Test Solution Research Articles

Sulfate attack, freeze-thaw and high-temperature performances by evaluation of colemanite waste as binding material and aggregate in green geopolymer production

To turn the construction industry into a green application phase, alternatively, cementitious source materials have been partially or completely replaced by waste materials and industrial by-products. With this situation, boron minerals and products have a wide usage area and are increasing daily. The most common of the boron minerals is colemanite. In this study, in addition to using blast furnace slag (S) and fly ash (FA) as source materials in geopolymer mortar production, the mechanical and durability performances of geopolymer mortars by evaluating colemanite waste (CW) instead of both source material and aggregate were compared with 10 different series cured at room temperature. Mechanical properties were investigated on the 7th, 28th, and 90th days. For the durability study, a high-temperature test (300, 600, and 900 °C), freeze-thaw test (15 cycles), and sulfate solution attack test (10% magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) and sodium sulfate (Na2SO4)) were performed. Also, SEM, XRD, and TGA-DTA analyses were used to examine the situation before and after the durability tests. Substitution of colemanite waste up to 10% as a source material allowed it to show a strength increase. The highest compressive strength result on the 90th day was 39.06 MPa in the series where it was replaced with 5% fly ash. In the case of using colemanite as an aggregate, results close to the control sample were obtained. In the high temperature and freeze-thaw test, the colemanite waste formed a protective layer and provided better results in the series in which it was replaced by slag and used as an aggregate.

Exposure to the Polychlorinated biphenyl mixture Aroclor 1254 elicits neurological and cardiac developmental effects in early life stage zebrafish (Danio rerio).

The goal of this study was to compare the bioaccumulation of the PCB mixture Aroclor 1254 in zebrafish to cardiac and neurologic outcomes. The establishment of effect concentrations (ECs) for cardiac and neurotoxic effects of PCBs in early life stage fish is challenging due to a lack of measured PCB concentrations in test media (e.g., fish tissue), the lack of standard exposure methods, and the propensity of PCBs to adsorb to test glassware and materials resulting in discrepancies in ECs from different studies with similar endpoints. Reporting tissue concentrations in test organisms will allow for standardization across different tests and thus may improve estimations of effect thresholds. Early life stage zebrafish (Danio rerio) are a common environmental toxicological model well represented within the literature, making them ideal for comparisons across multiple studies. Embryos were exposed at 6h post fertilization (hpf) to aqueous Aroclor 1254 for 96h with or without renewal in addition to a PCB 126 positive control for cardiotoxicity. PCB concentrations were measured in both exposure solutions and tissue samples. Measured concentrations of Aroclor 1254 in test solutions ranged from 8.7% to 870% of nominal concentrations. Heart rate, pericardial edema, and neurological endpoints (eye tremors) were measured in 102 hpf larvae. Pericardial edema was not present in Aroclor 1254-treated zebrafish but was observed in those exposed to PCB-126. Concentration-dependent bradycardia was observed in zebrafish exposed to Aroclor 1254 and PCB-126. Similarly, a concentration-dependent increase in eye tremor behavior was observed in embryos exposed to Aroclor 1254. Data produced by this study demonstrate novel toxicological effects of Aroclor 1254 and highlight the importance of measuring PCBs in both exposure and receptor media.

AI-driven Test Automation for Salesforce and System Integration

Integrating artificial intelligence into test automation frameworks has transformed quality assurance practices in Salesforce environments and system integrations. AI-driven solutions have revolutionized testing approaches through smart test selection, risk-based analysis, and dynamic element identification capabilities. These advancements enable organizations to detect defects earlier, reduce false positives, and significantly decrease test maintenance efforts. Self-healing locators and context-aware selection mechanisms have enhanced test stability across dynamic web applications, while pattern recognition and anomaly detection capabilities proactively identify potential issues. Real-world implementations demonstrate substantial improvements in testing efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness. Despite the challenges of data requirements and implementation complexity, AI-powered testing solutions have proven particularly effective in handling complex Salesforce configurations and multi-system integrations. The continuous evolution of these technologies promises enhanced predictive capabilities, improved integration support, and more sophisticated automated testing approaches, marking a significant shift in how organizations approach quality assurance in modern software development.

Physical compatibility of insulin aspart, lidocaine, alprostadil and vancomycin with individualised two-in-one parenteral nutrition used in the neonatal intensive care unit

ObjectivesCritically ill newborn infants often require simultaneous administration of multiple intravenous (IV) solutions through the same catheter lumen, making compatibility of these solutions crucial in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs)....

Filtration flow rate at low convection volume in continuous hemodiafiltration using cytokine adsorbing hemofilter does not affect cytokine clearance in an experimental model

BackgroundIn recent years, continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) with a cytokine adsorbing hemofilter (CAH) has been used in clinical practice to treat acute kidney injury associated with hypercytokinemia. Two types of CAH are available, including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyethylenimine-coated polyacrylonitrile (AN69ST), each having distinct adsorption mechanisms. PMMA adsorbs substances with hydrophobic bases through hydrophobic interactions, resulting in occlusion of the membrane pores. AN69ST adsorbs positively charged substances through electrostatic bonds because its bulk layer is negatively charged. In both CAH, the adsorption efficiency of cytokines with large molecular weights is likely affected by filtration rather than by diffusion transfer. These adsorbing-type membranes have limitations in terms of filtration flow rate because of their low water permeability. The relationship between the adsorption effect and the filtration flow rate in CAH-CKRT has not been fully investigated.PurposeThe effect of low-convection volume settings below 600 mL/h on cytokine adsorption characteristics was experimentally investigated in CKRT.Materials and methodsTest solutions, including albumin (4.5%), creatinine (10 mg/dL), interleukin (IL)-6 (1000 pg/mL), and IL-8 (1000 pg/mL), were prepared. The test solution was circulated through the experimental circuit of continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) with a total convection volume ranging from 0 to 600 mL/h. The test solution was circulated through the experimental circuit of hemodiafiltration (CHDF) with various dialysate flow rates (QD; 0, 200, 400, and 600 ml/h) and filtration flow rates (QF; 0, 200, 400, and 600 ml/h). Samples immediately before and after CAH from the sampling port of the circuit were collected seven times at 1-min intervals. Clearances of creatinine, IL-6, and IL-8 were calculated for each setting of the proportions of QD and QF during CKRT using PMMA and AN69ST.ResultsCreatinine clearance increased with increasing QD and QF, regardless of the membrane type. There were no significant differences in the adsorption clearance of IL-6 and IL-8 among the different settings, regardless of the membrane type.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that the cytokine clearance at a low convection volume in CAH-CKRT was not affected by the filtration flow rate.

Inline-Acquired Product Point Clouds for Non-Destructive Testing: A Case Study of a Steel Part Manufacturer

Modern vision-based inspection systems are inherently limited by their two-dimensional nature, particularly when inspecting complex product geometries. These systems are often unable to capture critical depth information, leading to challenges in accurately measuring features such as holes, edges, and surfaces with irregular curvature. To address these shortcomings, this study introduces an approach that leverages computer-aided design-oriented three-dimensional point clouds, captured via a laser line triangulation sensor mounted onto a motorized linear guide. This setup facilitates precise surface scanning, extracting complex geometrical features, which are subsequently processed through an AI-based analytical component. Dimensional properties, such as radii and inter-feature distances, are computed using a combination of K-nearest neighbors and least-squares circle fitting algorithms. This approach is validated in the context of steel part manufacturing, where traditional 2D vision-based systems often struggle due to the material’s reflectivity and complex geometries. This system achieves an average accuracy of 95.78% across three different product types, demonstrating robustness and adaptability to varying geometrical configurations. An uncertainty analysis confirms that the measurement deviations remain within acceptable limits, supporting the system’s potential for improving quality control in industrial environments. Thus, the proposed approach may offer a reliable, non-destructive inline testing solution, with the potential to enhance manufacturing efficiency.

Stress Corrosion Cracking of 316L Stainless Steel in Concentrated Ammonium Chloride Solution with Very Low Dissolved Oxygen Levels

ABSTRACT Slow strain rate testing has been used to investigate the susceptibility of 316L stainless steel to SCC in high chloride and low dissolved oxygen brines. Tests have been carried out for various temperatures and ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) concentrations. The susceptibility to SCC was assessed in terms of ductility loss, detailed fractography and cross-sectional inspections to identify the damage mechanisms. It is challenging to maintain long-term SCC experiments with very low DO levels. In this work, we showed that 3 hours of sparging with high purity nitrogen at a flow rate of 0.2 L/min was sufficient to reduce the DO in a 0.6 L test solution to ~ 10 ppb. However, over the full test duration of 7 or 8 days with continuous nitrogen purging of the solution, the mean and maximum DO values were 17.4 and 34.4 ppb in 40 wt.% NH4Cl, and 16.5 ppb and 41.8 ppb in 30 wt.% NH4Cl solutions at 95 °C. For 316L stainless steel at open circuit in ≥ 30 wt % (i.e. 6.1M) ammonium chloride solutions with these very low DO levels, pitting corrosion was not seen at 60 °C, became evident at 80 °C and was severe at 95 °C and above, while SCC was not seen at 60 or 80 °C, was possibly initiating at 80 °C without propagating significantly, and was severe at 95 °C.

Hemical Profile And Allelopathic Potential of Asparagus setaceus (KUNTH) Jessop (ASPARAGACEAE)

Objective: This work aimed to elucidate the chemical profile and the allelopathic potential of the ethanolic extract of Asparagus setaceus leaves collected in the morning (8 A.M) and afternoon (2 P.M). Method: The extract was obtained using cold ethanol and the secondary metabolites classes were identified with specific reagents. For allelopathic activity, the test solution was obtained from 100 mg of ethanolic extract, dissolved in 100 mL of 66% ethanol, obtaining concentrations from 6.25% to 100%. Two control groups were used: distilled water and 66% ethanol alcohol in the evaluation of the following parameters: germination percentage (GP), germination speed index (GSI) and stem and radicle length. Results and Discussion: The tabulated results were analyzed by two-way ANOVA, through analysis of variance and Tukey's test. The pH values of Asparagus setaceus ethanolic extract in the morning ranged from 9 to 12, for Asparagus setaceus ethanolic extract in the afternoon ranged from 8 to 12. In the phytochemical analysis, the morning extract showed a greater number of metabolites when compared to the same extract prepared in the afternoon, causing greater negative interference observed in the germination speed index and in the development of seedlings. Research Implications: Therefore, the combined action of these compounds and factors such as humidity, temperature and soil pattern should be considered when evaluating the different results found, and further studies are needed to investigate the specific constituents of allelopathic activity.

Use of design thinking to develop a benchmarking tool to assess documentation procedures in a hospital pharmacy aseptic compounding unit: a case study

ObjectivesThis paper combines the concepts of design thinking and benchmarking in an aseptic manufacturing context. Design thinking is a problem-solving approach that aims to understand user needs, generate ideas, prototypes...

EXPERIMENTAL SEARCH AN UNDERLYING BASIS OF PRINCIPLES FOR MICROBIOLOGICAL QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF PRESERVATIVE SOLUTIONS

Introduction. Microbiological control of preservative solutions and assessment of the state of anatomical preparations are topical issues, the solution of which requires adaptation of methods for quantitative determination of the level of microbial contamination to the special conditions of equilibrium systems containing biological preparations. The aim of the study is screening, experimental testing and adaptation of microbiological methods for quantitative assessment of the level of microbial contamination for monitoring the microbiological purity of preservative solutions using the Melnikov–Razvedenkov solution as an example. Material and methods. The object of the study was the Melnikov–Razvedenkov preservative solution modified by the Scientific Research Center for Biomedical Technologies of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. The study used methods for quantitative assessment of the level of microbial contamination on agar nutrient media. Results. As a result of screening, experimental testing and comparative analysis of methods for quantitative assessment of the level of microbial contamination, the most promising methodological approaches were identified and adapted for microbiological monitoring of modified Melnikov-Razvedenkov solution. Conclusions. The microbiological study of the modified Melnikov-Razvedenkov preservative solution showed the feasibility of using the membrane vacuum filtration method with membrane filters made of a mixture of cellulose acetate and nitrate with a nominal pore diameter of 0.45 μm. For sterilization of the test solution, the use of a vacuum filtration through membrane filters with a nominal pore diameter of 0.22 μm is promising.

Using Human-Centered Design to Bridge Zero-Dose Vaccine Gap: A Case Study of Ilala District in Tanzania.

Background: Immunization plays a substantial role in reducing the under-five mortality rate. However, Tanzania still has a significant number of zero-dose and under-vaccinated children and was ranked among the top ten African countries with the highest numbers of zero-dose children in 2022. The human-centered design (HCD) approach is more ethical and effective at addressing public health challenges in complex sociocultural settings. This study aimed to use the HCD approach to aid in identifying, prioritizing, and implementing community-centric interventions in Tanzania, particularly in the Ilala District of Dar es Salaam, to increase vaccine demand and close the zero-dose gap by at least 50%. Methods: The study involved co-creation workshops with 483 participants to identify, design, and test solutions. The study followed the UNICEF Journey to Health and Immunization framework to identify barriers and enablers influencing stakeholders in adopting and sustaining health- and immunization-related actions. Results: The study identified the causes of under-five defaulting and the zero-dose gap, i.e., the inadequate support of local community leaders in under-five vaccination sensitization and surveillance; poor infrastructure to new settlement areas; hesitancy and unwillingness of parents/guardians; absence of house numbers; limited/time-constrained availability of resources to facilitate mobile immunization services, etc. The participants were able to come up with 309 ideas, which were refined through multiple iterations using the impact--effort matrix and skimmed down to three (3) solutions: (i) having health facilities to notify and alert local leaders about vaccination dates; (ii) using parents, kids, and grownups who got vaccinated to influence others; (iii) using local government leaders and house representatives for vaccine advocacy. Of these, the solution involving local government leaders and house representatives for vaccine advocacy was implemented. An advocacy strategy was used to enhance the collaboration of the District Commissioner, Council leaders, and community leaders. A home-to-home interpersonal sensitization approach accompanied by the household delivery of vaccination services was employed. The findings reveal that the HCD framework was impactful in increasing collaborations/cooperation with local government leaders and community ownership of the under-five vaccination initiative. As a result, 67,145 houses, equal to 104%, were reached, surpassing the initial target of 64,800 houses, and 131,088 families, equal to 83% of the targeted 156,995 households, were sensitized through a home-to-home campaign approach. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. Researchers and practitioners are encouraged to adopt the HCD approach when addressing public health challenges, especially in complex sociocultural settings.

Miniaturized Devices for Isothermal Amplification and Photometric Quantification of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa.

Goal: This study introduced a proof-of-concept prototype for isothermal recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) with miniaturized photometric detection, enabling rapid P. aeruginosa detection. Methods: The researchers conducted the amplification process within a microchamber with a diameter of 10 mm, utilizing a standalone Thermostat driven thermal management setup. RPA, an amplification technique was employed, which required a lower operating temperature of 37 °C-40 °C to complete the reaction. The amplified amplicon was labeled with a fluorophore reporter, stimulated by an LED light source, and detected in real-time using a photodiode. Results: The developed prototype successfully demonstrated the rapid detection of P. aeruginosa using the RPA assay. The process only required the utilization of 0.04 ng of working concentration of DNA. The entire process, from amplification to detection, could be completed in over 15 minutes. The platform showed enhanced sensitivity and specificity, providing a cost-effective and accurate solution for on-site detection/quantification of pathogens. Conclusions: The integration of isothermal RPA with the miniaturized photometric detection platform proved successful in achieving the goal of rapid and specific pathogen detection. This study proved the benefits of Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Technology (INAAT), emphasizing its potential as an accessible, user-friendly point-of-care technology for resource-constrained institutions. The RPA-based prototype demonstrated capability without requiring costly laboratory equipment or expertise. The developed platform, when combined with Internet of Things (IoT) enabled cloud platform, also allowed remote monitoring of data. Overall, the methodology presented in this study offered a cost-effective, accurate, and convenient solution for on-site testing in resource-limited settings.

A review of the influence of pH on toxicity testing of acidic environmental chemical pollutants in aquatic systems using zebrafish (Danio rerio) and glyphosate toxicity as a case study.

Glyphosate is an acidic herbicide reported to contaminate water sources around the globe. Glyphosate alters the pH of a solution depending upon the concentration and buffering capacity of the solution in which it is present. Hence, toxicity observed in laboratory-based studies could be caused by the chemical or acidic pH if the solution is not adjusted to neutral conditions, confounding toxicity assessments. When reviewing zebrafish glyphosate toxicity studies, major discrepancies were noted among the published literature. Moreover, it was discovered that most of these studies did not mention pH or neutralization of the test solution. Thirty-six articles were identified when restricting the search from January 2009 through April 2024 to studies testing glyphosate toxicity (as glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides) in zebrafish and assessed for time of exposure, test concentrations, and mention or assessment of pH in exposure solutions. Additionally, toxicity curves for unadjusted pH and adjusted pH conditions for glyphosate were also determined in developing zebrafish from 1 to 120 hours post fertilization (hpf), to further clarify and support pH influence of glyphosate in these toxicity tests. Furthermore, a pH toxicity curve was established for the same developmental period to address if the divergence noted in the literature was based on glyphosate's influence on acidity of the exposure solution. Results showed that at concentrations greater than 10 ppm (mg/L), the pH of the water used in the experiments at chemistry parameters commonly used in zebrafish toxicity studies reduced to 5.5. As the glyphosate concentration increased, the pH continued to drop as low as 2.98. When comparing unneutralized and neutralized glyphosate solutions, the 120 hpf-LC50 without neutralization was close to 50 ppm, while minimal lethality was observed up to 1000 ppm in the neutralized solutions. Findings were then compared to the thirty-six zebrafish glyphosate toxicity studies for alignment of findings with glyphosate or pH toxicity. Eighteen of the studies included treatment concentrations less than 10 ppm with pH likely not to influence reported outcomes. Of the 18 remaining studies at higher concentrations likely to influence pH, only one reported neutralizing their exposure solutions. Two additional studies mentioned pH as a potential driving factor but did not repeat in neutral conditions. As a result, 17 of the 36 studies are observing primarily pH toxicity in the glyphosate assessments. Based on these findings, caution is warranted in interpreting results of acidic environmental contaminants in cases where pH of exposure solutions is not stated.

Development of corn starch biodegradable films reinforced by nanocellulose for food packaging

The present paper evaluates the mechanical and physical characteristics of edible films made from corn starch (Zea mays L.) reinforced with nanocellulose. To do this, films were made with 0.4 and 0.08% cotton nanocellulose (NC) with plasticizer (0.4 and 1%). The mixture was emulsified between 1 and 3 min and dried for 20 h (36 and 50 °C). NC was obtained by acid hydrolysis for 6 days at 25 °C with 50% sulfuric acid and dialyzed to neutral pH. Cotton NC and NC-included film were analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. About the physical characteristics, it will be observed that there was no significant difference between the inclusion percentages. Accordingly, a 5% inclusion would be sufficient for smooth, transparent, flexible, non-cracked and homogeneous films. It is determined that the higher the percentage of NC, the lower the elasticity values, improving the films' hardness and transparency. Given that the percentage present in the NC test solution is 1.6%, its inclusion would be 0.4% (25 ml NC) and 0.08% (5 ml NC), indicating its great influence on films.

Pengembangan Kertas Indikator pH Ramah Lingkungan yang Berasal dari Ekstrak Bunga Telang (Clitoria ternatea)

Acid-base indicator paper is a type of paper that changes color when exposed to an acid or base solution, used to distinguish the properties of a substance as either acidic or basic. Several studies have been conducted to find alternative plants that can be used as acid-base indicators.One of them is the butterfly pea flower. The need for practical and economical indicator testing tools prompted researchers to test indicator paper that is cheaper compared to litmus paper. The paper tested comes from commonly found paper in the surroundings, namely HVS paper, BC paper, and Whatman paper. Research objective: Creating Kerinlang, an innovative alternative paper for acid-base indicators using the Telang flower (Clitoria Ternatea). Research method: Maceration of Butterfly Pea Flower is carried out with a 70% ethanol solution to produce an extract from the butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea). The ethanol extract of butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) was soaked using HVS paper, BC paper, and Whatman paper, then tested with acid-base test solutions to observe the resulting color changes as well as the structure and durability of the tested paper. Conclusion: Kerinlang can be used as an alternative pH indicator paper for butterfly pea flower (Clitoria ternatea) with Whatman paper as the medium, which produces the best color change, is durable, and inexpensive.

A Novel Anodic Heterostructure Based on Commercial 1J50 Permalloy for Urea‐Assisted Water Splitting

AbstractA commercially available magnetic metallic material, 1J50 permalloy, was employed in this work to fabricate a novel anode for the urea‐assisted electrocatalysis. Featuring the simple surface treatments of electrode substrate, including elemental leaching to modulate the Ni/Fe ratio in KSCN solution and subsequent chronopotentiometric aging in test solution, the as‐fabricated anode can deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.355 V (RHE) in 1 M KOH solution containing 0.33 M urea, without suffering all the disadvantages of traditional anodes, e.g., complicated fabrication process and impossible substrate regeneration. It was evidenced that Ni can be sustained at first and oxidized subsequently to form UOR‐active species in divalent or trivalent states; whereas Fe, after elemental leaching, can be mainly oxidized to form Fe3O4 with acceptable electric conductivity, and the remnant is incorporated into the lattices of Ni‐containing species for Ni–Fe synergy. Thus, the outstanding UOR performance is directly associated with the hetero‐structure composed mainly of the UOR‐active LDH decorated with the electrically conductive Fe3O4 particles and other UOR‐enhancing (oxy)hydroxides.

Ultrasonic Effect on the Growth of Crystals from Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions on Polymer Substrates: The Role of Isotopic Composition of Liquid.

The peculiarities of the crystal formation from supersaturated aqueous solutions of CuSO4 on polymer substrates were studied using X-ray diffractometry. During the crystal formation, the test solutions were irradiated with one or two counter-propagating ultrasonic beams. Test solutions were prepared using natural deionized water with a deuterium content of 157 ± 1 ppm. The other liquid used was deuterium-depleted water with a deuterium content of 3 ppm. It was shown that irradiation with one/two ultrasonic beams resulted in drastic changes in the structure of the crystal deposit formed on the polymer substrate in the case when natural deionized water was chosen for preparing the supersaturated solution of CuSO4.

A Mechanical Hackathon Co-developed with Industry

Hackathons have become a very popular activity in the software domain. These activities give students a chance to work in teams to address challenging, real-world, software design problems in a fast-paced and time-bound environment. This limited duration has both positives (e.g. students can experience the entire design-build-test process during a 2-day event), and negatives (e.g. students may be “hacking” code together instead of following a more rigorous design process); but if designed well can give students a meaningful design experience which develops their empathy, self-efficacy, and sense of belonging. To date, however, these events have typically stayed within the software domain where the cycles of building and testing can happen very rapidly. This paper describes an extra-curricular activity, co-developed with industry, which provided an opportunity for undergraduate students to design, build, and test solutions to a challenging real-world, mechanical problem sourced from an industry partner. This activity was offered as a pilot to approximately 40 students over a weekend in fall 2023 as part of a larger industry “Innovation Challenge” where the majority of students at the challenge were working on a related software problem from the same industry partner.

Peak Spectral Homogeneity in LC/DAD: Exploring Alternatives in Peak Purity Evaluations

Spectral peak purity evaluations are often used to control inadequate selectivity issues appearing in liquid chromatography separations coupled with UV-Vis photodiode detection, despite known limitations related to (a) the lack of characteristic absorption bands in UV-Vis for target analytes and overlapping related impurities; (b) increased similarity between the spectral characteristics of co-eluting compounds; (c) large concentration differences between overlapping compounds; (d) perfect co-elution cases. We propose an alternative protocol to evaluate differences between spectra collected over a peak’s elution interval. After normalizing the acquired spectra, linear regression was applied between each pair of spectra, resulting in slope, intercepts, and correlation coefficient sets, from each comparison. The means and standard deviations of each variable are thus computed. An ellipsoid in the 3D Cartesian space illustrates these computations, having the mean coordinates as center and 2 × standard deviations of the variables as the axes. The volume of the ellipsoid should be related to the similarity between the compared spectra; a smaller volume indicates a higher spectral similarity. This approach was evaluated with respect to the (a) concentration of the analytes; (b) spectral acquisition parameters (spectral resolution, spectral frequency acquisition); (c) spectral similarity between overlapping peaks; (d) perfect co-elution situation; (e) influence of spectral processing (derivation, wavelength rationing), using test solutions of carbamazepine (a,b), acetyl cysteine and enalapril maleate (c), or nitrazepam and diazepam (d,e).

Influence of sodium chloride on corrosion resistance of ever silver vessels in the presence of curd rice

The present work is undertaken to investigate the corrosion resistance of ever silver in the presence of water, water+curd system, water+curd+rice system, water+curd+rice+Salt system. The corrosion resistance has been evaluated by AC impedance spectra . AC impedance spectra have been employed to investigate the corrosion resistance of ever silver electrode when it is immersed in various test solutions like water, curd, curd rice recipe, curd rice recipe with salt (sodium chloride 500 ppm). The corrosion resistance of ever silver electrode when it is immersed in various test solutions like water, water+curd, water+curd+rice and water+curd+rice+salt have been evaluated by AC impedance spectroscopy. If a protective film is formed, the charge transfer resistance increases, impedance value increases, phase angle value increases and double layer capacitance (Cdl) value decreases. When Ever silver electrode is immersed in water + curd rice system + 500ppmsodium chloride system, the corrosion resistance of ever silver electrode decreases. This is due to the presence of chloride ion introduced into the curd rice system. It implies that when curd rice is packed in vessels made of ever silver, we should avoid adding salt to the curd rice. It is better to keep the salt and curd rice separately. It is to be noted that this corrosion resistance is better than the corrosion resistance in water alone. The corrosion resistance decreases in the following order: Water + Curd + Rice system > Water + Curd + Rice + Salt system (sodium chloride 500ppm) > Water+ Curd system > Water