Reality Testing Research Articles

Modeling the Relationship Between Reality Testing and Object Relations with Psychological Well-being Through the Mediation of Defense Mechanisms in Grief Disorder

Objective: The present research aimed to model the relationship between reality testing and object relations with psychological well-being through the mediation of defense mechanisms in grief disorder. Methods and Materials: The research method was correlational and of the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) type. The statistical population included all individuals who met the diagnostic criteria for grief disorder and visited psychological clinics in District 1 of Tehran in the year 2022. The sample size, considering the number of observed variables and allocating a coefficient of 15 for each observed variable, was selected as 240 individuals through a convenience sampling method. Data collection tools included Bell’s Reality Testing and Object Relations Questionnaire (1988), Andrews’ Defense Mechanisms Questionnaire (1993), and Ryff’s Psychological Well-being Questionnaire (1995). In this study, structural regression equation modeling and SPSS22 and Amos 23 software were used for data analysis. Findings: The research results showed that the indirect relationship of object relations to psychological well-being through defense mechanisms (β = -0.32) is significant (p ≤ 0.01). Also, it was determined that the indirect relationship of reality testing to psychological well-being through defense mechanisms (β = -0.35) is significant (p ≤ 0.01). Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, the research model was confirmed in terms of significance and fit indicators. The findings highlight the role of reality testing, object relations, and psychological well-being in grief disorder, hence, these findings can have clinical applications and be effective in therapeutic programs related to grief disorder.

The incidence of some critical cognitive factors that prevent change of order in university students: Uncertainty analysis

School performance depends on cognitive impact while academic performance depends on how the qualitative and quantitative evaluation of students is carried out, which is open to a wide range of very complex criteria. Students? emotional intelligence is put to the test by the intense and constant completion of tasks to achieve the required credits. However, students do not manage to adapt to this system, which causes rejection and procrastination in completing tasks, and is evident from their really bad state of mind and stress intolerance. These factors can be so strong that they prevent adequate development; school commitments and obligations are neglected, affecting academic performance, which remains in the first order. Consequently, we aim to identify the critical cognitive factors that prevent the change of order and process them through fuzzy cognitive maps. To do so, a survey of students and teachers from Spanish and Mexican universities was carried out. Through confirmatory factor analysis, the number of items to be analysed was reduced. The variance analysis detected significant differences between students? attitude and what teachers thought, and an assignment matrix was obtained. Finally, by obtaining Hamming distance, the critical factors that prevent good academic performance could be found. The main result obtained is that the critical factors that prevent change of order in cognitive elements are mainly problem solving, stress tolerance, reality testing, empathy, self-concept and happiness.

Investigating the Relationship Between Kernberg's Personality Organization and Obedience to Authority

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between Kernberg's personality organization and obedience to authority. Methodology: The present research is fundamental in terms of its objective and utilizes a mixed-methods approach (qualitative-quantitative) in terms of methodology. The statistical population included all undergraduate psychology students at the Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah Branch, in the 2022-2023 academic year. A convenience sampling method was used to select a class of 30 psychology students as the sample. The quantitative phase of the study was descriptive-correlational, while the qualitative phase employed qualitative content analysis. Spearman's correlation test was conducted using SPSS version 26. Data from the interviews were analyzed using MAXQDA 2022, and categorization was based on thematic analysis. Validity was assessed through respondent validation, and the coding reliability achieved a Kappa coefficient of 0.62. Data collection tools included semi-structured interviews, Kernberg's Personality Organization Inventory, and a researcher-made questionnaire. Findings: The results of the correlation test indicated a positive and significant correlation at the 99% confidence level between the variables of obedience and the components of personality, lower-level defenses, reality testing, and personality organization. Additionally, thematic analysis identified eight factors underlying obedience and disobedience: guilt, inner conflict, adherence to inner values, absence of inner conflict, respect for authority, the authority's request, trust in authority, and fear of punishment. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the diversity in obedience and disobedience to authority cannot be explained solely by environmental stimuli. Instead, the interaction between environmental and personality stimuli determines individuals' responses to authoritative commands.

Psychometric properties of the Greek Inventory of Personality Organization – Brief (IPO-Brief-GR) in a community sample of emerging adults

Several studies have evaluated different versions of the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO) around the world and some shortened versions of the instrument have also been constructed. The aim of this study was to develop the first brief Greek-language version of the IPO (IPO-Brief-GR) to be used for clinical screening and research purposes regarding personality pathology defined according to Kernberg's object relations model of personality organization. Data were collected from a community sample of 543 Greek emerging adults aged 18–29 years (M = 21.45, SD = 2.51) with the 83-item IPO, from which a 30-item version was constructed, based on confirmatory factor analysis of the full measure. The psychometric properties of the IPO-Brief-GR were then examined. Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that a four-factor structure best fitted the data, that is, primitive defenses/identity diffusion, reality testing, aggression, and moral values. Criterion validity and internal consistency reliability were also supported. Measurement invariance across gender using an exact protocol approach (i.e., configural, metric, scalar) was found allowing latent mean comparisons. These preliminary findings support the reliability and validity of the IPO-Brief-GR for the assessment of borderline personality organization and indicate the need for further research into the psychometric properties and clinical utility of this measure.

The Relationship Between Personal Hygiene And Skin Complaints In Orphanage Children In The Medan Area District

Personal hygiene is a person's self-care to maintain cleanliness and health for physical and psychological well-being. Hygiene maintenance is necessary for individual comfort, safety, and health. One of a person's hygiene efforts is to care for skin hygiene. Low hygiene can be one of the precipitating factors for developing skin diseases. Orphanages are social institutions that accommodate, educate, and care for abandoned children, orphans, orphans, and orphans. Environmental conditions in the orphanage can cause many children to experience skin diseases, such as itching, heat or burning, bumps, and white patches, usually caused by the lack of clean water, alternating use of towels, and rarely changing bed linen and pillowcases. This study aimed to determine the relationship between personal hygiene and skin complaints in orphanages in Medan Area District. This research is analytical and uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional research design. This study used a sample of 77. Data in this study were collected through questionnaires and then analyzed using univariate and bivariate tests using Chi-Square. It was continued with validity and reality tests. Based on univariate tests, the majority of respondents have good personal hygiene. Based on bivariate tests using Chi-Square, it is known that the p-value is <0.05, so it can be concluded that there is a relationship between personal hygiene and skin complaints.

Temperamental properties and personality organisation in individuals with alcohol dependence

Introduction and aim: The clinical approach to the diagnosis of mental disorders focuses on identifying mechanisms that predispose to pathology. Temperament, which is determined by biological factors, mediates, among others, the need for stimulation, which may manifest in risky behaviours, including problematic alcohol use. The aim of the study was to verify the relationships between temperamental properties and dimensions of personality organisation in alcohol-dependent individuals. Materials and methods: The study involved 91 alcohol-dependent individuals (26 women and 65 men). We used the PTS Temperament Questionnaire to measure the strength of excitation, the strength of inhibition and the mobility of nervous processes; the Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO) to assess the dimensions of personality organisation: primitive defences, identity diffusion, reality testing, aggression and moral values; as well as a demographic questionnaire. Results: Significant relationships were found between the strength of inhibition and mobility of nervous processes with all dimensions of personality organisation: primitive defences, identity diffusion and the ability to test reality, as well as aggression and moral values. The strongest relationship was demonstrated between the strength of inhibition and aggression. A weak, negative correlation was also noted between the strength of excitation and identity diffusion. Exploratory analyses further showed that the stronger the temperament type (higher strength of excitation and inhibition), the smaller the impairment of personality organisation in the group of alcohol-dependent individuals. The most severe disorders of personality organisation were shown by alcohol-dependent individuals with a weak temperament. Conclusions: Both correlational and exploratory analyses have shown that biologically determined temperamental traits are related to the abnormally developed personality organisation in alcohol-dependent individuals.

Dimensions of personality organisation, mentalisation and evaluation of life and romantic relationship satisfaction

Introduction and objective: The Kernberg’s concept on the levels of personality organisation enables us to understand, on the one hand, the pathomechanism of personality disorders necessary for case conceptualisation in psychotherapy and, on the other hand, to predict individuals’ everyday functioning in interpersonal relationships and the experienced life satisfaction. In this study, we inquire whether dimensions of pathological personality structure are associated with negative evaluations of life satisfaction and interpersonal relationships. Additionally, we explored whether these relationships are modified by impaired mentalisation (as a mediator) and clinical group membership (as a moderator). Materials and methods: The study involved 88 participants (71 women) from both clinical (n = 45) and non-clinical groups, aged between 20 to 69 years (mean, M = 31.39; standard deviation, SD = 11.38). The participants completed the Kernberg’s Inventory of Personality Organization (IPO), the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS), the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), and the Mentalization Questionnaire (MZQ). Results: The results indicate that higher intensity of all dimensions of personality pathology (identity, defence mechanisms, aggression, reality testing, and moral functioning) is significantly associated with lower life satisfaction (rho = from −0.49 to −0.32) and greater difficulties in mentalisation (rho = 0.72 to 0.56). Increased intensity of defence mechanisms is also related to lower romantic relationship satisfaction (rho = −0.23). Moderated mediation analyses with 5000 bootstrap samples (where life satisfaction is an dependent variable, dimensions of personality organisation are independent variables, mentalisation disturbance is a mediator, and clinical group membership moderates all relationships) showed that disrupted mentalisation plays a mediating role in explaining life satisfaction and that clinical vs. non-clinical group membership may not moderate these relationships. Conclusion: The results help specify the relationships between the characteristics of Kernberg’s personality structure dimensions and the evaluation of everyday life satisfaction, suggesting an important role of mentalisation processes as transdiagnostic factors worth addressing in life satisfaction appraisal.

A Strict Test for Economic Reality: The Concept of VAT Supply in Airtours

In this article, the author discusses the UK Supreme Court decision in the Airtours case and the two-step test done by Judge Lord Neuberger focusing on identifying a contractual obligation to make a supply to the payor and only departing from this requirement if it would be in accordance with “economic reality”. The author submits that contract law can serve as a starting point, but that the focus on the existence of a contractual obligation in Airtours makes the test excessively restrictive. In the author’s view, “economic reality” in a multiple-party situation should not require the taxable person to prove “artificiality” or “sham”; and contract law and the contractual terms should not serve as a “strait-jacket” for VAT law.

Augmented reality versus standard tests to assess cognition and function in early Alzheimer’s disease

Augmented reality (AR) apps, in which the virtual and real world are combined, can recreate instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) and are therefore promising to measure cognition needed for IADL in early Alzheimer’s disease (AD) both in the clinic and in the home settings. The primary aim of this study was to distinguish and classify healthy controls (HC) from participants with AD pathology in an early AD stage using an AR app. The secondary aims were to test the association of the app with clinical cognitive and functional tests and investigate the feasibility of at-home testing using AR. We furthermore investigated the test-retest reliability and potential learning effects of the task. The digital score from the AR app could significantly distinguish HC from preclinical AD (preAD) and prodromal AD (proAD), and preAD from proAD, both with in-clinic and at-home tests. For the classification of the proAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.84 [0.75–0.93], AUCat_home = 0.77 [0.61–0.93]) was as good as the cognitive score (AUC = 0.85 [0.78–0.93]), while for classifying the preAD group, the digital score (AUCclinic_visit = 0.66 [0.53–0.78], AUCat_home = 0.76 [0.61–0.91]) was superior to the cognitive score (AUC = 0.55 [0.42–0.68]). In-clinic and at-home tests moderately correlated (rho = 0.57, p < 0.001). The digital score was associated with the clinical cognitive score (rho = 0.56, p < 0.001). No learning effects were found. Here we report the AR app distinguishes HC from otherwise healthy Aβ-positive individuals, both in the outpatient setting and at home, which is currently not possible with standard cognitive tests.

ANALISIS SURVEY KEPUASAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PENERAPAN INOVASI LESEHAN PADA DINAS KEPENDUDUKAN DAN PENCATATAN SIPIL KABUPATEN SUMBAWA BARAT

This research aims to determine the effectiveness and level of community satisfaction in implementing Smart Era Service Innovations through villages/sub-districts (LESEHAN. This research method uses mixed methods research with qualitative and quantitative approaches, the location or place of this research was carried out at the Population and Civil Registration Service (Dukcapil) of West Sumbawa Regency. The data collection technique used was the questionnaire, interview, observation, informant, event, documentation method. Meanwhile, to obtain more accurate data, data analysis is used, namely carrying out Validity and Reliability Tests, Classical Assumption Tests and Hypothesis Tests. The research results are the use of the Salam Dukcapil application, which is a web-based application accessed via a link by Village and Subdistrict Operators https://salamdukcapilksb.id/login_operator. People come to the village or sub-district office according to their domicile with the requirements which will be processed and sent to Dukcapil by the village operator via the Salam Dukcapil application. Officers at Dukcapil will receive the proposal file via the Salam Dukcapil application. Then they will check, verify and process the file after the documents are complete. , then the officer will send it back to the village. The village will print the document and hand it over to the community receiving the service. The results of the validity and reality tests show that the overall data is valid, but based on the results of the hypothesis test via the T test, the values for the five variables are greater than t table with α 0.05% (dk= N – 2 = 156 – 2) = 1.655, which means H1 : P yx1 ≠ 0 (H1 is accepted, Ho is rejected). The consequence of accepting H1 means that 5 variables have a significant influence on Community Satisfaction with the Implementation of LESEHAN Innovation at the West Sumbawa Regency Population and Civil Registration Service. The effectiveness of using the Salam Dukcapil application in implementing Lesehan innovation has been running effectively. The final conclusion is that by wanting to use 5 indicators, namely requirements, system, time, performance and facilities and infrastructure, the community will be able to understand the characteristics of the country and civil registration will be greatly facilitated through the innovation of village/kelurahan Era Smart Services (LESEHAN).

Relationship between a novel virtual reality test of mild functional difficulties and cerebrovascular disease

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with subtle functional decline. However, standardized and cost‐effective methods for the objective quantification of mild functional difficulties are lacking. Here we report preliminary validity data for a novel, non‐immersive virtual‐reality task (Virtual Kitchen Challenge [VKC]) against brain markers of cerebrovascular disease and in contrast to a conventional, self‐report measure of function.MethodTwenty (n = 14 healthy control, n = 6 MCI) community‐dwelling older adults aged 60+ completed neuropsychological testing, including the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), and the VKC, which requires completion of simulated breakfast and lunch tasks on a touch‐screen computer. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes from Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences were derived using the UBO detector, a cluster‐based WMH extraction pipeline based on k‐nearest neighbors (k‐NN) algorithm. WMH volumes were calculated in SPM’s DARTEL space, precluding the need to adjust for intracranial volume (ICV).ResultMCI participants reported significantly more functional difficulties than healthy controls (FAQ U = 76.50 p = .002) and obtained marginally slower completion times on the VKC (U = 60.00, p = .138). VKC completion time was moderately associated with age (r = .441, p = .059) but relations with sex, race, and IQ were weak and not significant (all rs&lt;.195). VKC completion time significantly and strongly correlated with all WMH measures, even after controlling for age, sex, race, and IQ (total WMH r = .649, p = .031; deep WMH r = .615, p = .044; periventricular WMH r = .623, p = .041). By contrast, FAQ was not associated with WMH (rs&lt;.2, p&gt;.05 for all) or VKC completion time (r&lt;.1, p&gt;05) after controlling for age, sex, race, and IQ.ConclusionOur naturalistic, performance‐based measure of function (VKC) was not associated with race, sex, or premorbid IQ, but was strongly associated with neuroimaging markers of cerebrovascular disease (WMH). By contrast, a conventional self‐report measure of everyday functioning (FAQ) was not associated with neuroimaging measures (WMH). These results offer preliminary support for the VKC as a valid measure of early, subtle functional difficulties associated with cerebrovascular pathology that is not vulnerable to bias associated with race, sex, or premorbid IQ.

Relationship between a novel virtual reality test of mild functional difficulties and cerebrovascular disease

AbstractBackgroundIt is well known that mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is associated with subtle functional decline. However, standardized and cost‐effective methods for the objective quantification of mild functional difficulties are lacking. Here we report preliminary validity data for a novel, non‐immersive virtual‐reality task (Virtual Kitchen Challenge [VKC]) against brain markers of cerebrovascular disease and in contrast to a conventional, self‐report measure of function.MethodTwenty (n = 14 healthy control, n = 6 MCI) community‐dwelling older adults aged 60+ completed neuropsychological testing, including the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ), and the VKC, which requires completion of simulated breakfast and lunch tasks on a touch‐screen computer. White matter hyperintensity (WMH) volumes from Fluid Attenuation Inversion Recovery (FLAIR) MRI sequences were derived using the UBO detector, a cluster‐based WMH extraction pipeline based on k‐nearest neighbors (k‐NN) algorithm. WMH volumes were calculated in SPM’s DARTEL space, precluding the need to adjust for intracranial volume (ICV).ResultMCI participants reported significantly more functional difficulties than healthy controls (FAQ U = 76.50 p = .002) and obtained marginally slower completion times on the VKC (U = 60.00, p = .138). VKC completion time was moderately associated with age (r = .441, p = .059) but relations with sex, race, and IQ were weak and not significant (all rs&lt;.195). VKC completion time significantly and strongly correlated with all WMH measures, even after controlling for age, sex, race, and IQ (total WMH r = .649, p = .031; deep WMH r = .615, p = .044; periventricular WMH r = .623, p = .041). By contrast, FAQ was not associated with WMH (rs&lt;.2, p&gt;.05 for all) or VKC completion time (r&lt;.1, p&gt;05) after controlling for age, sex, race, and IQ.ConclusionOur naturalistic, performance‐based measure of function (VKC) was not associated with race, sex, or premorbid IQ, but was strongly associated with neuroimaging markers of cerebrovascular disease (WMH). By contrast, a conventional self‐report measure of everyday functioning (FAQ) was not associated with neuroimaging measures (WMH). These results offer preliminary support for the VKC as a valid measure of early, subtle functional difficulties associated with cerebrovascular pathology that is not vulnerable to bias associated with race, sex, or premorbid IQ.

Introspective inference counteracts perceptual distortion

Introspective agents can recognize the extent to which their internal perceptual experiences deviate from the actual states of the external world. This ability, also known as insight, is critically required for reality testing and is impaired in psychosis, yet little is known about its cognitive underpinnings. We develop a Bayesian modeling framework and a psychophysics paradigm to quantitatively characterize this type of insight while people experience a motion after-effect illusion. People can incorporate knowledge about the illusion into their decisions when judging the actual direction of a motion stimulus, compensating for the illusion (and often overcompensating). Furthermore, confidence, reaction-time, and pupil-dilation data all show signatures consistent with inferential adjustments in the Bayesian insight model. Our results suggest that people can question the veracity of what they see by making insightful inferences that incorporate introspective knowledge about internal distortions.

Making Android-Based Augmented Reality in Buffer Solution Practicum to Improve Students Multiple Representation Ability

This study aimed to develop android-based augmented reality multiple representation in buffer solution practicum. The research wants to describe the appearance, analyze results of the validation test and feasibility test of android-based augmented reality in buffer solution practicum, which is named Augmented Reality of Buffer Experiment (ARBE). The research was conducted using the Design Based Research (DBR) method which consisted of the analysis and development stages. The subjects of this research were two lectures of chemistry education, one lecture of informatics engineering, one teacher of chemistry, for validation test and 31 high school students of eleventh grade of nature science program for feasibility test. This research use a validation test and feasibility test instruments. The display on ARBE present a practicum menu and also five other menus completes the practicum menu. The results of the validation tests obtained an average value of rcount 0.85 and was declared valid, while the feasibility test obtained an average percentage of 82.14% indicating that android-based augmented reality in the buffer solution practicum to improve student’s multiple representation abilities is very feasible to use as a learning medium for buffer solution material.

The Effect of Customer Experience, Word of Mouth, and Price Perception on Repurchase Intention of Special Fare Train Tickets

PT. KAI (Persero) is a State-Owned Enterprise (BUMN) engaged in transportation services for transporting passengers, goods, and containers. In 2019 PT. KAI (Persero) seeks to increase the number of passengers by applying for special-fare train tickets. This study aims to determine the effect of customer experience, word of mouth, and price perception on the intention to repurchase special-fare train tickets. The population in the study were customers of special fare train tickets. The sampling technique uses a non-probability sampling method with convenience sampling techniques for as many as 112 respondents. The analysis technique used in this study is (PLS) with a validity, reality, and hypothesis test. The results of this study state that customer experience and word of mouth contribute to customer repurchase intention, while price perception does not contribute to customer repurchase intention.

Dissociative identity disorder: a disorder of diagnostic and therapeutic paradoxes

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is life-long, childhood-onset, posttraumatic developmental disorder where chronic early-life maltreatment and attachment disturbances prevents the child’s development of a continuous sense of self across emotional states, relationships, and social contexts. As development proceeds, these self-states acquire a sense of themselves, a capacity for information processing, memory, emotion, and behavior. Conceptualizing DID involves paradoxes and apparent contradictions. DID has been categorized as a severe mental illness with major psychiatric comorbidities. Studies show that DID individuals have a unique personality organization with repeated, often covert posttraumatic reactivity, especially in relationships (e.g., therapy). Paradoxically, research shows that, during development, DID individuals preserve psychological resiliencies consistent with responsivity to long-term, psychodynamically informed treatment. These include, when not stressed, capacities for therapeutic alliance, reality testing, and observing ego.

Influence of product quality and brand image on purchasing decisions for ABC Ground coffee products in South Tangerang

This research aims to examine the influence of product quality and brand image on purchasing decisions for ABC ground coffee in South Tangerang. Type of associative research method with a quantitative approach, with a sample of 97 respondents and with analysis using analytical tests, namely validity test, reality test, linear regression test, correlation coefficient test, determination test, t test and f test also using the classic test, normality test, multicollinearity test, autocorrelation test and heteroscedasticity test. Results of research carried out. Influence Product Quality on Purchasing Decisions obtained by the regression equation value Y = 12.666 + 0.683X1. hypothesis testing obtained tcount&gt; table (8.856&gt; 1.986). Thus ho is rejected and accepted, this shows that there is a partially positive and significant influence between Product Quality on Purchasing Decisions on ABC Ground Coffee in South Tangerang. Meanwhile, brand image on purchasing decisions obtained a regression equation value of Y = 49.423 + 0.253X2. Hypothesis testing obtained a tabet t value or ((-2.065 &lt; 1.986). Thus Ho was rejected and H2 was accepted, this shows that there is a partially positive and significant influence between Brand Image on Purchase Decisions for ABC Ground Coffee in South Tangerang. then, the influence of Product Quality and Brand Image on Purchasing Decisions is obtained by the regression equation Y = 24.298 + 0.693 Simultaneous positive and significant influence between Product Quality and Brand Image on Purchasing Decisions on ABC Ground Coffee in South Tangerang.

Influence of product quality and price on the decision to purchase eyesglass at Optic Naufal Serpong

This study aims to examine the effect of Product Quality and Price on Purchasing Decisions at Naufal Optics in Serpong. Types of quantitative research methods with an associative approach, with a population of 990 consumers and with a sample of 91 respondents and with analysis using analytical tests, namely validity tests, reality tests, linear regression tests, correlation coefficient tests, determination tests, t tests and f tests also use classical tests normality tests, multicollinearity tests, autocorrelation tests and heteroscedasticity tests. The results of the research conducted. the effect of Product Quality on Purchasing Decisions obtained the value of the regression equation Y = 1.048 + 0.613 X1. The hypothesis test obtained a calculated value of ttable &gt; (21,328&gt;1,987). Thus, Ho was rejected and H1 was accepted, this shows that there is a positive and partially significant influence between Product Quality and Purchasing Decisions at Naufal Optics in Serpong. While the Price against the Purchase Decision obtained the value of the regression equation 2.235 + 0.923 X1. Test the hypothesis obtained tcalculate ttable value or (23,253&gt; 1,987). Thus Ho was rejected and H2 was accepted, this shows that there is a partial positive and significant influence between Price and Purchase Decision at Naufal Optics in Serpong. then, the effect of Product Quality and Price on Purchasing Decisions obtained regression equation Y = 0.318 + 0.273 X1 + 0.551 X2. The hypothesis test obtained the value of Fcalculate &gt; Ftable or (339,260 &gt; 3.10). Thus, Ho is rejected and H3 is accepted, meaning that there is a simultaneous positive and significant influence between Product Quality and Price on Purchasing Decisions at Naufal Optics in Serpong.

The Power Threat Meaning Framework and Self-Discrepancy Theory: Complementary Perspectives

The efficacy of psychotherapy is now well-established, and research has provided strong evidence for several change factors, such as the therapeutic relationship, insight, corrective experiences, and reality testing (Goldfried, 2019). Increased understanding of the therapeutic change process has been a notable advance in psychotherapy, but an agreed view of the nature and causality of psychological problems has eluded the psychotherapeutic professions. The dominant medical paradigm within psychiatry and psychology asserts a predominantly neurobiological basis for psychological problems while humanist and relational paradigms prefer a broader and meaning-oriented basis for understanding such problems. This paper provides a review of one alternative conceptual framework, the Power Threat Meaning Framework (PTMF) developed by the British Psychological Society. While the PTMF offers a comprehensive alternative method for conceptualising mental health, it does not provide a specific practice roadmap. The framework’s authors encourage therapists to apply the PTMF in conjunction with their own theoretical preferences. In this paper, I have two aims: the first, to outline and examine the principles inherent within the PTMF, and the second, to provide an example of how the PTMF might be operationalised using an existing theoretical model, self-discrepancy theory (SDT). While the principles of the PTMF can be integrated with a host of theories of psychotherapy, SDT is utilised here as an heuristic to demonstrate the utility of the PTMF.

Emotional Intelligence Becomes The Main Predictor of Emotional Labor Ability on Customer Satisfaction

Emotional intelligence and emotional intelligence refers to the process of regulating feelings and expressions in response to emotion regulation as an authentic display of employees in serving customers. The existing literature has provided strong evidence for the impact of customer-focused emotional work. However, an empirical examination of the mechanisms underlying this relationship is largely different from previous studies. This research focuses on employees' emotional intelligence in regulating emotions to make customers satisfied with the services provided. This article reports on a study examining the role of emotional work in channeling the impact of emotional intelligence on customer satisfaction. Specifically, the study measured the emotional intelligence of service employees and customers with in-depth acting to find out how relational relationships occur. The sample size in this study was 232 respondents. Data analysis was carried out using Structural Equation Model (SEM-PLS) 4.0 with outer model measurements: convergent validity, discriminant validity, reality test, and inner model measurement; Coefficient Determinant of (R2), Significance (t-value) and model fit test using R square, Q square, SRMR, Goodness of Fit Index. Results show that employees who are emotionally intelligent and able to regulate their expressions and feelings will increase the influence on customer satisfaction.