Logical Test Research Articles

Использование ROBDD-графов для тестирования задержек логических схем

Использование ROBDD-графов для тестирования задержек логических схем

Machining industry’s contribution level in vocational high school revitalization

Revitalization of Vocational High Schools (VHS) is an effort to increase the role of all stakeholders in developing education. This study aimed to measure the level of machining industry contribution in VHS revitalization, especially in Machining Skills Competence in Yogyakarta Special Region (DIY). This study used descriptive research with quantitative approaches. The population was 20 machining industry in Yogyakarta Special Region. Samples were determined by saturated sampling techniques. The number of samples selected were 14 machining industries. Questionnaires were used to measure the level of the machining industry contribution in implementation of VHS revitalization. Instrument validation used logical and empirical validity tests. Quantitative data analysis techniques used descriptive analysis. The results of the study showed that the level of machining industry contribution in VHS’s revitalization, especially in Machining Skills Competence in DIY as a whole was in the “very low” category with a score of 42.67%.

A patient with Korsakoff syndrome of psychiatric and alcoholic etiology presenting as DSM-5 mild neurocognitive disorder.

Background: Wernicke’s encephalopathy (WE) and Korsakoff syndrome (KS) are underdiagnosed. The DSM-5 has raised the diagnostic threshold by including KS in the major neurocognitive disorders, which requires that the patient needs help in everyday activities.Methods: We report clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological findings from a patient who developed Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome as a result of alcohol use and weight loss due to major depression. We assess the diagnosis in the context of the scientific literature on KS and according to the DSM-IV and the DSM-5.Results: The patient developed ataxia during a period of weight loss, thus fulfilling current diagnostic criteria of WE. WE was not diagnosed, but the patient partially improved after parenteral thiamine treatment. However, memory problems became evident, and KS was considered. In neuropsychological examination, the Logical Memory test and the Word List test were abnormal, but the Verbal Pair Associates test was normal (Wechsler Memory Scale-III). There were intrusions in the memory testing. The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test was broadly impaired, but the other test of executive functions (difference between Trail Making B and Trail Making A tests) was normal. There was atrophy of the mammillary bodies, the thalamus, the cerebellum, and in the basal ganglia but not in the frontal lobes. Diffusion tensor imaging showed damage in several tracts, including the uncinate fasciculi, the cinguli, the fornix, and the corona radiata. The patient remained independent in everyday activities. The patient can be diagnosed with KS according to the DSM-IV. According to the DSM-5, the patient has major neurocognitive disorders.Conclusions: Extensive memory testing is essential in the assessment of KS. Patients with a history of WE and typical clinical, neuropsychological, and radiological KS findings may be independent in everyday activities. Strict use of the DSM-5 may worsen the problem of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome underdiagnosis by excluding clear KS cases that do not have very severe functional impairment.

Computational analysis and comparison of reversible gates for design and test of logic circuits

ABSTRACTQuantum computing is one of the most significant anticipation towards the accomplishment of interminable consumer demands of small, high speed, and low-power operable electronics devices. As reversible logic circuits have direct applicability to quantum circuits, design and synthesis of these circuits are finding grounds for emerging nano-technologies of quantum computing. Multiple Controlled Toffoli (MCT) and Multiple Controlled Fredkin (MCF) are the fundamental reversible gates that playing key role in this phase of development. A number of special reversible gates have also been presented so far, which were claimed superior for providing certain purposes like logic development and testing. This paper critically analyses a range of these gates to procure an optimal solution for design, synthesis and testing of reversible circuits. The experimentation is facilitated at three subsequent levels, i.e. gates properties, quantum cost and design & testability. MCT and MCF gates are found up to 50% more cost-effective than special gates at design level and 34.4% at testability level. Maximum reversibility depth (MRD) is included as a new measurement parameter for comparison. Special gates exhibit MRD up to 7 which ideally should be 1 for a system to be physically reversible as that of MCT and MCF gates.

Salivary amyloid β42 levels in mild cognitive impairment among aged diabetics.

The underlying pathology for cognitive decline in diabetic patients is uncertain. It was originally linked to vascular causes; however, possible contribution of Alzheimer's pathology was debated. This study explored the link between salivary amyloid β42 level (as a surrogate marker for Alzheimer's pathology) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among old diabetic patients. A case-control study included 90 diabetic participants, ≥ 60years of age, divided into 45 cases with MCI and 45 controls. Patients with history of head trauma, any central nervous system pathology, depression, dementia or delirium, those who received anticholinergic drugs, or refused to participate in the study were excluded. Assessment of the relationship between salivary Aβ42 level and neuropsychological performance was done using a battery consisting of the logical memory test, forward and backward digit span tests, category fluency test, go/no go test, stick design test, and second-order belief. Salivary Aβ42 levels were higher in MCI diabetics versus controls (P = 0.014), it predicted MCI among aged diabetics, even after adjustment for confounding vascular risk factors. Salivary Aβ42 had moderate accuracy to identify MCI (area under curve = 0.654, P = 0.008). At cut-off ≥ 47.5pg/ml, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 80%, 47%, 60% and 70%, respectively. Current data support that MCI in diabetics, without CNS disorders, is associated with a surrogate marker of Alzheimer's pathology.

Assessment of Seventh Grade Students’ Capacity of Logical Thinking

The objective of this research was to quantify the logical thinking capacity ofseventh grade students in Tuban, East Java, Indonesia. This research was conducting using the quantitative descriptive method and 119 students in the seventh grade of secondary school in Tuban during the Academic Year 2016/2017. The data was collected by using Logical Thinking Test (LTT) which comprises of six different kind of reasonings; namely conservational reasoning, proportional reasoning, controlling variables, combinatorial reasoning, probabilistic reasoning, and correlational reasoning (source). Based on LTT, scores are categorized into three levels; concrete operational levels, transitional levels, and formal operational levels (source). The results of the research display that (88.21%) of the seventh grade are classified at the concrete operational level, (10.08%) at the transitional level, and (1.68%) at the formal operational level. After conducting this research, teachers are now able to design teaching tactics and have a better understanding of secondary school student’s cognitive development and behavior

Reflexion on Data Error Identification Method for Field Survey Data on Commuter Train Passenger Travel Behavior

Good understanding of Demand Behavior is important for Infrastructure and Facility Planning. Therefore, Field Survey for Travel Behavior Characterisitcs on Commuter Train Passenger is very important. The data collected and processed must be correct data. Meanwhile errors could easily happen in data collection and tabulation. How is the method to identify the data error. Experiment indicates several following methods : using spread-sheet software is strongly suggested for easiness to develop the whole process, establish numerical data tabulation for data error identification easiness, etablish code for data back-tracked, develop field survey data table, develop data error possibilities tabel, develop a error logical tests, develop spreadsheet logical test function, do error identification calculation.

You need to show that you are not a robot

Given that today 60% of Internet traffic is generated by bots, ‘CAPTCHA’ (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) tests that are supposedly impossible to be done by robots have been introduced. What are the cognitive and emotional effects of these tests on Internet users? Does this request to demonstrate they are not a robot affect users’ identity as human beings? To answer these questions, we selected two groups (117 and 116 respondents, respectively). An online questionnaire that differed only in the task was proposed: we asked the first group to complete some CAPTCHA tests, and the second group to complete some logic tests. In addition to other questions in both versions, we introduced the TLX scale (NASA). Preliminary results show that CAPTCHA execution is associated with feelings of alienation and that the user’s self-perception of humanity is influenced by the execution of the two different types of test.

Mathematical connections ability in solving trigonometry problems based on logical-mathematical intelligence level

A Mathematical connection is students’ ability in connecting various concepts, principles, and skills they have. Mathematical connections ability enables them to do analytic and synthetic reasoning. The subjects of this study are the tenth-grade students of SMA Negeri 2 Magetan who have different logical-mathematical intelligence. The aim of this study is to determine students’ mathematical connections ability based on their logical-mathematical intelligence in solving trigonometry problem. The research method applied is descriptive qualitative research. The techniques of collecting data are logical intelligence tests, mathematical connections tests, and interviews. The technique of analysing data is content analysis. The results of this study are as follows: (1) students with high logical-mathematical intelligencework smoothly by using mathematical connections ability; (2) students with medium logical-mathematical intelligence are working on problem-solving by making some errors in finding connections and relationships of various mathematical structures; and (3) students with low logical-mathematical intelligenceare unable to make connections and relationships between different mathematical structures.

Formal student thinking in mathematical problem-solving

The purpose of this research is to find out the students’ thinking process in formal cognitive development in solving mathematical problems. The problem solving used in this study uses patterns from the pattern that have been adapting to the habits of students in Indonesia, namely the first stage is known, the second stage is asking, and the third stage is answering. This study was included in a qualitative descriptive study using six junior high school students with formal that were used as research subjects. The research instrument used in this study is Test of Logical Operations and mathematical problem-solving tests. Data analysis techniques are used using Milles, Huberman, and Sandana. From the results and discussion of the research carried out, it can be concluded that students with formal cognitive in the first and second stages tend to think about assimilation and abstraction. While in the third stage, students in formal tend to think about assimilation processes even though there are subjects who do the accommodation thinking process.

COGNITIVE VARIABILITY AND BRAIN AGING IN LATE-LIFE DEPRESSION

Introduction Dispersion across cognitive test scores, a measure of variability in cognitive performance, may be an indication of pathological aging. The aim of the current study was to investigate the association of test dispersion with structural brain variables and cognitive decline in non-demented older adults with major depression (MD) and healthy controls (HC). We hypothesized that those with greater dispersion would have lower hippocampal volumes (HPC) and higher white matter hypointensities (WMH) and that dispersion would predict cognitive decline at one-year follow-up. Methods Subjects included 121 MD and 39 HC subjects who participated in the NBOLD study at UConn Health. Inclusion criteria were age 60+ and a psychiatrist's diagnosis of MD for the patient group. Dementia and other major neuropsychiatric illnesses were exclusion criteria. Dispersion was calculated as the standard deviation of z-scores divided by group mean z-scores of a demographically adjusted neuropsychological test performance across a comprehensive battery. Results Dispersion positively correlated with WMH in both HC (r=0.386; p =.001) and MD (r=0.318; p=0.001), and negatively correlated with left HPC volume in MD (r=-0.191; p=0.034). Linear regression analyses accounting for baseline cognitive performance, demographics, and depression found that dispersion predicted cognitive tasks performed at a year follow up. For older adults with MD word list (WL) 1-3 (p=.038), WL delayed recall (DR) (p=.020) and symbol digit modality test (SDMT) (p=.035) were predictors. For HC dispersion was predicted for logical memory (LM) DR (p=.004) and Benton test (p=.003). Conclusions Dispersion is correlated with evidence of brain aging in older adults with MD. Future studies may look at ways to reduce dispersion in older adults and help prevent cognitive decline. This research was funded by Research reported in this poster was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under linked Award Numbers RL5GM118969, TL4GM118971, and UL1GM118970. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health. Educational and research grant from the Leo and Anne Albert Charitable Trust.

Синтез легкотестируемых схем при произвольных константных неисправностях на входах и выходах элементов

Синтез легкотестируемых схем при произвольных константных неисправностях на входах и выходах элементов

Property-Based Testing for Spark Streaming

AbstractStream processing has reached the mainstream in the last years, as a new generation of open-source distributed stream processing systems, designed for scaling horizontally on commodity hardware, has brought the capability for processing high-volume and high-velocity data streams to companies of all sizes. In this work, we propose a combination of temporal logic and property-based testing (PBT) for dealing with the challenges of testing programs that employ this programming model. We formalize our approach in a discrete time temporal logic for finite words, with some additions to improve the expressiveness of properties, which includes timeouts for temporal operators and a binding operator for letters. In particular, we focus on testing Spark Streaming programs written with the Spark API for the functional language Scala, using the PBT library ScalaCheck. For that we add temporal logic operators to a set of new ScalaCheck generators and properties, as part of our testing library sscheck.

Water nebulization to counteract urban overheating: Development and experimental test of a smart logic to maximize energy efficiency and outdoor environmental quality

Several mature urban climate mitigation technologies have been proposed to date. What mostly hinders their wide implementation is that their efficiency heavily depends on the local microclimatic specificities, since they cannot self-adjust to the environmental changes. This study aims at investigating benefits and impacts of smart logics applied to outdoor cooling, by field testing a web of nebulizers coupled to a bespoke fuzzy controller piloting the pump. The cooling action was tweaked as convenient to maintain comfortable conditions and to avoid energy wastage whenever unneeded. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first application of fuzzy logic to water spraying systems (or to any other controllable urban climate mitigation technology) targeting comfort and energy optimization. The prototype was field monitored in comparison with the conventional on-off control, in two Italian urban contexts (Cfa and Csa climatic zones) over 15 days in the hottest months of the year. The cooling and humidification action was thoroughly characterized by mapping both the horizontal and vertical profiles and by applying advanced Artificial Intelligence techniques to spot the main environmental drivers. The maximum cooling (measured between the sprayed area and an undisturbed reference) touched 7.5 °C and 6.14 °C in the two locations, respectively. The energy saving achieved under fuzzy control versus the temporized control, was spectacularly high in the wetter and windier location with an average of −51.2% and a maximum of −67.5%. The comfort benefit was also substantial: the temperature never deviated from neutrality by more than ±2 °C, whereas with the on–off, this threshold was surpassed between the 14% and the 20% of the time by even more than 5 °C. The results suggest that smartly controlled nebulization is an energy-efficient and comfort-effective strategy to counteract urban overheating. Furthermore, solar-powered solutions are well suited as proved by the preliminary design estimation we included.

Optimisation of birth weight and growth in the first 2 years favours an adult body composition which supports more physiological resting metabolic rates and cognitive function : Tanjungsari Cohort Study (TCS).

Resting metabolic rate and cognitive function may be associated with several factors, such as birth weight, growth, and fat-free mass in adulthood. The Tanjungsari Cohort Study (TCS) of 1988, to do with a maternal-child Risk Approach Strategy (RAS), provided the opportunity to determine the associations between birth weight, growth at 2 years, and body composition with adult resting metabolic rate and cognitive function. In 2009 some 197 and, in 2017,144 of these representative participants from the TCS were assessed for energy intake, anthropometry, body composition, indirect calorimetry, and cognitive function in relation to low (ALBW, n=66) or normal (ANBW, n=78) birth weight. Associations were adjusted for basic demographic data. Resting metabolic rate was positively associated with birth weight, body weight at 2 years of age, body mass index and fat free mass in adult life. Time to finish the Trail Making Test-A (TMT-A), a test of attention span, was significantly longer in the ALBW than the ANBW group (41.4±12.8 vs 37.8±15.6, p=0.005). In the ALBW group, weight catch-up improved TMT-A and logical memory test scores (29.5 vs 34.9.41, p=0.004; and 39.3 vs 29.4, p=0.04, respectively). Low birth weight was associated with poorer attention span in adult life; body weight gain at 2 years of age with better attention and memory function in adult life; a greater body mass index in adult life with better memory in adult life.

An investigation of reasoning ability at the secondary level students

The study aims to investigate students’ reasoning ability of junior high school level. This study is quantitative descriptive research. The sample of the study were 178 students of eighth junior high school in Bandung, Indonesia. The samples were chosen by using stratified random sampling technique. A logical thinking test was used as the instrument of this study which consist of five reasoning aspects and every aspect consist of two items. The result indicates that only several students who have formal reasoning ability. There are many students who lack of probabilistic and correlational reasoning.

Relation between cognitive and cerebello-thalamo-cortical functions in healthy elderly people: Evidence from the Yakumo Study

Relations between cognitive and cerebello-thalamo-cortical functions in healthy elderly people (65–75 years old) were examined by longitudinal behavioral data. Based on the individually calculated cognitive decline ratio in D-CAT (digit cancelation test) and in LMT (Logical Memory Test) during the period of 11 years, participants were classified into the Decline and the Maintain groups and group differences in the postural tremor measures (Quotient of Romberg) were compared. Significant group differences were shown in the postural tremor measure in D-CAT that reflects prefrontal function, but it was not the case in LMT. These results strengthened our previous findings that suggest a strong relation between the cerebello-thalamo-cortical function and the prefrontal cortex function using behavioral measures. Findings provide evidence that to strengthen postural function such as physical exercise is effective for slowing cognitive decline with age.

Serum neurofilament dynamics predicts neurodegeneration and clinical progression in presymptomatic Alzheimer's disease.

Neurofilament light chain (NfL) is a promising fluid biomarker of disease progression for various cerebral proteopathies. Here we leverage the unique characteristics of the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network and ultrasensitive immunoassay technology to demonstrate that NfL levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (n = 187) and serum (n = 405) are correlated with one another and are elevated at the presymptomatic stages of familial Alzheimer's disease. Longitudinal, within-person analysis of serum NfL dynamics (n = 196) confirmed this elevation and further revealed that the rate of change of serum NfL could discriminate mutation carriers from non-mutation carriers almost a decade earlier than cross-sectional absolute NfL levels (that is, 16.2 versus 6.8 years before the estimated symptom onset). Serum NfL rate of change peaked in participants converting from the presymptomatic to the symptomatic stage and was associated with cortical thinning assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, but less so with amyloid-β deposition or glucose metabolism (assessed by positron emission tomography). Serum NfL was predictive for both the rate of cortical thinning and cognitive changes assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination and Logical Memory test. Thus, NfL dynamics in serum predict disease progression and brain neurodegeneration at the early presymptomatic stages of familial Alzheimer's disease, which supports its potential utility as a clinically useful biomarker.

Reasoning Between the Lines: a Logic of Relational Propositions

This paper describes how Rhetorical Structure Theory (RST) and relational propositions can be used to define a method for rendering and analyzing texts as expressions in propositional logic. Relational propositions, the implicit assertions that correspond to RST relations, are defined using standard logical operators and rules of inference. The resulting logical forms are used to construct logical expressions that map to RST tree structures. The resulting expressions show that inference is pervasive within coherent texts. To support reasoning over these expressions, a set of rules for negation is defined. The logical forms and their negation rules can be used to examine the flow of reasoning and the effects of incoherence. Because there is a correspondence between logical coherence and the functional relationships of RST, an RST analysis that cannot pass the test of logic is indicative either of a problematic analysis or of an incoherent text. The result is a method for analyzing the logic implicit within discursive reasoning.

The FogDevices platform - a comprehensive hardware solution for IoT applications

This article presents the FogDevices hardware platform. It is a comprehensive set of concepts, approaches, and solutions for fast and effective IoT node hardware and software development. The proposed solution may contribute to more effective embedded IoT node software development by providing a unique tool for emulating environmental conditions. It is especially useful in development and testing of advanced data processing algorithms and operation logic for environmental conditions monitoring. By using the discussed approach, engineers can set up highly customized IoT hardware for operation in specific usage scenarios but without an excessive amount of work. The complete functional, electrical, and mechanical solution is presented along with multiple test results of its practical implementation.