executing realistic earthquake simulations in unreal engine with material calibration

Earthquakes significantly impact societies and economies, underscoring the need for effective search and rescue strategies. As AI and robotics increasingly support these efforts, the demand for high-fidelity, real-time simulation environments for training has become pressing. Earthquake simulation can be considered as a complex system. Traditional simulation methods, which primarily focus on computing intricate factors for single buildings or simplified architectural agglomerations, often fall short in providing realistic visuals and real-time structural damage assessments for urban environments. To address this deficiency, we introduce a real-time, high visual fidelity earthquake simulation platform based on the Chaos Physics System in Unreal Engine, specifically designed to simulate the damage to urban buildings. Initially, we use a genetic algorithm to calibrate material simulation parameters from Ansys into the Unreal Engine’s fracture system, based on real-world test standards. This alignment ensures the similarity of results between the two systems while achieving real-time capabilities. Additionally, by integrating real earthquake waveform data, we improve the simulation’s authenticity, ensuring it accurately reflects historical events. All functionalities are integrated into a visual user interface, enabling zero-code operation, which facilitates testing and further development by cross-disciplinary users. We verify the platform’s effectiveness through three AI-based tasks: similarity detection, path planning, and image segmentation. This paper builds upon the preliminary earthquake simulation study we presented at IMET 2023, with significant enhancements, including improvements to the material calibration workflow and the method for binding building foundations.

Evaluation of Different ZX Tensile Coupon Designs in Additive Manufacturing of Amorphous and Semi-Crystalline Polymer Composites

The layer-by-layer deposition of molten polymer filament in fused deposition modeling (FDM) has evolved as a disruptive technology for building complex parts. This technology has drawbacks such as the anisotropic property of the printed parts resulting in lower strength for parts printed in the vertical Z direction compared with the other two planes. In this manuscript, we attempt to address these challenges as well as the lack of standardization in sample preparation and mechanical testing of the printed parts. The paper focuses on process parameters and design optimization of the ZX build orientation. Type I tensile bars in ZX orientation were printed as per the ASTM D638 standard using two (2B) and four (4B) tensile bar designs. The proposed design reduces material loss and post-processing to extract the test coupons. Printing a type I tensile bar in the ZX orientation is more challenging than type IV and type V due to the increased length of the specimen and changes in additional heat buildup during layer-by-layer deposition. Three different polymer composite systems were studied: fast-crystallizing nanofiller-based high-temperature nylon (HTN), slow-crystallizing nanofiller-based polycyclohexylene diethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PCTG), and amorphous carbon fiber-filled polyetherimide (PEI-CF). For all the polymer composite systems, the 2B showed the highest strength properties due to the shorter layer time aiding the diffusion in the interlayers. Further, rheological studies and SEM imaging were carried out to understand the influence of the two designs on fracture mechanics and interlayer bonding, providing valuable insights for the field of additive manufacturing and material science.