Test Of Visual-Motor Integration Research Articles

The Effect of a Short-Term Occupational Therapy Intervention on the Participation and Personal Factors of Preschoolers with Developmental Disabilities.

Preschoolers with developmental disabilities are referred to occupational therapy due to their decreased participation in daily life occupations. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement in preschoolers' participation and sensory-motor abilities following an occupational therapy intervention. A prospective cohort study of 38 preschoolers and their parents was conducted using an interrupted time-series design, including assessments at three time points: base line (upon referral to an occupational therapy assessment), pre-intervention, and post-intervention after 9-12 sessions of occupational therapy interventions. Children were evaluated with the Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, as well as the balance and fine motor precision sub tests of the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency. Parents completed the Children's Participation Questionnaire and the Child Performance Skills Questionnaire. Each intervention session was documented by the therapists using the Documentation of Occupational Therapy Session Intervention form. Significant improvement in children's sensory-motor abilities were found in balance, visual integration, and fine motor precision post-intervention. There were also improvements in the measures of diversity, children's independence, and parental satisfaction. A short-term occupational therapy intervention applied to preschoolers with developmental disabilities is effective in improving their sensory-motor abilities, as well as in promoting their participation in daily activities.

Comparing the impact of two occupational therapy interventions on academic learning outcomes for children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

INTRODUCTION: The strong association between perinatal HIV infection and poor performance in academic learning is further challenged by various barriers to learning in the South African context of basic education. This study investigated the efficacy of a novel play-informed, caregiver-implemented, home-based intervention (PICIHBI) for improving academic learning in HIV-positive children METHODOLOGY: A single-blinded, randomised comparison group design was selected to compare PICHIBI with conventional one-on-one occupational therapy interventions. Children with HIV aged 5 to 8 years old on ART and their primary caregiver (N=23) were randomly allocated to an intervention group. The primary outcome of academic learning was measured using the Griffiths Mental Developmental Scales-Extended Revised and the short form Beery-Buktenica Visual Motor Integration test, 5th edition at baseline, mid (5 months) and post-intervention (after 10 months RESULTS: At baseline, the total sample (n=23) presented with below-average performance in all assessed academic learning outcomes. Between-group differences for all academic learning outcomes were not significant at mid or post-test assessment points. A statistically significant within-group change in visual motor integration was noted in the PICIHBI from baseline to mid-test (p=.019). In the conventional group, there were statistically significant changes in visual perception from baseline to mid (p=.001) and baseline to post-test (p=.009). The sub scale Performance in the conventional group improved significantly from baseline to mid-test (p=.027 CONCLUSION: While improvements were noted, children in both groups continued to present with academic learning concerns at post-test. These concerns motivate the need for continued monitoring and further investigation into the feasibility and effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions targeting the academic learning challenges of this population Implications for practice This paper adds to an emerging body of evidence aiming to demonstrate the effect of occupational therapy interventions on occupational outcomes for children with perinatal HIV infection. The paper presents a detailed overview of the conceptualisation of learning as an occupational outcome. The paper further presents consideration of the practical challenges linked to the implementation of, adherence to and sustainability of rehabilitation interventions in low to middle-income countries.

Pattern of Visual-Motor Integration, Visual Perception, and Fine Motor Coordination Abilities in Children Being Assessed for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder.

Motor skill assessment is part of the fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) multidisciplinary assessment. Some clinicians opt to exclude assessment of the subcomponents of visual-motor integration (visual perception and motor coordination), on the assumption that challenges will be revealed based on the assessment of visual-motor integration. The objective is to describe the visual-motor integration, visual perception, and fine motor coordination pattern of abilities in children with confirmed prenatal alcohol exposure being assessed for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. This cross-sectional study included 91 children (65 males; mean age: 10 years, 6 months SD = 2 years, 10 months) undergoing assessment for FASD. Friedman and Wilcoxon statistics were used to compare mean visual-motor integration, visual perception, and fine motor coordination percentiles from the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (Beery-6). Children being assessed for FASD (n = 91) had the highest normative scores in visual perception, followed by visual-motor integration and fine motor coordination (mean percentiles (SD): 35.9 (24.9), 20.6 (18.3), and 13.8 (15.5), respectively) (χ 2 distribution = 46.909, p ≤ 0.001). Children being assessed for FASD experience more challenges with fine motor coordination compared with visual-motor integration and visual perception tasks. This pattern differs from the pattern established for the general population in which tasks that require visual-motor integration are more challenging than tasks that isolate visual perception and fine motor coordination. These results suggest that fine motor coordination should be included in FASD diagnostic assessments and considered as an area for intervention.

Relationship between longitudinal changes in neuropsychological outcome and disease biomarkers in urea cycle disorders.

Urea cycle disorders (UCDs) cause impaired conversion of waste nitrogen to urea leading to rise in glutamine and ammonia. Elevated ammonia and glutamine have been implicated in brain injury. This study assessed relationships between biomarkers of metabolic control and long-term changes in neuropsychological test scores in participants of the longitudinal study of UCDs. The hypothesis was that elevated ammonia and glutamine are associated with neuropsychological impairment. Data from 146 participants who completed 2 neuropsychological assessments were analyzed. Neuropsychological tests that showed significant changes in scores over time were identified and associations between score change and interim metabolic biomarker levels were investigated. Participants showed a significant decrease in performance on visual motor integration (VMI) and verbal learning immediate-recall. A decrease in scores was associated with experiencing interim hyperammonemic events (HAE) and frequency of HAE. Outside of HAE there was a significant association between median ammonia levels ≥50µmol/L and impaired VMI. VMI and memory encoding are specifically affected in UCDs longitudinally, indicating that patients experience difficulties when required to integrate motor and visual functions and learn new information. Only ammonia biomarkers showed a significant association with impairment. Preventing HAE and controlling ammonia levels is key in UCD management. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) and List A Trial 5 of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT) may be good longitudinal biomarkers of treatment outcome in urea cycle disorders (UCD). This is the first report of longitudinal biomarkers for treatment outcome in UCD. These two biomarkers of outcome may be useful for clinical trials assessing new treatments for UCD. These results will also inform educators how to design interventions directed at improving learning in individuals with UCDs.

Visual-Motor Integration Deficits in 3q29 Deletion Syndrome

3q29 deletion syndrome (3q29del) is associated with neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes. We previously reported that graphomotor weakness is present in up to 78% of individuals with 3q29del. We have now explored nuances of the graphomotor phenotype and its association with other comorbidities in this population. Participants were recruited from the online 3q29 registry (3q29deletion.org) for two days of deep phenotyping. 32 individuals with 3q29del (62.5% male) were evaluated with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) to assess visual-motor integration. Participants were also evaluated with measures of cognitive ability, executive function, adaptive behavior, and school function. Males with 3q29del performed significantly worse than females on the VMI and Motor Coordination subtest. VMI performance was significantly associated with ADHD diagnosis and cognitive ability. Compared to published data from individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, individuals with 3q29del showed significantly more impairment. The 3q29 deletion is associated with substantial deficits in visual-motor integration, Visual Perception, and Motor Coordination. Our data suggests that 3q29del may qualify as a nonverbal learning disability. Future studies should assess whether individuals with 3q29del would benefit from early interventions, including occupational therapy.

A novel tablet-based motor coordination test performs on par with the Beery VMI subtest and offers superior temporal metrics: findings from children with pediatric acute-onset neuropsychiatric syndrome

Neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders are often associated with coordination problems. Pediatric Acute-onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) constitutes a specific example of acute and complex symptomatology that includes difficulties with motor control. The present proof-of-concept study aimed at testing a new, bespoke tablet-based motor coordination test named SpaceSwipe, providing fine-grained measures that could be used to follow-up on symptoms evolution in PANS. This test enables computationally precise and objective metrics of motor coordination, taking into account both directional and spatial features continuously. We used SpaceSwipe to assess motor coordination in a group of children with PANS (n = 12, assessed on in total of 40 occasions) and compared it against the motor coordination subtest from the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI) 6th edition, traditionally used to follow-up symptomatology. Using a bivariate linear regression, we found that 33 s of the directional offset from tracking a moving target in SpaceSwipe could predict the Beery VMI motor coordination (VMI MC) raw scores (mean absolute error: 1.75 points). Positive correlations between the predicted scores and the VMI MC scores were found for initial testing (radj = 0.87) and for repeated testing (radj = 0.79). With its short administration time and its close prediction to Beery VMI scores, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates the potential for SpaceSwipe as a patient-friendly tool for precise, objective assessment of motor coordination in children with neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric disorders.

Visual Performance and Perceptual–Motor Skills of Late Preterm Children and Healthy Controls Using the TVPS-3rd and VMI-6th Editions

Background: The visual system is key to the learning process, preterm births are commonly followed by visual dysfunctions and other neurological conditions. Objective: to measure, analyze and compare the visual efficacy, visual–perceptual, and visual–motor skills of 20 late preterm children (34–36 weeks) born by caesarean section and appropriate weight for gestational age with 20 healthy controls born at full term by natural birth, age 5 to 12 years, from Querétaro, México. Methods: This was an observational, transverse, and prospective study. Parametric and non-parametric tests were performed using the SPSS 25.0. The visual acuity at distance and near, the phoria state, and the degree of stereopsis were analyzed. The Test of Visual-Perceptual Skills, Third Edition, was used to assess the overall performance, basic, sequencing, and complex processes. Fine motor skills were evaluated using the Visual–Motor Integration Test of Beery, Sixth Edition. Results: Visual acuity at distance and near (p<0.001), stereopsis (p<0.001), and the amount of exophoria at distance (p=0.01) showed statistically significant differences between the groups. The overall performance (p=0.006), basic processes (p=0.001), sequencing processes (p=0.02), and General and Motor VMI (p<0.001 and 0.002, respectively) presented lower values in children born preterm. Conclusion: This research showed that even late preterm children present visual deficiencies and are at risk of delays on perceptual–motor skills. Early evaluation of their visual and motor abilities should be considered in order to help improve their cognitive functioning.

Impact of Retinopathy of Prematurity on Visual Motor Integration

Background: Preterm infants are at risk for neurodevelopmental deficits. An association between retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and impaired cognitive outcome has already been described. However, less is known about the impact of ROP on visual motor integration (VMI), which is a prerequisite not only for fine motor abilities but also for further school skills. Therefore, the aim of this study was to retrospectively investigate the impact of ROP on VMI at preschool age. Methods: The study was conducted at the Medical University of Vienna, including patients born between January 2009 and December 2014 with a gestational age of less than 30 weeks and/or a birth weight of less than 1,500 g. VMI was determined by Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (Beery VMI) at the age of 5 years. Results: Out of 1,365 patients, 353 met inclusion criteria for this study. Two hundred sixteen of them had no ROP, while 137 had ROP (stage 1: n = 23, stage 2: n = 74, stage 3: n = 40). Mean value of the Beery VMI score was significantly lower in the ROP group compared to the No-ROP group (90 ± 16 vs. 99 ± 14; p < 0.01). By correcting for other important medical conditions, ROP still had a significant impact on Beery VMI score (p < 0.01). Particularly, lower scores were found for stage 2 (p < 0.01) and stage 3 (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Beery VMI scores were significantly lower in preterm infants with ROP stage 2 and 3 than in infants without ROP. This study shows the negative impact of ROP on VMI skills at preschool age, even after adjustment for key demographic and medical characteristics.

Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Psychometric Properties of Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context (WRITIC)

This article describes the translation and cultural adaptation process of the WRITIC (Writing Readiness Inventory Tool in Context) into European Portuguese. We examined the content and convergent validity, test-retest, and interrater reliability on the norm-referenced subdomain of the Portuguese (PT) WRITIC Task Performance (TP). To establish content validity, we consulted six experts in handwriting. Internal consistency was found with 70 children, test-retest reliability with 65, inter-rater reliability with 69, and convergent validity with 87. All participants were typically developing kindergarten children. Convergent validity was examined with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery™VMI-6) and the Nine Hole Peg-Test (9-HPT). On content validity, we found an agreement of 93%, a good internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha of 0.72, and an excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability with ICCs of 0.88 and 0.93. Correlations with Beery™VMI-6 and 9-HPT were moderate (r from 0.39 to 0.65). Translation and cross-cultural adaptation of WRITIC into European Portuguese was successful. WRITIC-PT-TP is stable over time and between raters; it has excellent internal consistency and moderate correlations with Beery™VMI-6 and 9-HPT. This analysis of the European Portuguese version of WRITIC gives us the confidence to start the implementation process of WRITIC-PT in Portugal.

Visual-motor integration of younger school-aged children

&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Introduction.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Visual-motor integration (VMI) is defined as the degree to which visual perception (VP) and finger-hand movements are well coordinated. The VMI consists of two components: VP and motor coordination (MC). The main goal of our research was to determine whether there are differences in age and gender categories in VMI, VP and MC scores, as well as whether there is a correlation between VMI and school success of younger school-aged children.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Methods.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Out of 103 student respondents, 52 were female (50.5%), aged 6 to 11 years (8.05 &amp;plusmn; 1.44 years), divided into two groups according to age: 6&amp;ndash;8 years (first, second and third grade) and 9&amp;ndash;11 years (fourth to fifth grade). Data on the level of VMI were obtained by applying the following tests: Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VMI, VP test and MC test.&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Results.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; In the older age group of subjects, a significant difference was observed in the mean values of the score on the VMI (12.67 &amp;plusmn; 1.92), VP (23.69 &amp;plusmn; 3.21) and MC (24.34 &amp;plusmn; 3.23) tests comparing to the younger group of subjects (9.98 &amp;plusmn; 2.12; 20.80 &amp;plusmn; 3.2; 19.65 &amp;plusmn; 3.82) (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.001), while the difference in the mean values of scores in relation to gender was not observed. A significant, positive and strong correlation was observed between the scores on the VMI, VP and MC test with the success of second to fifth grade students (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.050).&amp;amp;nbsp;&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;p&amp;gt;&amp;lt;strong&amp;gt;Conclusion.&amp;lt;/strong&amp;gt; Given such a strong correlation between VMI and the success of younger students, we conclude that it is important that VMI disabilities are identified in time, so that these students can be referred for further assessment and receive the necessary support.&amp;lt;/p&amp;gt;

Sensory Processing and Visual Motor Integration of Children with Autism

<h3>Research Objectives</h3> To investigate the visual motor integration performance and sensory processing of preschool aged children with autism spectrum disorder. <h3>Design</h3> Multiple linear regression was employed. Retrospective data on preschool aged children with autism who received six months of occupational therapy was collected from an outpatient clinic in Florida. Three research questions were analyzed using data from 36 children (32 males, 4 females) who met the inclusion criteria. <h3>Setting</h3> Data was retrieved from an outpatient rehabilitation clinic in Florida. <h3>Participants</h3> A non-probability purposive sampling strategy was employed for the study. Patient charts of children aged two to five years of age with diagnoses of ASD were reviewed. The data reviewed spanned from June 1, 2017 to March 13, 2020. Patient charts with pre and six-month-post SSP and Beery VMI scores who attended at least one therapy treatment session were included in the study. <h3>Interventions</h3> Children with ASD who attended at least one outpatient occupational therapy treatment session were included in the study. Pre SSP, post SSP, pre Beery VMI scores, and post Beery VMI scores were recorded with relevant demographic information (e.g., age and gender) based on attendance and participation in occupational evaluations. <h3>Main Outcome Measures</h3> Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration and the Short Sensory Profile 2 were utilized for pre and post scores. <h3>Results</h3> There was a statistically significant improvement in visual motor scores, with pre scores being highly predictive of post scores. There was no significant difference between pre and post sensory scores and they were not predictive of Visual Motor scores. <h3>Conclusions</h3> The findings showed significant improvements in VMI and non-significant improvements in SSP. The final predictive model for VMI can be utilized by clinicians to create realistic goals for therapy. Additionally, these findings suggest that VMI may improve regardless of a child's sensory processing difficulties. <h3>Author(s) Disclosures</h3> The authors declare no affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest or non-financial interest in the subject matter or materials discussed in the information being presented.

Meeting the Standards of Physical Fitness and Its Relationship to Visuomotor Integration: A Study of Chinese Young Children

ABSTRACT Research Findings: The present study aims to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and visuomotor integration in young children. A total of 242 three- to six-year-old preschoolers were randomly selected from a preschool in Shenzhen, China and their visuomotor integration and physical fitness were evaluated using the Beery Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI) and the preschool physical fitness test, respectively. Descriptive and standard-based analysis, t-test, analysis of variances (ANOVAs), correlation analysis, and mediation analysis were conducted using SPSS. Results showed that children with different ages had significant differences in their standing long jump and visuomotor integration ability (F = 7.56, p < .001; F = 34.36, p < .001) while gender difference was found in children’s throwing (t = 4.18, p < .001). Furthermore, children’s visuomotor integration significantly correlated with their 20 m fast run and throwing (r = .31 and .19, p < .01). Finally, children’s performance in 20 m fast run and standing long partially mediated the relationship between age and visuomotor integration. Practice or Policy: The findigs highlighted the importance of strengthening young children’s physical fitness and its relationship to their visuomotor integration. Implications for theory and practice are also included.

4D dynamic system for visual-motor integration analysis

It is very important to evaluate visual-motor integration (VMI), as it is used as an index to evaluate cognitive abilities. However, it is difficult to use the existing paper-based tests to evaluate the dynamic process, including spatial and depth perception abilities. Therefore, this study aims to extract kinematic and dynamic features for dynamic assessment for VMI. We propose a 4D dynamic analysis system that implements a VMI test in a virtual space using Leap motion controller and Unity3D and acquires the time-series data of hand joints and traces. We selected three categories of features: postural control ability, spatial and depth perception ability, and 4D analysis. The degree and patterns of postural maintenance differed between subjects in the VMI and MC tests. In addition, the personal patterns were identified with dynamic features, including their fluency and hesitation in relation to the task figures of the VMI test tool. As such, this system enables dynamic feature extraction and analysis which were previously impossible and presents performance results for healthy adults.

P.26 Motor and cognitive manifestations of young female carriers of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD): a prospective natural history study

Clinical manifestations of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have been well documented. However, less is known about the impact of DMD gene mutations for young female carriers. This cross-sectional study seeks to address the gap in understanding of the impact of carrier status on motor skill and cognitive functioning during formative years of development. We examined the motor abilities and neuropsychological functioning of genetically confirmed female DMD carriers in childhood and adolescence. Age appropriate functional and motor outcome assessments were administered including the Neuromuscular Gross Motor Outcome (GRO), 100-meter timed test (100m), Performance of Upper Limb (PUL), and others. Additionally, we assessed intelligence, executive functioning, visual motor integration, behavioral functioning and emotional regulation using standardized testing. To date, 8 subjects have been enrolled, average 11.7 years of age (range: 5–17 years) through the Nationwide Children's Hospital clinics. Gross motor performance was variable across the full cohort ranging between 71–100% of total score on the GRO, 10-95% of average predicted performance on the 100m, and 85-100% of total score on the PUL. Fine motor behavior and visual-motor integration tests indicate this cohort may experience a higher rate of motor coordination deficit and fine motor slowing, as evidenced by performance on norm-referenced assessments including the Grooved Pegboard Test (z-scores range: -0.75 to -5.61; N=7) and Beery Visual Motor Integration Scale (percentiles range: 0.7 – 63; N=7). Individual and group performance on motor outcome assessments and cognitive performance in areas related to attention, organization, working memory, arithmetic/mathematics, and verbal fluency to be presented. Subject enrollment, data collection, and analysis is ongoing.

The reliability of neurobehavioral tests in a thai adult population.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability of NB tests in a Thai adult population and examine the impact of demographic data on NB tests. The aspects of the tests chosen were memory, attention, hand-eye coordination, motor speed, and dexterity. The three NB tests used were digit span, Purdue Pegboard, and visual-motor integration. All three were administered to a population of 30 Thai adults. The outcomes of all Pearson's correlation coefficient tests (r) were positive and greater than 0.60, and subtest-retest reliability correlation coefficients ranged from 0.63 (p<0.001) to 0.81 (p<0.001). Interestingly, the outcomes of all of these tests were not affected by demographic data, with the exception of the Purdue Pegboard test, in which performance on the preferred hand and both hands assessment was weakly associated with age (β=-0.09, p<0.001 and β=-0.08, p<0.05, respectively). NB tests have adequate reliability and are useful for the evaluation of clinical memory, attention, hand-eye coordination, motor speed, and dexterity in Thai adults. These tests were not affected by demographic data. However, further studies to measure the validity of the digit span, Purdue Pegboard, and visual-motor integration tests are needed.

A-166 The Beery VMI in focal Pediatric Epilepsy: Clinical Correlates and Lateralizing Value

Abstract Objective: The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (VMI) is a commonly used test of visuoconstruction. While many assume this task has lateralizing value in focal epilepsy, this remains untested. The present study investigated the utility of the VMI in children and adolescents with focal, well-lateralized epilepsy. Methods: One hundred and one children and adolescents with focal epilepsy (ages 4–18, 47 males, 54 females) completed the VMI as part of their neuropsychological evaluation. Pearson and Spearman correlations assessed relations between VMI scores and epilepsy severity factors (age of onset, number of antiepileptic drugs [AEDs], seizure frequency, IQ). T-tests assessed VMI differences between left (n=56) and right (n=45) hemisphere cases and Chi-square analyses tested differences in impairment rates across groups (defined as standard scores ≤79). Results: VMI correlated significantly with IQ (r=.673, p&amp;lt;.001), but not age of onset (r=-.080, p=.428), seizure frequency (r=.013, p=.895), or number of AEDs (r=-.181, p=.071). Further, VMI scores did not differ between left (84.43 [16.06]) and right (81.89 [14.31]; t=.839, p=.403) sided seizures, nor did impairment rates differ (left 35.7%, right 46.7%, chi-square=1.24, p=.265). Conclusion: While the VMI is related to IQ, relations with other epilepsy variables were minimal and despite popular belief, VMI does not strongly lateralize left and right hemisphere cases likely due to functional reorganization/crowding effects that may occur in left hemisphere epilepsy.

Profile of Pediatric Occupational Therapy Practice in Kuwait: A Qualitative Study

Pediatrics specialty is the most occupational therapy practice in Kuwait. Therefore, the purpose of this survey is to establish a profile of pediatric occupational therapy practice in Kuwait. Moreover, it aims to recognize the most common diagnoses that are referred to the pediatrics occupational therapy in Kuwait as well as identify the most common assessments, frame of reference, and intervention techniques that are used in the area of practice. In addition, there are also many studies conducted about pediatric occupational therapy profiles in Australia, Canada, and United States, However, there are no studies about pediatric occupational therapy profiles in Kuwait (Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 2005). Therefore, the importance of this research is to follow a successful role model similar to Canada, Australia, and the United States. The Methodology was is ex post facto survey that is adapted to conduct the data. The sample is all pediatric occupational therapists working in both Ministry of Health and the privet educational sector in Kuwait receive the survey. The sample size was 260 therapists but the responding participants were 217 therapists. The result showed that the most commonly used assessments were the Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration, Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, and the Sensory Profile.

Predictors of Developmental Outcome in 4- to 6-Year-Olds With Developmental Disability.

Objective Studies on the early trajectories of developmental disability (DD) are limited. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic stability and developmental trajectories of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID), and to determine baseline clinical characteristics that affect future diagnosis. Methods We analyzed 192 children who were referred for possible DD through retrospective chart review. Clinical diagnosis was assessed once at baseline, aged 2–4, and at follow-up, aged 4–6. The participants’ developmental profiles were measured by Psychoeducational Profile-Revised (PEP-R), Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS), Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual Motor Integration (VMI), and Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Results On comparing the diagnostic change, 5% of children were no longer diagnosed as ASD, and 13% of children were no longer diagnosed as ID at follow-up. Trajectories of developmental profiles were compared between children with and without ID at follow-up, and significant time-by-group interaction were observed in PEP-R (p<0.001), VSMS (p<0.001), and VMI (p=0.003) scores, indicating that children without ID at follow-up showed significant improvement over time compared to children with ID. ASD diagnosis (p<0.001) and CARS score (p=0.007) at baseline were significantly associated with ASD at follow-up, while VSMS score (p=0.004) and VMI score (p=0.019) at baseline were significantly associated with ID at follow-up. Conclusion A subset of children lost their diagnosis at follow-up, and such diagnostic change was significantly more common in ID compared to ASD. Baseline autism symptomatology was related to ASD at follow-up, and baseline adaptive and visuo-motor function was related to ID at follow-up.

THE INFLUENCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL EDUCATIONAL-REHABILITATION PROGRAM ON THE MOTOR COORDINATION OF STUDENTS WITH VISUAL IMPAIRMENT

The motor development of the child, especially motor coordination, is important for performing purposeful activities. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of individual educational and rehabilitation treatment on motor coordination in students with visual impairment. The sample included one student, male, aged 9 years, with a diagnosis of nystagmus, amblyopia and astigmatism. The initial and final assessment was done with the student, and the Beery-Buktenica developmental test of visual-motor integration (VMI) fifth edition was used for the same, which is intended for the assessment of visual-motor integration, visual perception and motor coordination. For the purposes of this research, the subtest Motor Coordination was used, which consists of 30 tasks. After the initial assessment, an individual educational-rehabilitation treatment lasting 2 months was conducted. Survey data was processed by frequency analysis. Based on the obtained results, it can be concluded that there has been an improvement in students in the field of motor coordination. The results of the research indicated the importance of recognizing students with motor coordination difficulties as early as possible, as well as the importance of conducting educational and rehabilitation treatment, with a positive effect on motor coordination. Keywords: visual impairment, motor coordination, educational-rehabilitation program.

Comparisons of Children with and without Type I Diabetes on Hand and Visual Motor Integration Skills and on Participation in Daily Activities.

Our aim in this study was to compare hand skills, visual-motor integration skills, and participation in daily living activities of children with and without Type 1 diabetes (T1DM). In this prospective cross-sectional study, we included 44 children with T1DM (17 males, 27 females; aged 8-12years) and a control group of 45 healthy age-matched children without T1DM (22 males, 23 females). We compared group scores on the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function Test (JTHFT), the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Visual Motor Integration Test (Beery VMI), and the Participation and Environment Measure - Children and Youth (PEM-CY). JTHFT and Beery VMI scores of children with T1DM were significantly lower than those of the control group (p ≤ 0.005). On the PEM-CY, children with T1DM were found to have more participation barriers in the community than controls. Relative deficits in hand skills and visual motor integration of children with T1DM should be managed with greater attention and assistance.