Logical Test Research Articles

On-line self-test mechanism for Dual-Core Lockstep System-on-Chips

The Dual-Core Lockstep configuration is largely employed in safety-critical System-on-Chips for the sake of compliance with functional safety standards. Such configuration includes two processor cores paired together, always fed with the same identical inputs and their outputs are continuously compared by a set of comparators. However, permanent faults affecting the comparators may invalidate the system functionalities, thus in-field self-test mechanisms are mandatory. In this paper, different in-field self-test solutions are first discussed. Then, a hybrid hardware-software scheme for the on-line testing of the lockstep logic is proposed. Such a solution leverages test programs developed according to the Software-Based Self-Test (SBST) approach, used in conjunction with a specialized hardware module. The effectiveness of this approach was assessed on a modified version of the OpenRISC 1200 processor. Exhaustive experiments demonstrated that it is possible to achieve a fault coverage of stuck-at faults greater than 99%, while at the same time significantly reduce the area overhead of classical approaches.

Long term oral appliance therapy decreases stress symptoms in patients with upper airway resistance syndrome.

To evaluate the long-term effects of a mandibular advancement device (MAD) on stress symptoms and cognitive function in patients with upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) compared with placebo. This study was a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Thirty UARS patients were randomized into 2 groups: placebo and MAD groups. UARS criteria were the presence of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≥ 10) and/or fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale ≥ 38) associated with an apnea-hypopnea index ≤ 5 events/h and a respiratory disturbance index > 5 events/h of sleep, and/or flow limitation in more than 30% of total sleep time. All patients completed the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, the Logical Memory test, the Stroop Color Test, the Trail Making Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test, and Inventory of Stress Symptoms. Cognition protocol was defined based on the most used neuropsychological tests in the literature. Evaluations were performed before and after 1.5 years of treatment. Mean adherence to placebo and to MAD was 6.6 ± 2.6 and 6.1 ± 2.4 h/night, respectively. Side effects reported by MAD group were minor and short-term. There was no statistically significant difference in Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test, Logical Memory test, Stroop Color Test, Trail Making Test, and Digit Symbol Substitution Test before and after 1.5 years of treatment in both groups. Inventory of Stress Symptoms score decreased at the alert phase and the resistance phase after 1.5 years of MAD treatment compared to the placebo. Mandibular advancement devices were effective in decreasing stress symptoms in UARS patients after 1.5 years of treatment. Registry: ClinicalTrials.gov; Name: Efficacy of Oral Appliance for Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome; URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT02636621; Identifier: NTC02636621.

Fracaso Repetido en Exámenes de Reválida: ¿Falta de Conocimiento o Conocimiento Erróneo?

Los exámenes de reválida se utilizan para confirmar que cada profesional posea los conocimientos mínimos necesarios. Son un filtro, donde quienes aprueban son reconocidos por el Estado como profesionales autorizados (Cruz, 2016). Muchos aspirantes fracasan repetidamente, aún repasando. Se presume esto se debe a falta de suficiente conocimiento de su disciplina. Se ha observado que algunos repiten muchas respuestas erróneas. Esto indica una segunda posibilidad, aprendizaje equivocado. Estudios indican que la repetición de repuestas erróneas puede ser hasta de 68 por ciento de todas las respuestas (Feinberg, Raymond & Haist, 2015). Para evaluar este fenómeno en Puerto Rico, examinamos las tendencias de respuestas en dos administraciones de la misma versión de reválida para dos carreras cortas (salud y maquinaria). Utilizamos funciones de análisis estadísticos en Excel (pruebas lógicas y operadores de comparación). Los resultados indican que el tipo de respuesta más frecuente fue cambiar de incorrecto a correcto y la segunda respuesta más frecuente fue cometer el mismo error seleccionando la misma alternativa incorrecta. Esto pudiera explicarse con teoría de aprendizaje de doble lazo de Argyris. Por otro lado, los del campo de la salud mejoraron su puntuación al repetir su examen, pero los de maquinaria obtuvieron puntuaciones más bajas.

How Diluted Liquid Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate Works in Varices with Competent Superficial Valves Versus Stockings Alone.

Varicose veins are the most common complaints of referrals to vascular surgeons. Upon the cause, liquid sclerotherapy could be an efficient solution first in regard to competent main superficial valves. To find the impact of diluted liquid sclerotherapy in varices in patients with no superficial valve refluxes compare to whom wearing only stockings. Sclerotherapy with 0.3-0.5% liquid form of Sodium Tetradecyl Sulphate (STS) for reticular and spider varicosis, ulcers feeder veins and grade 3-4 sporadic varices were used. Patient's complaints the zone prevalence, response and satisfactoriness were detected clinically and data compared between the two injected cases and who managed by stockings alone with >1 year follow up. Two groups (156 sclerotherapy, 76 only stockings) with three classifications for severity were obtained. Complete recovery of all varices and ulcers were almost achieved with no considerable complication. Logical regression test in unilateral to bilateral varices predict about 70% more recovery (p = 0.048), mild to severe 85% more (p<0.001), moderate to severe 29% more (p = 0.008) and 10-15% response for severe cases. No significant difference for ages and responses between the 2 groups was existed. Diluted liquid sclerotherapy by STS was shown efficient in all ranges of varices. Stockings alone also were adequate to relief symptoms compare to sclerotherapy.

Associations of Plasma BACE1 Level and BACE1 C786G Gene Polymorphism with Cognitive Functions in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross- Sectional Study.

β-Site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key enzyme involved in the pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI). We aimed to investigate the potential associations of plasma BACE1 levels and BACE1 gene polymorphism with different cognitive performances in T2DM patients with MCI. The recruited 186 T2DM subjects were divided into 92 MCI group and 94 healthy-cognition controls, according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores. Sociodemographic characteristics, clinical parameters and neuropsychological tests were assessed. BACE1 C786G gene polymorphism and plasma BACE1 level were determined. Compared to controls, MCI patients exhibited higher plasma BACE1 levels. Plasma BACE1 levels were negatively associated with MoCA, Clock Drawing Test and Logical Memory Test scores, whereas positively associated with Trail Making Test-B time in the MCI group (all p<0.05), after adjusting fasting blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance by C-peptide. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed a significant trend towards increased MCI risk with high plasma BACE1 level in T2DM patients (OR = 1.492, p = 0.027). The plasma BACE1 levels of GG and GC genotypes were obviously higher than that of CC genotype in T2DM-MCI patients (p = 0.035; p = 0.026, respectively). Increased plasma BACE1 levels were associated with poor overall cognition functions, especially visuospatial abilities, visual/logical memory and executive functions in T2DM-MCI patients. Additionally, elevated plasma BACE1 level was a risk factor for MCI in T2DM patients, and might be influenced by BACE1 C786G gene mutations.

Progress towards innovative and energy efficient logic circuits

The integration of superconductive nanowire logic memories and energy efficient computing Josephson logic is explored. Nanowire memories are based on the integration of switchable superconducting nanowires with a suitable magnetic material. These memories exploit the electro-thermal operation of the nanowires to efficiently store and read a magnetic state. In order to achieve proper memory operation a careful design of the nanowire assembly is necessary, as well as a proper choice of the magnetic material to be employed. At present several new superconducting logic families have been proposed, all tending to minimize the effect of losses in the digital Josephson circuits replacing resistors by adequate combinations of inductors in the logic gates. Among those, the nSQUID concept relies on the propagation of vortices along underdamped Josephson transmission lines. While, in principle, this logic family provides very low dissipation, several issues, such as speed and stability, have yet to be addressed. The current status of design and testing of n-SQUID logic gates and circuits as well as of the design and implementation of the nanowire memories is reported

0639 Long Term Oral Appliance Therapy Decreases Stress Symptoms In Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome Patients

Abstract Introduction Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) is suspected in individuals with excessive daytime sleepiness, fatigue and sleep fragmentation due to increased respiratory effort. UARS can negatively impact daytime function and decrease quality of life. Cognitive impairment in UARS patients has not been well stablished yet. The objective of the study was to evaluate the long-term effects of a mandibular advancement device (MAD) on cognitive function in patients with UARS compared with placebo. Methods This study was a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. Thirty UARS patients were randomized in two groups: placebo and MAD groups. UARS criteria were the presence of sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale ≥ 10) and/or fatigue (Modified Fatigue Impact Scale ≥ 38) associated with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) ≤ 5 and a respiratory disturbance index (RDI) &amp;gt; 5 events/hour of sleep, and/or flow limitation in more than 30% of total sleep time. All patients completed the Rey Auditory-Verbal Learning Test (RAVLT), the Logical Memory Test, the Stroop Color Test, the Trail Making Test, the Digit Symbol Substitution Test and Inventory of Stress Symptoms (Lipp test). Cognition protocol was defined based on most used neuropsychological tests in the literature. Evaluations were performed before and after 1.5 years of treatment. Results There was no statistically significant difference in RAVLT, Logical Memory Test, Stroop Color Test, Trail Making Test, Digit Symbol Substitution Test before and after 1.5 year of treatment in both groups. The Lipp test score decreased at alarm phase (p = 0.05) and at resistance phase (p = 0.01) after 1.5 year of MAD treatment compared to placebo. Conclusion Mandibular advancement device was effective in decreasing stress symptoms in alarm and resistance phases of Lipp test in UARS patients after 1.5-years of MAD treatment. Support The authors would like to thank for the support by grants from Associação Fundo de Incentivo a Pesquisa (AFIP), Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES).

Discrete choice experiments to generate utility values for multi-attribute utility instruments: a systematic review of methods.

In recent years, discrete choice experiments (DCEs) have become frequently used to generate utility values, but there are a diverse range of approaches to do this. The primary focus of this systematic review is to summarise the methods used for the design and analysis of DCEs when estimating utility values in both generic and condition-specific preference-based measures. Published literature using DCEs to estimate utility values from preference-based instruments were identified from MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and CINAHL using PRISMA guidelines. To assess the different DCE methods, standardised information was extracted from the articles including the DCE design method, the number of choice sets, the number of DCE pairs per person, randomisation of questions, analysis method, logical consistency tests and techniques for anchoring utilities. The CREATE checklist was used to assess the quality of the studies. A total of 38 studies with samples from the general population, students and patients were included. Values for health states described using generic multi attribute instruments (MAUIs) (especially the EQ-5D) were the most commonly explored using DCEs. The studies showed considerable methodology and design diversity (number of alternatives, attributes, sample size, choice task presentation and analysis). Despite these differences, the quality of articles reporting the methods used for the DCE was generally high. DCEs are an important approach to measure utility values for both generic and condition-specific instruments. However, a gold standard method cannot yet be recommended.

The quality-control test of the digital logic for the ATLAS new small wheel read-out controller ASIC

The Read-Out Controller (ROC) ASIC is an on-detector custom real-time data packet processor for the upgraded New Small Wheel (NSW) Trigger and Data Acquisition (TDAQ) system of the ATLAS Experiment at CERN, Geneva. The ROC is a highly-configurable data concentrator that allows the optimization of bandwidth utilization, reduces the required number of data links, minimizes data loss, implements congestion and flow control mechanisms, allows data filtering, supplies phase adjustable clock signals and offers relatively larger buffer spaces for the readout system. The paper details the designed, implemented and deployed FPGA-based test setup for the quality-control of the ROC packet processing logic. The FPGA-based test setup emulates the ROC context using firmware-based input data streams emulators and output data analyzers which are controlled and monitored by a soft-core Xilinx MicroBlaze microprocessor instantiated on the same FPGA. The ROC chip is accommodated on a custom PCB which assures the power supply and the interface to the FPGA. A mathematical model of the ROC performance as a function of its configuration and input data throughput is proposed. The ROC digital design was successfully validated and its performance assessed, confirming the theoretical model. The design coverage, test procedure and partial mass-testing results are presented and analyzed.

Impact of GRIK4 gene polymorphisms on cognitive dysfunction in patients with major depression

An increasing body of research has focused on the functions of the glutamate receptor ionotropic kainate 4 (GRIK4) gene in treatment for depression, memory, as well as neurodegenerative diseases. It is widely recognized that major depressive disorder (MDD) patients often display cognitive dysfunctions, which do not strictly correlate with the severity of depressive symptoms, and in some individuals persist after clinical remission. However, little is known regarding the particular role of GRIK4 in cognitive functions of patients suffering from a MDD. The current study therefore sought to examine the impact of GRIK4 polymorphism on cognitive functions in MDD patients. A total of 217 MDD patients participated in this study. Their depressive severity was determined with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, and cognitive functions were evaluated using the Stroop Neuropsychological Screening Test, tests of visual reproduction and immediate logical memory, and the verbal fluency test (VFT). All patients were genotyped to determine GRIK4 polymorphisms. Results of VFT revealed statistical differences among all single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes. In the Stroop-color-word test, only rs6589847 was discovered to be statistically different. No significant difference was found in the Stroop-color task scores, the visual reproduction test, or the immediate logical memory test. GRIK4 polymorphism exerted a significant effect on long-term memory retrieval and selective attention, but did not affect immediate memory.

A survey of digital circuit testing in the light of machine learning

AbstractThe insistent trend in today's nanoscale technology, to keep abreast of the Moore's law, has been continually opening up newer challenges to circuit designers. With rapid downscaling of integration, the intricacies involved in the manufacturing process have escalated significantly. Concomitantly, the nature of defects in silicon chips has become more complex and unpredictable, adding further difficulty in circuit testing and diagnosis. The volume of test data has surged and the parameters that govern testing of integrated circuits have increased not only in dimension but also in the complexity of their correlation. Evidently, the current scenario serves as a pertinent platform to explore new test solutions based on machine learning. In this survey, we look at various recent advances in this evolving domain in the context of digital logic testing and diagnosis.This article is categorized under: Algorithmic Development &gt; Structure Discovery Technologies &gt; Machine Learning Technologies &gt; Prediction

Encouraging Logical and Functional Thinking in the First Grade of Elementary School in Serbia

Education in Serbia is traditionally reproductive. For many years Serbian pupils have performed poorly in the PISA tests used to evaluate proficiency in a range of skills, giving Serbia one of the lowest PISA rankings in the world. As such, they are not competitive on domestic or foreign labour markets, which require logical and functional abilities – experts who know not only how to reproduce, but also how to apply acquired knowledge. In experimental research that was conducted on pupils in the first grade of elementary school, which lasted for one school year (36 weeks), we proved that by encouraging logical and functional thinking for only one class per week (20 minutes long), we can advance these abilities. In comparative analysis of the results of logical and functional tests, among experimental and control groups of children, statistically significant differences are achieved. This confirms our initial hypothesis. The aim of this paper is to present the results of our research.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL ACADEMIC PROGRESSION IN MATHEMATICS

One of the strategies in accelerating the country’s human capital development is to achieve quality accessible, relevant, and liberating basic education for all. This can be done through various programs in the department which develop and improve and continue curricular reforms. Hence, developing an intervention suited to 21st century learners’ needs specifically for the new basic education curriculum can be challenge. The study describes the trends of Senior High School Academic Progression in Mathematics of a school district in a Province of the Philippines through quantitative analysis that tracks students’ performance in Grade 9, Grade 10 and Grade 11 mathematics using National Career Assessment Examination (NCAE) Mathematical Ability results, National Achievement Test (NAT) Mathematics results, General Mathematics and Statistics and Probability ratings. Logical Reasoning Test (LRT) results was used as an additional explanatory variable for a Grade 11 Mathematics performance regression equation. Research results revealed that there are pairwise significant relationships between Grade 11 General Mathematics and Statistics and Probability academic performance with a) NCAE Mathematical Ability, b) NAT Grade 10 Mathematics and c) Logical Reasoning. Recommended interventions, for improving Senior and Junior High Mathematics suited to learner’s needs were designed.

Reliability and construct validity of a novel motor-cognitive dual-task test: A Stepping Trail Making Test.

This study aimed to examine the reliability and construct validity of the Stepping Trail Making Test (S-TMT) in community-dwelling older adults. This study comprised a cross-sectional study based on a population sample. Participants comprised 1224 community-dwelling older Japanese women aged 65-81 years without functional disability, dementia, depression, Parkinson's disease, or cognitive and visual impairments. The S-TMT measured the time taken to step on a sequence of numbers (1-16) positioned on a mat (1 m2 ). Participants were instructed to step as quickly and accurately as possible. Motor functions were assessed by walking speed and knee extensor strength tests, while cognitive functions were assessed by the Symbol Digit Substitution Task (SDST) test, verbal and logical memory test, and TMT-A and -B. As a result of test-retest reliability over 6 months, the intraclass correlation coefficients of the S-TMT was 0.82 (95% confidence interval, 0.68-0.90). An adjusted multiple regression model indicated that the S-TMT was significantly associated with walking speed for motor function, and associated with the SDST, TMT-A and TMT-B for cognitive functions (P < 0.001). These results suggest that the S-TMT is a reliable dual-task test comprising mobility for motor function and a visual-dependent execution function for cognitive function in older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 291-296.

The Correlation between Logic Ability, Mathematical Proof and The Holy Qur’an Recitations

The purpose of this study is to measure the ability of logic and mathematical proof of students through logic problems, proof. To measure the ability of logic in addition to the logic test also by testing the ability to memorize the Holy Qur’an (tahfidz). This research method is a quantitative method measuring the ability of logic and mathematical proof of mathematics education study program students. The subjects of this study were 47 students of mathematics education at one of the tertiary institutions in Bandung who were finishing their thesis and memorizing the Holy Qur’an juz 30. The instruments used consisted of logic questions, proof questions, tahsin and tahfidz assessment forms, and questionnaires. The results showed that the mathematical proof ability was in the low category while the logic ability was in the sufficient category. Ability of tahsin and or tahfidz in either category. Students respond to both tahsin and tahfidz activities and do not object to the obligation to memorize the Holy Qur’an juz 30. The low ability of proof is caused by students not practicing proving questions, difficulty in completing because of the low understanding of theorems and forms of proof. There is a correlation between logical ability and mathematical proof, correlation between logical ability, mathematical proof with memorization of the Holy Qur’an. Mathematical proof ability can be trained by doing a lot of work or practicing proving questions, whereas logic ability can be trained by increasing brain activity for example memorizing.

ПАРКИНСОН КАСАЛЛИГИ ВА ВАСКУЛЯР ПАРКИНСОНИЗМДА КОГНИТИВ ЎЗГАРИШЛАРНИНГ ГИПЕРКОРТИЗОЛЕМИЯ БИЛАН БОҒЛИҚЛИГИ

Parkinson's disease is one of the urgent problems of modern neurology and geriatrics. The etiology, pathogenesis, and risk of complications in this disease are currently being studied deeply. The clinical study involved 75 patients, which were divided into 3 groups: the first group -patients with Parkinson's disease, the second group -patients diagnosed with vascular parkinsonism, and the third group -healthy volunteers. Cognitive impairment in patients was studied using Logical Memory sub test 1 and 2, Wechsler Memory Scale Revised, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and the Hamilton score

Accelerated long-term forgetting after amygdalohippocampectomy in temporal lobe epilepsy

Aim of the studyTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) has been associated with the phenomenon of accelerated long-term forgetting (ALF). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the effect of surgery on the ALF phenomena thus contributing to potential explanation of the causal mechanism. Materials and methodsWe evaluated 51 patients with TLE related to hippocampal sclerosis who had amygdalohippocampectomy and had remained seizure-free after surgery. A control group consisted of 24 healthy individuals. All were given a verbal learning test assessing recall after 30 min, 1 week and 6 weeks. ResultsIn our study, the Left-TLE (L-TLE) group showed a statistically significant reduction in the performance at all assessment intervals from 30 min to 1 week compared to the Right-TLE and control groups regarding verbal learning memory test (VLMT) as well as for logical memory. The forgetting rates in the VLMT from 30 min to 1 week were not statistically significantly different between all 3 groups. The logical memory test results equally showed no statistically significant difference in the forgetting rates for the 3 groups between 30 min and 1 week. Conclusions and clinical implicationsThese results may support ongoing debates assuming the initial low performance in the memory of L-TLE patients to be directly related with left hippocampal-temporal tissue loss irrespective of epileptic activity. The discovery of the ALF phenomenon explains that standard memory tests are unable to detect memory loss in some patients who are experiencing a significant level of problems with forgetfulness in their daily lives.

The Trial-Ready Cohort for Preclinical and Prodromal Alzheimer\u2019s Disease (TRC-PAD): Experience from the First 3 Years

BackgroundThe Trial-Ready Cohort for Preclinical and Prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (TRC-PAD) aims to accelerate enrollment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical trials by remotely identifying and tracking individuals who are at high risk for developing symptoms of AD, and referring these individuals to in-person cognitive and biomarker evaluation with the purpose of engaging them in clinical trials. A risk algorithm using statistical modeling to predict brain amyloidosis will be refined as TRC-PAD advances with a maturing data set.ObjectivesTo provide a summary of the steps taken to build this Trial-Ready cohort (TRC) and share results of the first 3 years of enrollment into the program.DesignParticipants are remotely enrolled in the Alzheimer Prevention Trials (APT) Webstudy with quarterly assessments, and through an algorithm identified as potentially at high risk, referred to clinical sites for biomarker confirmation, and enrolled into the TRC.SettingBoth an online study and in-clinic non-interventional cohort study.ParticipantsAPT Webstudy participants are aged 50 or older, with an interest in participation in AD therapeutic trials. TRC participants must have a study partner, stable medical condition, and elevated brain amyloid, as measured by amyloid positron emission tomography or cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Additional risk assessments include apolipoprotein E genotyping.MeasurementsIn the APT Webstudy, participants complete the Cognitive Function Index and Cogstate Brief Battery. The TRC includes the Preclinical Alzheimer’s Cognitive Composite, comprised of the Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, the Delayed Paragraph Recall score on the Logical Memory IIa test from the Wechsler Memory Scale, the Digit-Symbol Substitution test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and the Mini Mental State Examination total score (1).ResultsDuring the first 3 years of this program, the APT Webstudy has 30,650 consented participants, with 23 sites approved for in person screening, 112 participants have been referred for in-clinic screening visits with eighteen enrolled to the TRC. The majority of participants consented to APT Webstudy have a family history of AD (62%), identify as Caucasian (92.5%), have over twelve years of formal education (85%), and are women (73%). Follow up rates for the first quarterly assessment were 38.2% with 29.5% completing the follow up Cogstate Battery.ConclusionsAfter successfully designing and implementing this program, the study team’s priority is to improve diversity of participants both in the APT Webstudy and TRC, to continue enrollment into the TRC to our target of 2,000, and to improve longitudinal retention, while beginning the process of referring TRC participants into clinical trials.

Enhancing Acceptance Test Driven Development Model with Combinatorial Logic

In the Software Development Life Cycle, modelling plays a most significant role in designing and developing software efficiently. Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD) is a powerful agile software development model where a customer provides user acceptance test suits as a part of Software Requirements Specifications. A design has to develop a system so that User Acceptance Tests will be successful. In some systems, the Combinatorial Logic and Combinatorial Testing play a very crucial role. The authors have proposed a novel approach to enhance the existing Acceptance Test Driven Development model to Combinatorial Logic Oriented-ATDD model by incorporating combinatorial logic. Refinement with respect to combinatorial logic needs to be incorporated in all the stages of Software Development Life Cycle, i.e. starting from Software Requirement Specifications to User Acceptance Tests. This comprehensive approach derives the acceptance tests from user requirements effectively and efficiently. In this paper, the existing Indian Railway Reservation System is considered as a case study, and it was fully implemented as per proposed Combinatorial Logic Oriented-ATDD model.

MİMARLIK BÖLÜMÜ BİRİNCİ SINIF ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN GÖRSEL-MEKÂNSAL BECERİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Spatial cognition and skills are of critical importance for architecture. During their education, architecture students are expected to use and develop visuospatial skills to generate/construct, retain, rotate, and manipulate space mentally and physically through physical and digital representations. This study was designed and conducted to fill the gap in researches on the first-year architecture students’ spatial skill evaluated by means of neuropsychological tests. The goal of the study was to investigate the potential connections between the visuospatial skills, university entrance exam scores and cognitive development of the first architecture students. 128 students participated to the research voluntarily. For visuospatial skills Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) test was administrated. Logical Thinking Test was used for the assessment of cognitive development level. Participants with art training prior to university performed better in RSPM total, and RSPM subtest E. The findings demonstrated that first year architecture students’ performances on neuropsychological tests assessing visuospatial skills were compatible with the norm scores and their cognitive development level. The results supported the previous studies claiming that art training and/or education have a positive impact on spatial cognition and visuospatial skills.