Efficient Test Research Articles

A cost-sensitive decision model for efficient pooled testing in mass surveillance of infectious diseases like COVID-19

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed significant challenges on global health, emphasizing the persistent threat of large-scale infectious diseases in the future. This study addresses the need to enhance pooled testing efficiency for large populations. The common approach in pooled testing involves consolidating multiple test samples into a single tube to efficiently detect positivity at a lower cost. However, what is the optimal number of samples to be grouped together in order to minimize costs? i.e. allocating ten individuals per group may not be the most cost-effective strategy. In response, this paper introduces the hierarchical quotient space, an extension of fuzzy equivalence relations, as a method to optimize group allocations. In this study, we propose a cost-sensitive multi-granularity intelligent decision model to further minimize testing costs. This model considers both testing and collection costs, aiming to achieve the lowest total cost through optimal grouping at a single layer. Building upon this foundation, two multi-granularity models are proposed, exploring hierarchical group optimization. The experimental simulations were conducted using MATLAB R2022a on a desktop with Intel i5-10500 CPU and 8G RAM, considering scenarios with a fixed number of individuals and fixed positive probability. The main findings from our simulations demonstrate that the proposed models significantly enhance the efficiency and reduce the overall costs associated with pooled testing. For example, testing costs were reduced by nearly half when the optimal grouping strategy was applied, compared to the traditional method of grouping ten individuals. Additionally, the multi-granularity approach further optimized the hierarchical groupings, leading to substantial cost savings and improved testing efficiency.

A Multi-Dimensional Reverse Auction Mechanism for Volatile Federated Learning in the Mobile Edge Computing Systems

Federated learning (FL) can break the problem of data silos and allow multiple data owners to collaboratively train shared machine learning models without disclosing local data in mobile edge computing. However, how to incentivize these clients to actively participate in training and ensure efficient convergence and high test accuracy of the model has become an important issue. Traditional methods often use a reverse auction framework but ignore the consideration of client volatility. This paper proposes a multi-dimensional reverse auction mechanism (MRATR) that considers the uncertainty of client training time and reputation. First, we introduce reputation to objectively reflect the data quality and training stability of the client. Then, we transform the goal of maximizing social welfare into an optimization problem, which is proven to be NP-hard. Then, we propose a multi-dimensional auction mechanism MRATR that can find the optimal client selection and task allocation strategy considering clients’ volatility and data quality differences. The computational complexity of this mechanism is polynomial, which can promote the rapid convergence of FL task models while ensuring near-optimal social welfare maximization and achieving high test accuracy. Finally, the effectiveness of this mechanism is verified through simulation experiments. Compared with a series of other mechanisms, the MRATR mechanism has faster convergence speed and higher testing accuracy on both the CIFAR-10 and IMAGE-100 datasets.

Theoretical and experimental study on a novel gear drive with high transmission efficiency

Abstract This paper introduces a novel gear drive characterized by high transmission efficiency. The gear incorporates cubic curves with corresponding tangents defining the normal section tooth profile. The generation principle of this new gear drive is thoroughly established. Utilizing gear meshing theory, key parameters such as the relative motion velocity, normal vector, and meshing equation are derived. Subsequently, the fundamental principle of the conjugate curve is formulated. The methodology for generating the tooth profile is also explored. An efficiency test was conducted on the gear, and the results demonstrate a superior transmission efficiency relative to that of traditional involute gears.

Arbitrage opportunities and efficiency tests in crypto derivatives

We test the joint efficiency of the bitcoin and ether options and perpetual futures markets and identify the determinants of arbitrage opportunities. Our novel fiat-currency-free put–call parity relationship motivates new arbitrage tests for options-only and option–perpetual cross-markets. Bitcoin and ether derivatives markets are becoming more efficient, especially for options of maturity ≥ 15 days. Bitcoin derivative markets are generally more efficient than ether derivative markets, but arbitrage strategies can still be highly profitable even under conservative transaction cost scenarios, which include slippage for large orders, especially during periods of high trading volumes or when the blockchain traffic becomes more congested.

An air-ground integrated flight test technical framework based on flight simulation

In the modern civil transport aircraft flight test, flight test practitioners need to constantly improve the ability and reduce flight test cycle as much as possible, considering the relationship between flight test efficiency and flight test safety. In order to improve the real-time safety assessment ability of flight test monitoring personnel and reduce the increased test tasks due to safety considerations, a technical framework of air-ground integrated flight test according to the simulation results was proposed. Based on the conventional flight test monitoring system, the technical framework adds the flight test safety assessment model, air-ground data synchronization system and flight test telemetry data real-time processing functions. The overall framework is suitable for most flight test subjects, but the flight test safety assessment models need to carry out simulation requirements capture, scene analysis and model verification according to the flight test subjects requirements. Finally, taking crosswind landing flight test as an example, the basic application of air-ground integrated flight test technology is illustrated, which can provide reference for promoting the air-ground integrated flight test technology.

Single Construct Suppression and Replacement Gene Therapy for the Treatment of All CALM1-, CALM2-, and CALM3-Mediated Arrhythmia Disorders.

CaM (calmodulin)-mediated long-QT syndrome is a genetic arrhythmia disorder (calmodulinopathies) characterized by a high prevalence of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias occurring early in life. Three distinct genes (CALM1, CALM2, and CALM3) encode for the identical CaM protein. Conventional pharmacotherapies fail to adequately protect against potentially lethal cardiac events in patients with calmodulinopathy. Five custom-designed CALM1-, CALM2-, and CALM3-targeting short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) were tested for knockdown (KD) efficiency using TSA201 cells and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A dual-component suppression and replacement (SupRep) CALM gene therapy (CALM-SupRep) was created by cloning into a single construct CALM1-, CALM2-, and CALM3-specific shRNAs that produce KD (suppression) of each respective gene and a shRNA-immune CALM1 cDNA (replacement). CALM1-F142L, CALM2-D130G, and CALM3-D130G induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CMs were generated from patients with CaM-mediated long-QT syndrome. A voltage-sensing dye was used to measure action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90). Following shRNA KD efficiency testing, a candidate shRNA was identified for CALM1 (86% KD), CALM2 (71% KD), and CALM3 (94% KD). The APD90 was significantly prolonged in CALM2-D130G (647±9 ms) compared with CALM2-WT (359±12 ms; P<0.0001). Transfection with CALM-SupRep shortened the average APD90 of CALM2-D130G to 457±19 ms (66% attenuation; P<0.0001). Additionally, transfection with CALM-SupRep shortened the APD90 of CALM1-F142L (665±9 to 410±15 ms; P<0.0001) and CALM3-D130G (978±81 to 446±6 ms; P<0.001). We provide the first proof-of-principle suppression-replacement gene therapy for CaM-mediated long-QT syndrome. The CALM-SupRep gene therapy shortened the pathologically prolonged APD90 in CALM1-, CALM2-, and CALM3-variant CaM-mediated long-QT syndrome induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CM lines. The single CALM-SupRep construct may be able to treat all calmodulinopathies, regardless of which of the 3 CaM-encoding genes are affected.

Evolutionary game analysis and efficiency test of water pollution control driven by emission trading: Evidence from Zhejiang Province, China

Presently, China is actively endorsing the pilot initiative for the remunerative use and trading of emission. By examining the operation and efficacy of emission trading in the context of water pollution control, one can contribute to the advancement and refinement of this system, thereby facilitating the attainment of regional pollution reduction, carbon reduction, and high-quality development objectives. In pursuit of this objective, we develop a theoretical framework for the local government and sewage enterprises evolutionary game of water pollution control, which includes two scenarios without considering and considering emission trading for studying the influencing factors and evolution trajectory of the game subject's. Through the stability analysis, the game interactive mechanism, the difference in evolutionary trajectory, and the response logic of the decision-making body in different situations become clearly visible. Further, the system sensitivity factors are analyzed by solving the partial derivation of the area formula of the phase diagram. And the efficacy of the sewage trading system in water pollution control in Zhejiang Province is empirically examined at the micro level by adopting the trading data of the first pilot area of sewage trading in the country and the case of pollution control in Jinhua City. The research reveals the following conclusions: Under specific circumstances, emission trading can incentivize businesses and even industries to enhance pollution control measures as a whole. The performance and degree of sensitivity factors vary across gaming systems, with public reputation evaluation and central government inspection serving as positive constraints. The initial cost of paid use of emission permits, as a fixed cost component for firms to address pollution, has no effect on the enterprises' behavioral actions to satisfy emission regulations. The findings can furnish local governments with a theoretical foundation and decision support in order to optimize regulatory strategies and enhance pollution control policies.

Using terahertz spectroscopy to quantify bioactive flavonoids in Moxa Wool as predictor of rheumatoid arthritis treatment outcomes

BackgroundMoxibustion, a traditional Chinese medicine practice, employs Moxa Wool, derived from Artemisia argyi. Flavonoids, the key pharmacological constituents in Moxa Wool, are known for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The purity of Moxa Wool, particularly its flavonoid content, directly influences the efficacy of moxibustion treatments. However, quantifying these bioactive flavonoids accurately and non-destructively has been a challenge. PurposeThis study introduces terahertz spectroscopy as a non-destructive optical detection method for qualitative detection and quantitative analysis of flavonoids in Moxa Wool. By establishing a mathematical model between spectral signals and clinical efficacy, a reliable correlation between flavonoid concentration and the therapeutic effect of moxibustion can be established, providing a potential predictive model for the treatment outcomes of rheumatoid arthritis. Study DesignWe adopted terahertz spectroscopy technology and combined it with terahertz metamaterial biosensors to achieve rapid, efficient, and non-destructive testing of the quality of Moxa Wool. This method reduces the detection time from hours to minutes while lowering the sample detection limit, overcoming the limitations of traditional detection methods in pharmacological research. MethodsThrough terahertz metamaterial biosensors, rapid detection of the purity of Moxa Wool has been achieved. A combination of molecular simulation and terahertz spectroscopy was used to quantitatively analyze the flavonoid content in different purities of Moxa Wool. To ensure accuracy, the quantitative results of flavonoids obtained by terahertz spectroscopy were validated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In addition, moxibustion treatment was performed on rats with rheumatoid arthritis using Moxa Wool, and medical indicator information was recorded. A mathematical analysis model was established to evaluate the correlation between flavonoid content and analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. ResultsTerahertz spectroscopy analysis shows that there is a direct correlation between the flavonoid content in moxibustion and the absorption peak intensity. The maximum R2 in the model analysis is 0.98, indicating a high accuracy in predicting the purity of Moxa Wool. These results were also validated by HPLC. In a rat model, the purity of 30:1 Moxa Wool samples showed a 50 % decrease in TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels during treatment compared to low-purity samples, significantly reducing inflammation markers and pain symptoms. Meanwhile, The PLS prediction model established a correlation between terahertz-detected flavonoid levels and treatment outcomes (PWL and IL-1β). The maximum R2 in the model is 0.91, indicating a high correlation between flavonoid levels and the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of moxibustion treatment. ConclusionThis study not only demonstrates the effectiveness of terahertz spectroscopy in the pharmacological quantification of bioactive compounds but also establishes a novel predictive model for the efficacy of moxibustion in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. It underscores the potential of integrating traditional medicine insights with advanced technology to enhance therapeutic strategies in pharmacology.

Classification of DNA Mixtures by Nanoelectrokinetic Driftless Preconcentration

Nanofluidic phenomena, particularly Ion Concentration Polarization (ICP), have been actively utilized for advancing various research fields, including chemical analysis and biomedical diagnostics, over the past century. While ICP can be used as effective preconcentration techniques in bio-/chemical analysis, there are few studies to investigate the shape of preconcentration plug, especially perpendicular distribution of analyte in the preconcentration plug. Previously we have reported the theoretical analysis of the distribution so that the types of plug were categorized as dumbbell or plug shape. In this study, we further investigated the classification of real DNAs within micro-/nanofluidic devices by examining the preconcentration dynamics of different DNA types under diverse electrical conditions. Our investigation successfully distinguished distinct preconcentration profiles for Short DNA, Multi-short DNAs, and Equitable DNA with introducing the concept of the Radius of Gyration for Fluorescence (RGF). We provided a quantitative framework to analyze and differentiate preconcentration shapes with reasonable precision. These findings not only deepen our understanding of DNA preconcentration dynamics but also provide implications for genetic diagnostics. As a simpler and more accessible pre-test tool, our research could be utilized as the efficient genetic testing, particularly in diagnosing disorders characterized by variations in DNA length.

An Application of Uncertainty Quantification to Efficiency Measurements and Validating Requirements through Correlating Simulation and Physical Testing Results.

Validation is a critical aspect of product development for meeting design goals and mitigating risk in the face of considerable cost and time commitments. In this research article, uncertainty quantification (UQ) for efficiency testing of an Electric Drive Unit (EDU) is demonstrated, considering confidence in simulations with respect to the validation campaign. The methodology used for UQ is consistent with the framework mentioned in the guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement (GUM). An analytical evaluation of the measurement chain involved in EDU efficiency testing was performed and elemental uncertainties were derived, later to be propagated to the derived quantity of efficiency. When uncertainties were associated with measurements, the erroneous measurements made through sensors in the measurement chain were highlighted. These results were used for the assessment of requirement coverage and the validation of test results.

Small-scale fluidised bed flotation device for ore amenability testing

Fluidised bed flotation, such as with Eriez’s HydroFloat®, has demonstrated the ability to recover coarse particles up to 600 µm in size during sulphide flotation. The ability to perform flotation at coarse particle sizes provides significant benefits to the minerals processing industry, including energy savings in comminution and increased plant throughput.However, the smallest available fluidised bed flotation units require between 15 and 20 kg of sample for a single test and upwards of 100 kg of sample to conduct initial scoping studies for new ore feed material. This high sample requirement often prohibits the execution of small-scale flotation optimisation tests using this technology.The development of a small-scale fluidised bed flotation device is therefore vital to enable rapid and efficient testing for essential operations such as ore amenability and geometallurgical evaluation, circuit modelling and design, and routine metallurgical assessment.This work presents the design and development of a small-scale fluidised bed flotation device that uses 1–2 kg of sample per test. The work further outlines the testing methodology to achieve both reasonable and reproducible flotation results. Both the device and test methodology were demonstrated using two copper ore samples, and the flotation results generated were similar in form to laboratory batch testing using conventional flotation cells.

FedGMMAT: Federated generalized linear mixed model association tests.

Increasing genetic and phenotypic data size is critical for understanding the genetic determinants of diseases. Evidently, establishing practical means for collaboration and data sharing among institutions is a fundamental methodological barrier for performing high-powered studies. As the sample sizes become more heterogeneous, complex statistical approaches, such as generalized linear mixed effects models, must be used to correct for the confounders that may bias results. On another front, due to the privacy concerns around Protected Health Information (PHI), genetic information is restrictively protected by sharing according to regulations such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This limits data sharing among institutions and hampers efforts around executing high-powered collaborative studies. Federated approaches are promising to alleviate the issues around privacy and performance, since sensitive data never leaves the local sites. Motivated by these, we developed FedGMMAT, a federated genetic association testing tool that utilizes a federated statistical testing approach for efficient association tests that can correct for confounding fixed and additive polygenic random effects among different collaborating sites. Genetic data is never shared among collaborating sites, and the intermediate statistics are protected by encryption. Using simulated and real datasets, we demonstrate FedGMMAT can achieve the virtually same results as pooled analysis under a privacy-preserving framework with practical resource requirements.

Multiquenching-Based Aggregation-Induced Electrochemiluminescence Sensing for Highly Sensitive Detection of the SARS-CoV-2 N Protein.

The rapid epidemic around the world of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, proves the need and stimulates efforts to explore efficient diagnostic tests for the sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. An aggregation-induced electrochemiluminescence (AIECL) sensor was developed for the ultrasensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein in this work. Tetraphenylethylene doped in zeolite imidazole backbone-90 (TPE-ZIF-90) showed highly efficient aggregation-induced emission (AIE) to endow TPE-ZIF-90 with high ECL intensity. Upon the capture of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein by immune recognition, an alkaline phosphatase (ALP)-modified gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-decorated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoflower (ALP/Au-ZnO) composite was introduced on the sensing platform, which catalyzed L-ascorbate-2-phosphate trisodium salt (AA2P) to produce PO43- and ascorbic acid (AA). Based on a multiquenching of the ECL signal strategy, including resonance energy transfer (RET) between TPE-ZIF-90 and Au-ZnO, disassembly of TPE-ZIF-90 triggered by the strong coordination between PO43- and Zn2+, and RET between TPE-ZIF-90 and AuNPs produced in situ by the AA reductive reaction, the constructed AIECL sensor achieved highly sensitive detection of the SARS-CoV-2 N protein with a low limit of detection of 0.52 fg/mL. With the merits of high specificity, good stability, and proven application ability, the present RET- and enzyme-triggered multiquenching AIECL sensor may become a powerful tool in the field of SARS-CoV-2 virus diagnosis.

Immunological assay using a solid-state pore with a low limit of detection

Emerging infectious diseases, cancer, and other diseases are quickly tested mainly via immune reactions based on specific molecular recognition between antigens and antibodies. By changing the diameter of solid-state pores, biomolecules of various sizes can be rapidly detected at the single-molecule level. The combination of immunoreactions and solid-state pores paves the way for an efficient testing method with high specificity and sensitivity. The challenge in developing this method is achieving quantitative analysis using solid-state pores. Here, we demonstrate a method with a low limit of detection for testing tumor markers using a combination of immunoreactions and solid-state pore technology. Quantitative analysis of the mixing ratio of two and three beads with different diameters was achieved with an error rate of up to 4.7%. The hybrid solid-state pore and immunoreaction methods with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and anti-PSA antibody-modified beads achieved a detection limit of 24.9 fM PSA in 30 min. The hybrid solid-state pore and immunoreaction enabled the rapid development of easy-to-use tests with lower limit of detection and greater throughput than commercially available immunoassay for point-of-care testing.

CHI-SQUARE TEST FOR STUDENT'S T DISTRIBUTION USING SELECTIVE ORDER STATISTICS

The aim of the present study is to investigate the power and efficiency of the chi-square test for goodness-of-fit (GOF)for Student's t under the Selective Order Statistics (SOS). A simulation study compares the chi-square test's efficiency based on an SOS with its counterpart in a simple random sampling (SRS).The chi-square test is found to be more powerful under the SOS when compared to SRS. However, for the case of median SOS, the test is found to be more powerful under SRS.

Neural post-Einsteinian framework for efficient theory-agnostic tests of general relativity with gravitational waves

Neural post-Einsteinian framework for efficient theory-agnostic tests of general relativity with gravitational waves

Development and characterization of enhanced urea through micronutrients and established technology addition

AbstractIt is necessary to increase the agronomic use efficiency of urea to reduce ammonia volatilization and increase crop yield. However, relying solely on urea for the enhanced efficiency technologies development could harm fertilizer integrity, resulting in reduced application quality and fertilizer storage time. The authors aimed at developing and characterizing the physical, chemical, and physicochemical quality of a novel enhanced efficiency fertilizers, synthesized from urea plus boron (B), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), or molybdenum (Mo) addition, with or without N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) associated. Hygroscopicity, hardness, salt index (SI), pH, and thermogravimetric decomposition were the parameters evaluated. Fertilizer quality was assessed through microscopic X‐ray fluorescence, microtomography, and scanning electron microscopy. Micronutrients were added by coating or granulation; they were homogeneously distributed over the fertilizer's granules. The fertilizers’ hardness increased up to 86% with Zn coated compared with uncoated. Granulated urea with B, Zn, Ni, or Mo had greater internal porosity, which resulted in lower hardness. Boron and Zn addition to the fertilizers increased the hygroscopicity in average 388% and 473%, respectively, compared with hygroscopicity observed for urea. Moreover, hygroscopicity was increased by an average of 56% with NBPT addition. Micronutrients addition to the urea granules increased the SI, while thermal decomposition stages of urea were unaffected by micronutrients addition. Enhanced efficiency fertilizers require characterization before agronomic efficiency tests due to changes in their physical, chemical, and physicochemical properties. Unfavorable changes could harm granules integrity and application efficiency in the field, resulting in economic losses to the industry and farmers.

Obtaining and Characterization of Experimental Diagnostic Brucellosis Rabbit Sera for the Development of a National Standard for Brucellosis Serum

Relevance. The production of brucellosis diagnosticums is currently being established in the medical and veterinary practice of the Republic of Uzbekistan. However, due to the lack of a national standard serum in the country and the high cost of analog standard serums on the market, problems may arise in the production of diagnostic tools. In addition, the lack of national standard serums causes problems in quality control of commercial and local antigens, hinders the development of local drugs – brucellosis diagnostics, which reduces the effectiveness of serological diagnosis of brucellosis in humans and animals. Given the above, it becomes necessary to develop and produce a standard serum with a high level of safety, which will improve the methods of laboratory diagnosis of various forms of brucellosis in patients and animals to identify hidden foci of infection in Uzbekistan. The aim of the study is to obtain and characterize experimental standard diagnostic brucellosis rabbit sera for the development of national and industry standard serum with appropriate titers. Materials and Methods. The experiments were carried out in full compliance with the European Council Directive 2010/63/EU on compliance with ethical principles in working with laboratory animals and the experiments were carried out on the basis of the methodological manual «Methods and rules of work» approved by the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2016 with laboratory animals in experimental microbiological and immunological studies. To obtain positive standard sera against brucellosis pathogens, 12 rabbits weighing from 2.2 kg to 4.6 kg, aged 6 to 12 months, were used. The animals were kept under identical conditions on a standard vivarium diet. For the experiment, animals adapted to the conditions of the study were selected and kept in quarantine for 21 days. The maintenance and conduct of the studies followed international rules for the humane treatment of animals. Results and Discussion. During the evaluation of the heterologic specificity of the obtained sera for 23 collection and hospital strains, a weakly positive response (+) was observed in 16.7% of cases. Rabbit sera positive for heterologic specificity were adsorbed on suspensions of inactivated microorganisms (Citrobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae spp.) - no significant drop in titer was observed, and cross-agglutination was eliminated. A significant increase in the total protein level was noted after the first and fourth immunizations. Before the first immunization, the total protein level was 59.57 g/l, and after the fourth immunization, it increased threefold to 157.17 g/l. There was also an increase in albumin and globulin (33.2 g/L and 26.37 g/L, respectively) to 79.37 g/L and 77.43 g/L, respectively. IgM levels remained almost unchanged, increasing 3.5-fold after the second immunization and decreasing to 0.24 mg/ml after the fourth immunization. An increase in the level of IgG after the second and third immunizations was revealed, followed by a decrease after the fourth immunization. Conclusion. The obtained national and industry standard diagnostic polyvalent brucellosis sera, as well as the developed methods of laboratory control of its quality and efficiency testing will make it possible to produce candidate standard serum samples for agglutination reaction test and detection of Brucella strains. The obtained standard serum samples will be further used for control of the produced immunobiological diagnostic preparations and provision of unified requirements to their quality. The goal was achieved – improving the serological diagnosis of brucellosis, laying the foundation for further study and standardization of serum.

An Efficient Testing Procedure for High-Dimensional Mediators with FDR Control

An Efficient Testing Procedure for High-Dimensional Mediators with FDR Control

SUMER: A New Family of Lightweight and Traditional Block Ciphers with Multi-Modes

With the recent increase in the risks and attacks facing our daily lives and digital environment around us,the trend towards securing data has become inevitable. Block ciphers play a crucial role in modern crypto-applicationssuch as secure network storage and signatures and are used to safeguard sensitive information. The present paperdevelops a new variant of the symmetric model called SUMER family ciphers with three equivalent modes: lightweight,conventional (traditional), and extended ciphers. SUMER name belongs to one of the oldest civilizations inMesopotamia and stands for Secure Universal Model of Encryption Robust Cipher. The SUMER cipher is based on asimple and robust symmetric structure and involves solid algebraic theories that completely depend on the Galois FieldGF(28). SUMER cipher is designed to work with two involutional structures of the Substitution-Permutation Network(SPN) and Feistel structure. These two involutional structures mean that the same algorithm is used for the encryptionand decryption process, and only the algorithm of the ciphering key is used in reverse order in both structures. TheSUMER lightweight structure is an elegant mode that does not need building an S-Box that requires a large amount ofmemory and a number of electronic logical gates as S-Box construction has been canceled and replaced by the on-flycomputation clue, which does not need a reserved memory for building S-Box. SUMER family ciphers also can work ina traditional mode or as an extended mode with high margin security. This family of ciphers is applicable with multimodes of various utilizations. The proposed ciphers are designed to be byte-oriented, showing good evaluation andresults under several measurement tests for speed, time implementation, and efficiency.