Test Track Research Articles

Eye Tracking-Based Characterization of Fixations during Reading in Children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders.

An efficient mode of evaluation for eye movements is the use of objective eye tracking systems combined with subjective tests (NSUCO or DEM), which are easily applicable across all age groups and in eye care clinical settings. The objective of this study was to characterize fixations during reading in two groups: a group of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDG, 24 children, age: 6-12 years) and a group of children with oculomotor anomalies but without NDD (OAG, 24 children, age: 6-12 years). The results obtained were compared with those from a control group (CG, 20 children, age: 6-12 years). Specifically, the outcomes obtained with two subjective score systems, the Northeastern State University College of Optometry's Oculomotor (NSUCO) test and the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test, were compared with the objective analysis obtained through a commercially available eye tracker (Tobii Eye X, Tobii, Stockholm, Sweden). Specialized analysis software, namely Clinical Eye Tracker 2020 (Thomson Software Solutions, Welham Green, UK), was used. It was found that children with NDD had impaired oculomotor skills. A higher number of regressions, more fixations, and longer durations of fixations appear to be characteristic signs of this population group. Additionally, children with NDD took longer to complete the DEM test, as well as exhibiting more errors. The use of objective videoculographic systems for eye tracking and subjective tests like the NSUCO or DEM are good tools to assess saccadic movements, allowing the detection of oculomotor abnormalities in children with NDD.

An overhead line virtual test track for the assessment of railway catenary pantograph interaction

This paper presents the infrastructure geometry of a virtual test track for investigating the dynamic performance of train pantographs and overhead line systems with discrete features including height transitions and overlaps. This has been developed to support cascade of legacy fleets to new regions of the rail network and to better understand how legacy electrification infrastructure can support more modern fleets. The geometry is developed as an ‘obstacle course’ representative of overhead line fitted to legacy routes which have been electrified after their initial construction and is reusable across overhead line equipment types and modelling packages. A range of demonstration results are presented to illustrate application of three pantograph models. The virtual test track geometry and dynamic modelling can be used to assess the performance of catenary/pantograph combinations for overhead line geometries with discrete features and large height variations that are not currently covered by validation methods such as described in BS EN50318. The approach is applicable as a planning tool to establish safe working speeds across a range of overhead line features when full overhead line geometry is not available, or will be too costly to obtain, in the context of extending the utilisation of legacy assets.

Fatigue cracking prediction of RIOHTrack full-scale test track based on variable-order fractional Burgers model

We propose a modified thermal cracking (MTC) model in this paper, which utilizes the evolution of crack propagation to predict the number and density of cracks that will form on the RIOHTrack full-scale test track. We incorporate the variable-order fractional Burgers model as an important component of the thermal cracking (TC) model, for calculating the creep compliance. Furthermore, we apply the Levenberg–Marquardt (LM) algorithm as a data-driven approach, for parameter fitting. The MTC model is constructed technically through creep compliance approximation compute and parameter fitting as follows. First, we employ the variable-order fractional Burgers model to calculate the asymptotic creep compliance of each pavement segment within the RIOHTrack full-scale test track. More precisely, we derive the explicit asymptotic expansion of creep compliance based on the variable-order fractional Burgers model. Such an asymptotic expansion represented by the Gamma function is a simplified representation of the creep compliance, and it ensures that the fitting accuracy R2 is greater than 0.87. Parameter fitting of the creep compliance is based on the RIOHTrack full-scale pavement test data, using the LM algorithm. Then, the creep compliance in the original TC model is mathematically upgraded to the above variable-order fractional approximation form, and parameters in the MTC model are numerically estimated using the LM algorithm based on prior knowledge from the RIOHTrack test data. Our prediction analyses based on the RIOHTrack data demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed MTC model.

Tri-Step Water-Assisted Strategy for Suppressing Cs4PbBr6 Phase in Printable Carbon-Based CsPbBr3 Solar Cells to Achieve High Stability.

Often deemed the "natural nemesis" of perovskites, water molecules have been largely circumvented by the majority of researchers in the field of perovskite solar cells. This has resulted in significant hurdles in investigating the beneficial impacts of water molecules on perovskite crystallization. Herein, it is found that by utilizing ethanol with minimal water content and subjecting all-inorganic perovskite to three distinct annealing temperatures within the same solvent, the residual CsBr can be effectively removed, and the formation of the Cs4PbBr6 phase can be curtailed. By selecting an optimal water content, substantial improvements are observed in the crystalline quality of CsPbBr3, the perovskite/carbon interface, and the mesoporous filling effect. The Urbach energy (Eu) is reduced from 38.96 to 35.59meV, and the defect density decreased from 4.16×1014 to 3.39×1014cm-3. As a result, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) improved from 7.55% in the control group to 9.37%. Under severe environmental conditions with a temperature (T) of 85°C and a relative humidity (RH) of 40%, tracking tests over 1200h retained 89.3% of the initial PCE. This research signifies a breakthrough in the fabrication of highly stable and efficient all-inorganic printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cells.

Enhancing mobile robot navigation: integrating reactive autonomy through deep learning and fuzzy behavior

Objective: This study aimed to develop a control architecture for reactive autonomous navigation of a mobile robot by integrating Deep Learning techniques and fuzzy behaviors based on traffic signal recognition. Materials: The research utilized transfer learning with the Inception V3 network as a base for training a neural network to identify traffic signals. The experiments were conducted using a Donkey-Car, an Ackermann-steering-type open-source mobile robot, with inherent computational limitations. Results: The implementation of the transfer learning technique yielded a satisfactory result, achieving a high accuracy of 96.2% in identifying traffic signals. However, challenges were encountered due to delays in frames per second (FPS) during testing tracks, attributed to the Raspberry Pi's limited computational capacity. Conclusions: By combining Deep Learning and fuzzy behaviors, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of the control architecture in enhancing the robot's autonomous navigation capabilities. The integration of pre-trained models and fuzzy logic provided adaptability and responsiveness to dynamic traffic scenarios. Future research could focus on optimizing system parameters and exploring applications in more complex environments to further advance autonomous robotics and artificial intelligence technologies.

The beneficial effect of transparent surgical masks on the communication of adults with hearing loss within clinical settings

Purpose: The study examined the benefits of transparent versus non-transparent surgical masks on the speech intelligibility in quiet of adult cochlear implant (CI) users, in conjunction with patient preferences and the acoustic effects of the different masks on the speech signal. Methods: Speech tracking test (STT) scores and acoustical characteristics were measured in quiet for live speech in three different conditions, without mask, with a non-transparent surgical mask and with a transparent surgical mask. Patients were asked about their experience with the face masks. The study sample consists of 30 patients using a cochlear implant. Results: We found a significant difference in speech perception among all conditions, with the speech tracking scores revealing a significant advantage when switching from the non-transparent surgical mask to the transparent one. The transparent surgical mask, although it does not transmit high frequencies effectively, seems to have minimal effect on speech comprehension in practice when lip movements are visible. This substantial benefit is further emphasized in the questionnaire, where 82% of the patients express a preference for the transparent surgical mask. Conclusion: The study highlights significant benefits for patients in speech intelligibility in quiet with the use of medically safe transparent facemasks. Transitioning from standard surgical masks to transparent masks demonstrates highly significant effectiveness and patient satisfaction for patients with hearing loss. This research strongly advocates for the implementation of transparent masks in broader hospital and perioperative settings.

Recyclability potential of waste plastic-modified asphalt concrete with consideration to its environmental impact

The use of waste plastic into asphalt concrete paving mix (ACP) has been explored in recent literature to improve the functional properties of the mix. However, exploration on their recyclability potential at the end of its service life remains scarce. This study explores the potential of recycling aged waste plastic-modified asphalt concrete (AACP) for road pavements, with focus on four commonly disposed household plastics: high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS) and polyethylene (PET). Marshall stability test, Cantabro abrasion test, indirect tensile strength test, resilient modulus (MR) test, Hamburg’s wheel tracking test and stripping test were performed to evaluate the engineering properties of recycled waste plastic-modified asphalt concrete (RACP) containing proportions ranging from 20 % to 100 % aged component (AACP) blended with virgin mixtures. This paper highlights significant engineering performance of RACP, and most notably for RACP containing PP with 20 % aged content which exhibits 1.6 times greater resistance to moisture damage compared to conventional recycled asphalt concrete (RAPA). Although RACP with HDPE and PP (consisting of 20 % and 40 % AACP in mix) yield improvements in resilient modulus over RAPA, this improvement is less pronounced for RACP with PS and PET. Overall, RACP with 40 % aged components exhibits better rutting, moisture damage and abrasion loss performance, along with improved stability and flow value. Environmental impact in terms of water leachability was also found to be negligible in this study and RACP can be considered a feasible sustainable pavement material, with potential for second and more lives.

Development of a multi-level feature fusion model for basketball player trajectory tracking

To solve the problems of low matching degree, long tracking time, and low accuracy of multi-target tracking in the process of athlete motion trajectory tracking using deep learning technology, a new athlete motion trajectory tracking model was proposed in this study. The study first optimized the current object detection algorithm in basketball, utilized a hybrid attention mechanism to extract object features, and improved the non-maximum suppression strategy. Then, a hybrid branch network was introduced to improve the residual network and a new athlete identity recognition model was proposed. Finally, a new trajectory tracking model was designed by combining the object detection model and the athlete identity recognition model. The research results indicated that in the object detection experiment, the detection time of the proposed object detection algorithm was always below 0.4 s, and its average accuracy reached up to 0.63. In trajectory tracking testing, the final built tracking model had a multi-target tracking accuracy of up to 0.98, and its tracking overlap rate was as low as 0.02. This study has the following two contributions. Firstly, a new model of athlete trajectory tracking is proposed, which improves the accuracy and efficiency of multi-target tracking by optimizing object detection algorithm and introducing hybrid branch network. Second, the model has excellent performance in both object detection and track tracking, which can not only provide a new solution for athletes' motion trajectory tracking, but also significantly improve the effect of motion tracking.

Enhancing Performance and Stability of p-i-n Perovskite Solar Cells with Ag-Cu Codeposited Alloy Electrodes.

In the development of back electrodes for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the major challenges are stability and cost. To address this, we present an innovative approach: Simultaneous evaporation of two independently controlled sources of metal materials was performed to achieve a uniform distribution of the alloy electrodes. In this study, Ag-Cu alloys (the molar ratio of Ag/Cu is 7/3) with a high-index crystal face (111) and a work function matching perovskite were prepared using a codeposition technique. These properties mitigate nonradiative carrier recombination at the interface and reduce the energy barrier for carrier migration. Consequently, compared to Ag based PSCs (22.77%), the implementation of Ag-Cu alloy (Ag/Cu is 7/3)-based PSCs resulted in a power conversion efficiency of 23.72%. In a 1500 h tracking test in ambient air, the Ag-Cu alloy (Ag/Cu is 7/3)-based PSCs maintained their initial efficiency of 86%. This can be attributed to almost no migration of elements from the Ag-Cu alloy electrode to the perovskite layer. Our work presents a vital strategy for improving the stability of PSCs and reducing the costs associated with the back electrode in PSCs.

Influence of Carbon Fibers on the Rutting Susceptibility of Sustainable HMA Mixtures with Untreated Recycled Concrete Aggregates

This paper focuses on achieving sustainability to reduce the detrimental effect on the environment and the economic aspects by including several ratios of coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) (25, 50, 75, and 100%) in asphalt mixtures. The methodology included testing all raw materials, the wheel tracking test to assess mechanical performance, and the Marshall design approach to determine the appropriate asphalt content. The outcomes demonstrated no discernible difference between the volumetric characteristics of the asphalt mixtures containing RCA and the control mix. Marshall's stability rose by 14.2% when 50% of the mixture contained RCA compared to the control combination. All combinations containing RCA were performed inferiorly to the control mixture regarding rutting. 19.63% was the greatest increase in rut depth for combinations made entirely of recycled concrete aggregate. Several percentages of 0.2, 0.25, and 0.3% carbon fibers were added to the total weight of the asphalt mixture to enhance rutting performance. Marshall's stability and resistance to rutting have significantly increased, attributable to the carbon fibers; nonetheless, the volumetric properties of the asphalt mixture have only slightly altered. The combinations with 0.3% carbon fiber reinforcement and 50% RCA showed the largest gain in Marshall stability, up 34.6% above the control mixture. The same combination had the strongest resistance to rutting, which was —39.08% higher than the control mixture.

A New CPX Drum Test to Obtain Sound Pressure Levels of Tyre Noise for Type Approval

The primary cause of noise from vehicular traffic while travelling at speeds over 30 km/h is tyre/road interaction. To reduce this noise source, tyre/road sound emissions research has been carried out using different approaches. Most of this research has been centred around track tests, leading to the development of various track and road-based methods for evaluating tyre/road noise emissions. The CPX (Close-Proximity), along with the CPB (Controlled Pass-By), the CB (Coast-By) and the SPB (Statistical Pass-By), methods are the most common ones. Nevertheless, since Reg. (EC) 1222/2009 came into force, only the CB method, defined in Reg. (EC) 117/2007, can be used to obtain tyre/road noise emission type approval values in Europe. However, current track test methods have important limitations, such as the variability of the results depending on the test track or the test vehicle, the repeatability, the influence of environmental variables or, the main aspect, the limitation of the registered magnitude in these tests, which is the sound pressure level. The Alternative Drum test method (A-DR) was developed in 2015 in order to avoid these disadvantages. However, it involves a complex and time-consuming microphone array for each test. With the purpose of improving the A-DR test method, a new methodology based on drum tests, the ISO 11819-2 and the ISO 3744 standards, was developed. This paper describes the new Alternative CPX Drum test method (A-CPX-DR) and validates it by testing several tyres according to the CB, the A-DR and the A-CPX-DR test methods and comparing their results. This research has demonstrated that all three methods have equivalent sound spectra and obtain close equivalent sound pressure levels for type approval of tyres in the EU, while drum tests have shown greater accuracy. For both reasons, the new A-CPX-DR methodology could be used for tyre/road noise emission type approval in a more precise and cheaper way.

The Effects of High-Intensity Interval Training on Cognitive and Physical Skills in Basketball and Soccer Players.

As athletes pursue excellence, training techniques continue to advance, making structured physical activity an essential tool for enhancing performance. To optimize athletic performance in modern competitive sports, the balance of physical performance and mental clarity is required. This study seeks to examine the effects of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) on cognitive and physical skills in basketball and soccer players. A 3-week HIIT protocol was incorporated based on the Wingate technique. This study included 10 soccer players and 10 basketball players with an average age of 22.79 ± 1.90 years. Participants performed pre- and post-intervention assessments. Physical proficiency was assessed using 20 m sprint, change-of-direction (COD) and dribbling tests, while cognitive skills were assessed using motion object tracking (MOT), working memory, perceptual load (PL), and attention window (AW) tests. The HIIT intervention significantly improved cognitive performance in particular; noteworthy observations were a 15% improvement in motion object tracking test scores and a 16% increase in working memory test scores for basketball players. The attention window test scores showed a 32% increase, and perceptual load test scores were 31% decreased for soccer players post-intervention. There were significant improvements in physical skills; for example, sprint times were decreased by 6%, and change-of-direction and dribbling times were reduced by 8% and 7%, respectively, indicating improved agility, speed, and ball control abilities. In conclusion, both groups performed significantly better on cognitive and physical skill tests post-HIIT intervention.

Impact of repetitive home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation on cognitive skills in healthy older adults

The human vestibular system is adversely affected by the aging process. Recent evidence indicates that vestibular information and cognitive functions are related, suggesting that age-related vestibular loss may contribute to cognitive impairment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of repetitive, home-based galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVS) on cognitive functions in healthy older adults. Twenty-one participants (age = 64.66 ± 2.97 years, 12 females) were randomly allocated to either a home-based GVS or an active control group. The GVS intervention lasted 20 min per session, five times a week, for two weeks (10 sessions). Cognitive functions were assessed before and after the intervention using the Stroop Test, Trail Making Test A&B, and Dual-Task (digit recall and paper-pencil tracking test). Our findings revealed a significant group-by-time interaction effect for the tracking accuracy (F(1,18) = 7.713, p = 0.012, η p2 = 0.30), with only the home-based GVS group showing significant improvement (t = −2.544, p = 0.029). The proposed home-based GVS protocol offers a promising non-pharmacological avenue for enhancing visuospatial ability in healthy older adults. Further research is needed to investigate the effects of different GVS protocols on various cognitive functions, particularly in older individuals with different health conditions.

Repeatability and Reproducibility of Pavement Density Profiling Systems

The work conducted in this study was designed to establish achievable testing tolerances for non-destructive pavement density measurements using Density Profiling Systems (DPSs). Nine and six sensors were used to determine the precision of repeatability and reproducibility in the laboratory and the field, respectively. A minimum of six sensors (considered in this study as independent laboratories) were needed to comply with the minimum number of participants required in the current ASTM standard practice (ASTM E691). The methodology included the development of laboratory precision evaluation with a total of nine sensors and two different mixtures (9.5 mm fine-graded mix, 19.0 mm coarse-graded mix) compacted at four density levels (97%, 94%, 91%, and 88% of Gmm). For the field portion of this study, pavement sections built at the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track in 2021 served as experimental variables. These sections were built with fine-graded asphalt mixtures and open-graded mixes as wearing courses. Additionally, the pavement sections included three underlying materials: new asphalt (binder layer), milled asphalt surface, and granular base, with thicknesses ranging from 3.8 to 13.9 cm. Density profile testing was conducted at two locations: within the mat (center of the lane) and along the joint. Computed precision statements regarding dielectric values within and between laboratories were about double for field results compared to laboratory results. However, when converted to density, the statements were significantly below the reported statements for Bulk Specific Gravity and Vacuum Sealing in the laboratory and Nuclear and Electromagnetic density gauges in the field.

Investigating the influence of stress dependency on the evaluation of high-temperature deformation resistance in SBS-modified asphalt

The rheological responses of Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene (SBS) modified asphalt are stress-dependent, yet the underlying mechanisms and their relationship to the phase structures formed by SBS in the asphalt matrix remain unclear. To address this issue, this study utilized varying dosages of SBS to prepare binders (SBSMA), which were then characterized through fluorescence microscopy, FTIR, and rheological tests including temperature sweeps and Multi-Stress Creep Recovery (MSCR) at four stress levels. Additionally, rutting resistance of the mixtures was evaluated using wheel tracking tests, correlating the results with rheological data. The test results indicate that the formation of a three-dimensional SBS network structure within the asphalt significantly increases the Stress Sensitivity Index (SSI) by 69.5 %, thereby enhancing the binder's stress sensitivity. Based on the theory of entropic elasticity, the stress sensitivity of SBSMA is explained. The cross-linked network structure exhibits superelastic behavior under low stress but may be overstretched and reorganized under high stress, leading to weakened entropic elasticity. Furthermore, the Jnr values obtained at higher stress levels show stronger correlation (r > 0.9) with the Dynamic Stability (DS) from the wheel tracking test results. This finding suggests that entropic elasticity does not significantly improve the rutting resistance performance at the mixture level. Consequently, increasing the stress level in MSCR tests is recommended to more accurately predict the binder’s rutting performance by inhibiting the network's entropic elasticity.

The development of an automated microscope image tracking and analysis system.

Microscopy image analysis plays a crucial role in understanding cellular behavior and uncovering important insights in various biological and medical research domains. Tracking cells within the time-lapse microscopy images is a fundamental technique that enables the study of cell dynamics, interactions, and migration. While manual cell tracking is possible, it is time-consuming and prone to subjective biases that impact results. In order to solve this issue, we sought to create an automated software solution, named cell analyzer, which is able to track cells within microscopy images with minimal input required from the user. The program of cell analyzer was written in Python utilizing the open source computer vision (OpenCV) library and featured a graphical user interface that makes it easy for users to access. The functions of all codes were verified through closeness, area, centroid, contrast, variance, and cell tracking test. Cell analyzer primarily utilizes image preprocessing and edge detection techniques to isolate cell boundaries for detection and analysis. It uniquely recorded the area, displacement, speed, size, and direction of detected cell objects and visualized the data collected automatically for fast analysis. Our cell analyzer provides an easy-to-use tool through a graphical user interface for tracking cell motion and analyzing quantitative cell images.

Practical aspects of measuring camera‐based indicators of alcohol intoxication in manual and automated driving

AbstractCamera‐based Driver Monitoring Systems (DMS) have the potential to exploit eye tracking correlates of alcohol intoxication to detect drunk driving. This study investigates how glance, blink, saccade, and fixation metrics are affected by alcohol, and whether possible effects remain stable across three different camera setups, as well as when the driver is out‐of‐the‐loop during level 4 automated driving (Wizard‐of‐Oz setup). Thirty‐five participants drove on a test track first sober and then with increasing intoxication levels reaching a breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) of 1‰. Linear Mixed‐Effects Regression analyses showed that with increasing intoxication levels, eye blinks became longer and slower, glances and fixations became fewer and longer, and more attention was directed to the road area, at the expense of more peripheral areas. Fixation and blink metrics were more robust to changes in automation mode, whereas glance‐based metrics were highly context dependent. Not all effects of alcohol intoxication could be measured with all eye tracking setups, where one‐camera systems showed lower data availability and higher noise levels compared to a five‐camera system. This means that lab findings based on higher quality eye tracking data might not be directly applied to production settings because of hardware limitations.

Study on the Influence of an UGV Suspension System on Camera Motion of the Teleoperation System

In the following article, the results of a study on the impact of the suspension system used in Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) on the kinematic excitation of cameras in teleoperation systems are presented. As indicated by preliminary reconnaissance studies, these excitations significantly affect the operator’s ability to perceive the environment and recognize images while driving. Currently, there is a lack of publications and guidelines in the literature regarding the design of UGV suspensions and their evaluation in terms of improving operator perception in teleoperation systems. The studies were conducted in a simulated environment using multibody systems, where various suspension structure variants were developed. The tests were carried out on the ISO 5008 rough test track. The evaluation of the tested suspension structures was carried out using a proprietary method, enabling parametric analysis and the selection of favorable solutions for improving image recognition by the UGV operator. Future research can focus on adjustment of the UGV suspension characteristics which could have significant influence on situational awareness and the operator’s ability to act effectively, especially during dynamic missions.

Advancing Sustainability and Performance with Crushed Bottom Ash as Filler in Polymer-Modified Asphalt Concrete Mixtures.

Amid the growing demand for sustainable pavement solutions and the need to incorporate recycled materials into construction practices, this study explored the viability of using crushed thermal power plant bottom ash as a filler in polymer-modified asphalt concrete mixtures. Conventional lime filler was replaced with bottom ash at varying levels (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%), and the resulting mixtures were evaluated using several performance tests. The optimal replacement level was determined to be 25%, based on the results of the indirect tensile strength (ITS) test. Comparisons between the control mixture and the 25% bottom ash-modified mixture were conducted using the dynamic modulus test, Cantabro test, Hamburg wheel tracking (HWT) test, and tensile strength ratio (TSR) test. The findings indicate that the 25% bottom ash-modified mixture demonstrated improved performance across multiple parameters. The HWT test showed enhanced rut durability, with a recorded depth of 7.56 mm compared to 8.9 mm for the control mixture. The Cantabro test results revealed lower weight loss percentages for the modified mixture, indicating better abrasion resistance. The dynamic modulus test indicated higher resilience and stiffness in both high- and low-frequency stages. The TSR test highlighted improved moisture resistance, with higher TSR values after 10 wet-drying cycles. These improvements are attributed to the fine particle size and beneficial chemical composition of bottom ash, which enhance the asphalt mixture's density, binder-aggregate adhesion, and overall durability. The results suggest that incorporating 25% crushed bottom ash as a filler in polymer-modified asphalt concrete mixtures is a viable and sustainable approach to improving pavement performance and longevity.

Types of Short-Duration Electrical Stimulation-Induced Efficiency in the Axonal Regeneration and Recovery: Comparative in Vivo Study in Rat Model of Repaired Sciatic Nerve and its Tibial Branch after Transection Injury.

The restoration of adequate function and sensation in nerves following an injury is often insufficient. Electrical stimulation (ES) applied during nerve repair can promote axon regeneration, which may enhance the likelihood of successful functional recovery. However, increasing operation time and complexity are associated with limited clinical use of ES. This study aims to better assess whether short-duration ES types (voltage mode vs. current mode) are able to produce enhanced regenerative activity following peripheral nerve repair in rat models. Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: no ES (control), 30-minute ES with a current pulse, and 30-minute ES with a voltage pulse. All groups underwent sciatic nerve transection and repair using a silicone tube to bridge the 6-mm gap between the stumps. In the 2 groups other than the control, ES was applied after the surgical repair. Outcomes were evaluated using electrophysiology, histology, and serial walking track analysis. Biweekly walking tracks test over 12 weeks revealed that subjects that underwent ES experienced more rapid functional improvement than subjects that underwent repair alone. Electrophysiological analysis of the newly intratubular sciatic nerve at week 12 revealed strong motor function recovery in rats that underwent 30-minute ES. Histologic analysis of the sciatic nerve and its tibial branch at 12 weeks demonstrated robust axon regrowth in all groups. Both types of short-duration ES applied during nerve repair can promote axon regrowth and enhance the chances of successful functional recovery.