Hypothesis Testing Research Articles

The Impact of Using Quizizz as a Learning Media on Learning Interest of Computer Education Students

In this case, this research aims to determine the effect of using Quizizz as a learning media on the learning interest of Computer Education Students in the Linear Algebra course. The research method uses quantitative experiments. The research design used One Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The subjects of this research were 38 consisting of 4th Semester Students of the Department of Computer Education, Dehasen University, Bengkulu. The instrument used 20 items questionnaire, the data analysis techniques used normality test, homogeneity test and hypothesis test. The results of the pretest and posttest questionnaires were 40% and 85% indicating an increase in student learning interest. The results of research using paired sample testing show that the asym sig. (2-laid) of 0.000 < 0.05 where t-count is greater than t-table 24.220 > 2.037 so that H_O is rejected and H_a is accepted. It can be concluded that the use of Quizizz as a learning media (X) has a significant effect on the learning interest of computer education students at Dehasen University, Bengkulu.

A Study on Analysing Risk and Return Profiles of Top Two Companies in Nifty 50

This study conducts a comparative analysis of the risk and return profiles of two leading software companies in the Nifty 50 index, Tata Consultancy Services (TCS) and Infosys, over the period from 2019 to 2024. The analysis aims to provide insights into the historical returns, volatility, and risk-adjusted performance of these companies using financial metrics such as standard deviation, beta, and alpha. Through hypothesis testing, the study evaluates correlations between risk and return, examining both companies’ sensitivity to market conditions. Findings indicate that while both firms offer positive alpha and substantial returns, TCS exhibits slightly higher stability, whereas Infosys shows higher volatility. The results provide valuable guidance for investors, highlighting considerations for portfolio diversification and strategic investment in the Indian IT sector. Keywords: Nifty 50, Risk-return analysis, volatility.

Seagrass Biodiversity Under the Latest‐Generation Scenarios of Projected Climate Change

ABSTRACTAimThe potentially cascading consequences of climate changes on redistribution of habitat‐forming species, like seagrasses, remain a major research gap. Empirical demonstrations of local population changes are increasingly reported without a globally integrated predictive framework as a leading testable hypothesis. Therefore, here, we aimed to estimate changes in species richness, community composition, and areas of climatic refugia under future climate scenarios.LocationGlobal scale.Time PeriodPresent‐day conditions (from 2010 to 2020) and for three Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP) scenarios of future climate change (from 2090 to 2100).Major Taxa StudiesSeagrasses (plantae).MethodsWe coupled seagrass occurrences with environmental predictors (temperature, salinity, nitrate, wave energy, and ice) in stacked species distribution modelling.ResultsModels estimated a present global extent of 917,169 km2 with high species richness in Temperate Australasia, Indo‐Pacific, and Temperate North Pacific. Future projections predicted widespread spatial redistribution, with Arctic expansions, losses in lower latitudes, and deeper vertical ranges, while globally maintaining the area extent occupied worldwide by seagrass species (only 5% of change). Species richness increased poleward under more drastic scenarios (SSP3‐7.0 and SSP5‐8.5), with losses in tropical zones (30oN to 30oS). Local climatic refugia are retained in all scenarios but decrease under higher emissions. Additionally, even where seagrass species remain, widespread community composition changes were predicted.Main ConclusionsOur findings serve as baselines to inform, anticipate, and mitigate cascading consequences of shifts in seagrass ecosystems that provide essential services for humanity.

Purchase Intention of Halal Toiletries: The Role of Mediating and Moderating Effects

Research aims: This study analyzes consumers’ purchase intentions regarding halal toiletries by examining the independent variables of halal awareness, attitude, subjective norms and behavioral control. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data were collected from 260 consumers throughout questionnaires. The respondents had all purchased and used halal toiletries at least once. Hypothesis testing of the independent variable on the dependent variable was conducted using Partial Least Square (PLS) analysis, with the Smart PLS 3.0 software.Research findings: The findings indicate that halal awareness significantly influences the purchase intention of halal toiletries and has a strong impact on customer attitudes. The results also show that subjective norms influence the purchase intention of halal toiletries. Additionally, behavioral control contributes to shaping the purchase intentions. Theoretical Contribution/Originality: The study demonstrates that well-developed halal awareness significantly influences the intention to purchase halal toiletries and is a key factor in shaping consumer attitudes. The findings also highlight the role of subjective norms in forming purchase intentions, while behavioral control plays a crucial role in supporting these intentions. Practitioners/Policy Implications: The results of this study are expected to support the development of a sustainable halal industry, especially within the toiletry sector. Research Limitations/Implications: This study is limited by the indicators tested and offers opportunities for future research to explore additional variables. Future studies could incorporate a gender perspective to provide insights into differences in purchase intentions between men and women.

Assessing the knowledge, attitude and perception of Extended Reality (XR) technology in Pakistan’s Healthcare community in an era of Artificial Intelligence

Background and objectivesThe Extended Reality (XR) technology was established by combining elements of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality, offering users the advantage of working in a virtual environment. The study aimed to evaluate medical professionals’ and students’ knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding using XR technology in Pakistan’s healthcare system and identify its benefits, drawbacks, and implications for the system’s future.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was executed by circulating a self-structured online questionnaire among the Medical Community across Major Cities of Pakistan using various social media platforms as available sampling. The sample size was calculated to be 385 using RAOSOFT. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated as 0.74. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) conducted on the dataset was validated using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) measure and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity. The KMO value of 0.752 indicates adequate sampling, and Bartlett’s Test was significant (χ2 (435) = 2809.772, p < 0.001), confirming the suitability of the data for factor analysis. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS-25, and data description was done as frequency and percentage. Pearson correlation and regression analysis kept p-value < 0.05% significant.ResultsApproximately 54.8% of 406 participants conveyed their familiarity with XR technologies. The majority of participants (83.8%) believed that using XR technology effectively enhanced medical education and patient care in Pakistan. Regarding clinical outcomes, 70.8% believed XR improved the efficiency of procedures and 52.8% agreed XR would lead to more device-dependent systems and eradicating human error (32.4%). Major barriers to XR integration included ethical and privacy issues (63.9%), lack of technological advancements in Pakistan (70%), and lack of ample knowledge and training of XR among health care professionals (45.8%). Hypothesis testing revealed a low positive but significant correlation between the use of AI-based healthcare systems and the increasing speed and accuracy of procedures (r = 0.342, p < 0.001), supporting Hypothesis 1. Similarly, a very low positive yet significant correlation was observed between the augmentation of diagnostic and surgical procedures and addressing data security and ethical issues for implementing XR (r = 0.298, p < 0.001), supporting Hypothesis 2. Lastly, a correlation between the mean Attitude (MA) score and the mean Perception (MP) score was found to be moderately positive and significant (r = 0.356, p < 0.001). Hence, the hypothesis 3 was supported.ConclusionXR technology has the potential to enhance medical education and patient care in Pakistan, but its adoption faces significant challenges, including ethical concerns, technological gaps, and inadequate training. The study’s findings highlight the need to address these issues to maximize the benefits of XR in healthcare.

Epistemological Misunderstandings of the German Federal Court of Justice in Criminal Cases Regarding the Null Hypothesis: Verification in the Credibility Assessment

Epistemological Misunderstandings of the German Federal Court of Justice in Criminal Cases Regarding the Null Hypothesis: Verification in the Credibility Assessment Abstract: Background: The article deals with the decision of the German Federal Court of Justice (Bundesgerichtshof, BGH) in criminal matters regarding credibility assessment dated 30 July 1999 (1 StR 618/98, BGHSt 45, 164). Regarding criminal matters, the BGH formulated specific requirements for credibility assessments based on two published scientific expert reports. Method: We analyzed conflicting postulates of scientific theory in the expert reports and the reception of these principles in the BGH judgment by examining the original quotes. Results: Given the central importance of this BGH decision, we analyzed the original expert reports for their epistemological content. The BGH formulated the scientific approach of starting from the assumption that the statement is untrue - the so-called "null hypothesis". In doing so, it referred to Popper's deductivism, albeit without addressing the rules of hypothesis testing. Based on the second expert report, which argues for inductive.

Pembrolizumab or Placebo Plus Adjuvant Chemotherapy With or Without Radiotherapy For Newly Diagnosed, High-Risk Endometrial Cancer: Results in Mismatch Repair-Deficient Tumors.

Mismatch repair-deficient (dMMR) endometrial cancer is an inflamed phenotype with poor outcomes when meeting high-risk criteria and limited treatment options in the adjuvant setting. We report protocol-prespecified subgroup analysis of patients with dMMR tumors from the phase 3 ENGOT-en11/GOG-3053/KEYNOTE-B21 study (NCT04634877) in newly-diagnosed, high-risk endometrial cancer after surgery with curative intent. Patients were randomized to pembrolizumab 200mg or placebo (6 cycles) plus carboplatin-paclitaxel (4-6 cycles) Q3W, then pembrolizumab 400mg or placebo Q6W (6 cycles), respectively. MMR status was a stratification factor. Patients received radiotherapy at investigator discretion. Investigator-assessed disease-free survival (DFS) was a primary endpoint. No formal hypothesis testing was performed for subgroup analysis. In the intention-to-treat population, 141 patients in the pembrolizumab arm and 140 in the placebo arm had dMMR tumors. At this interim analysis, hazard ratio for DFS favored pembrolizumab (0.31; 95%CI, 0.14-0.69); median DFS was not reached in either group. Two-year DFS rates were 92.4% (95%CI, 84.4%-96.4%) and 80.2% (95%CI, 70.8%-86.9%), respectively. No new safety signals occurred. Longer-term follow-up of outcomes will be evaluated at final analysis. Preplanned subgroup analysis based on the study's stratification factors suggests that pembrolizumab plus chemotherapy improves DFS and is clinically relevant for patients with dMMR tumors in the curative-intent setting.

Hypothesis, Paradigm, Framework and Concept Evaluation and Testing Across Space and Time: A Revalidation of our Concepts of “Aeternitism” and “Omnimodism”

This paper is linked to our papers or our earlier work on neo-centrism, hypothesis formulation, the sociological ninety ten rule, cross-cultural research design, and inductive approaches to hypothesis formulation, all of which have been published by us over the years. Therefore, all the relevant papers are suitably referenced in this paper, and brief summaries and overviews of them provided. This is done in the interests of coherence, internal consistency and clarity, so that readers can understand and comprehend the core concepts easily. To emphasize and to reiterate here, all our papers are interrelated in a continuous chain, none of our papers conflict with each other in any way, and to any degree. We believe that there are no internal contradictions amongst our wide gamut and array of papers that we have been publishing over the years, and no logical fallacies and inconsistencies as well whatsoever. All our papers are therefore interrelated and mutually interdependent in a plethora of different ways; however, this paper offers a fresh perspective and takes the concepts proposed in our earlier papers in an altogether new trajectory. This is done through the means and mechanism of hypothesis, paradigm, framework and concept evaluation and testing across space and time. Likewise, axioms, principles, entities and assumptions, are also evaluated, tested, and revalidated for this purpose. A revalidation of our concepts of “aeternitism” and “omnimodism” is also carried out as a part of this paper. This exercise is done in the interests of better science and better reliabilism; it is also a core component of our “Globalization of science” mission and movement.

Pengaruh Promosi dan Harga terhadap Penjualan pada CV Bandar Sinergi Utama Kota Tangerang

The purpose of this research is to determine promotions and prices for sales at CV Bandar Sinergi Utama, both partially and simultaneously. This research is associative with a quantitative approach. Sampling was taken using the Slovin technique. The sample used in this research was 38 respondents. Data collection techniques used questionnaires, data analysis techniques using validity, reliability, hypothesis testing, t tests and f tests with SPSS version 21 software. The research results showed that: (1) Promotion has an effect on sales with a coefficient of determination value of 0.594 which has a significant effect on sales with the result tcount > ttable or (7.250 > 2.030) with a significance value<0.050 or (0.00 < 0.05). (2) There is an influence of price on sales with a coefficient of determination of 0.658 with the result tcount > ttable or ((8.319 >2.030) with a significance value <0.05 or (0.00 <0.05). (3) promotion and price has an effect on sales with the regression equation Y = -0.055 + 0.250 X1 + 0.522 < 0.05) then in this study Ha is acceptable.

The Nexus Between Corporate Governance, CSR, and Firm Value: Tax Avoidance as an Intervening Variable

This research investigates the role of tax avoidance in the relationship between corporate governance, firm value, and corporate social responsibility. The research design is explanatory research, through hypothesis testing. 175 manufacturing companies were observed from 2017 to 2021, with a sample size of 875. A panel regression and leverage acted as a control variable using SPSS software, after conducting models and robustness tests. The findings show the influence of tax avoidance on institutional ownership and economic corporate social responsibility (CSR). Tax avoidance partially mediates the relationship between institutional ownership and firm value, and fully mediates between economic CSR and firm value. The implication for academics and practitioners is that enabling corporate governance requires institutional owners to supervise the determination of company managerial policies. Additionally, the economic CSR program can reduce tax avoidance and is responded to positively by investors. The limitations of the research are that for the constant value to be significant, additional variables should be added to the model. Further research could include adding company performance, gender, and intellectual capital variables. Keywords: corporate governance, corporate responsibility, tax avoidance, leverage, firm value

A hierarchical multistage holistic model for acoustic emission source monitoring in composites

Abstract This paper introduces a multistage smart structural health monitoring (SHM) model for carbon-fiber composites, with a focus on multiple types of acoustic emission (AE) source localization and classification. The SHM model uses time-frequency data from various AE events (such as tool drops, impact, and artificial debonding) across different zones of a composite structure. The SHM strategy demonstrates a robust smart monitoring of composites with high accuracy. Further, a hypothesis testing has been carried out that supports the superiority of a 2-stage identification process, revealing statistically significant higher accuracy and confidence intervals across all zones and AE source types. This research establishes a novel framework for solving a hierarchical multistage holistic damage source identification problem, offering robustness in identifying various damage scenarios and quantifying associated prediction uncertainties.

Research on the Driving Factors and Policy Guidance for a Reduction in Electricity Consumption by Urban Residents

The urgency of mitigating climate change and the challenges it poses to ecosystems and human systems are highlighted in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Sixth Assessment Report (AR6). In order to achieve sustainable development, it is imperative to adopt a series of adaptive measures to enhance the resilience of various sectors to climate change and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This article analyzes the driving mechanism behind the reduction in electricity consumption by urban residents based on 302 valid questionnaires from 18 communities in nine districts in B City. Using a method that combines qualitative and empirical research, the study proposes policy recommendations aimed at guiding urban residents toward reducing their electricity consumption. These recommendations serve as a policy reference for cities striving to achieve sustainability and low-carbon targets. The primary innovations and conclusions of the study are as follows: (1) this study summarizes the primary factors and processes influencing the reduction in electricity consumption among urban residents, examined from the following three perspectives: residents’ characteristics, psychological understanding, and external environment. (2) On the basis of the research data, empirical analysis and hypothesis testing are conducted using a variety of mathematical and statistical methods. The results indicate significant differences in the electricity consumption reduction behavior of heterogeneous urban residents in both public and private areas. Subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and knowledge of electricity conservation have significant direct influences on residents’ willingness to reduce their electricity consumption. Among these factors, subjective norms have the most significant impact, while the impact of attitude is negligible. Economic incentive policies have a significant positive regulatory effect on the relationship between “willingness (intention)” and “private area electricity consumption reduction behavior”.

Interwoven processes in linguistic historiography

Summary This article presents an integrated perspective on the history of Chinese linguistics in Europe by examining the interplay of logistic, material, and institutional factors. Asking how knowledge related to the Chinese language was obtained, diffused, and preserved, it examines linguistic historiography through the prism of accessibility to China and its resulting corollaries for formulating and testing hypotheses about the Chinese language. The nineteenth century is seen as a time of professionalisation characterized by increased opportunities for engagement with China and its language, the creation of academic positions and teaching programs, technical advances in digraphic printing, and the return of competent speakers of the Chinese language.

Hu.MAP3.0: Atlas of human protein complexes by integration of > 25,000 proteomic experiments.

Macromolecular protein complexes carry out most functions in the cell including essential functions required for cell survival. Unfortunately, we lack the subunit composition for all human protein complexes. To address this gap we integrated >25,000 mass spectrometry experiments using a machine learning approach to identify > 15,000 human protein complexes. We show our map of protein complexes is highly accurate and more comprehensive than previous maps, placing ∼75% of human proteins into their physical contexts. We globally characterize our complexes using protein co-variation data (ProteomeHD.2) and identify co-varying complexes suggesting common functional associations. Our map also generates testable functional hypotheses for 472 uncharacterized proteins which we support using AlphaFold modeling. Additionally, we use AlphaFold modeling to identify 511 mutually exclusive protein pairs in hu.MAP3.0 complexes suggesting complexes serve different functional roles depending on their subunit composition. We identify expression as the primary way cells and organisms relieve the conflict of mutually exclusive subunits. Finally, we import our complexes to EMBL-EBI's Complex Portal ( https://www.ebi.ac.uk/complexportal/home ) as well as provide complexes through our hu.MAP3.0 web interface ( https://humap3.proteincomplexes.org/ ). We expect our resource to be highly impactful to the broader research community.

Paradox-Free Data Analysis in Numerical Comparisons of Optimization Algorithms

Numerical comparison is essential for evaluating an optimization algorithm. Unfortunately, recent research has shown that two paradoxes may occur, namely the cycle ranking paradox and survival of the nonfittest paradox. Further exploitation reveals that these paradoxes stem from the method of data analysis, especially its comparison strategy. Therefore, the design and widespread use of paradox-free data analysis methods has become urgent. This paper is dedicated to reviewing the recent progress in paradox in numerical comparisons of optimization algorithms, especially the reasons for paradoxes and the ways to eliminate them. Specifically, significant progress has been made in eliminating paradoxes from two popular data analysis methods, including hypothesis testing and methods based on the cumulative distribution function. Furthermore, in this paper the authors provide case studies, aiming to show that paradoxes are common and how to eliminate them with paradox-free data analysis methods.

Investigating Dark Patterns on Social Media: Implications for User Engagement and Impulse Buying Behavior

With the increasing use of social media and the proliferation of digital applications, dark patterns have become a significant concern due to their potential impact on user behavior. These patterns aim to influence user engagement and impulse buying in ways that are often subtle and undesired. Despite the importance of this issue, there is a lack of research examining the effects of dark patterns on engagement and impulse buying behavior, particularly in the Middle East. This study investigates key factors associated with dark patterns on social media that impact user engagement and influence impulse buying behavior. A Google Forms survey was conducted with 492 participants from PSUT in Jordan, and SEM was employed for hypothesis testing. The study found that time, effort, pleasure, and social acceptance significantly positively influence user engagement, while non-routine behavior exerts a negative influence. Furthermore, engagement demonstrated a significant positive effect on impulse buying behavior. Marketers should prioritize genuine connections and ethical practices to maintain trust and respect user autonomy. Dark patterns can erode trust and harm long-term relationships, emphasizing the need for transparency, social proof, and ethical data handling. This research addresses a significant gap in understanding the influence of dark patterns on consumer behavior.

Locus Of Control, Transformative Leadership, Self Efficacy, Professional Commitment On The Ability To Detect Fraud. Auditor's Experience As Moderating Variables

This research aims to investigate the influence of Locus of Control, Transformative Leadership, Self Efficacy, and Professional Commitment on the Ability to Detect Fraud with the audit experience as a moderator. The population in this research are auditors who work at Public Accounting Firms in DKI Jakarta. The sampling method used was an unknowns sample because the population size was uncertain, and the researcher could not obtain information regarding the number of accountants working at the Public Accounting Firm in DKI Jakarta. The number of respondents obtained for this research was 155 respondents. In this research, the analytical methods used are descriptive statistics, data feasibility testing, classical assumption testing, multiple linear regression analysis and hypothesis testing. Test results prove that Locus of Control (LoC) has a positive effect on the ability to detect fraud, transformational leadership and professional commitment have no effect on the ability to detect fraud. Self-efficacy has a negative effect on the ability to detect fraud. Auditor experience moderates the influence of Locus of Control and Self Efficacy on the ability to detect fraud. Auditor experience does not moderate the influence of transformative leadership and professional commitment on the ability to detect fraud.

Perbedaan Kematangan Emosi Siswa Berdasarkan Keutuhan Keluarga

This research was motivated by the fact that there were students SMA who were unable to control their emotions and channel them well, where students who, when emotional, immediately expressed their emotions without thinking about the consequences of these actions, apart from that, there were students who harbored feelings of anger so they experienced severe and excessive stress. This condition can trigger problems such as learning difficulties and deviant behavior. One of the influencing factors is the family environment. The objectives of this research are: (1) Describe the emotional maturity of students raised in intact families (2) Describe the emotional maturity of students raised in incomplete families (3) Describe the emotional maturity of students raised in intact families and non-intact families based on aspects ( 4) Test whether there is a significant difference between the emotional maturity of students raised by intact families and non-intact families. This research uses quantitative methods with a comparative study approach. The population in the study were students in class XII students 143 students, with the sample size being 112 students raised in intact families and 31 students raised in incomplete families, the sampling technique was total sampling technique. The instrument used in this research is an emotional maturity instrument with a Likert mode scale. The data analysis techniques used are descriptive analysis and hypothesis testing with the help of SPSS 20. The findings of this research show that: (1) The emotional maturity of students based on intact families is in the medium category, most students are able to manage emotions well. (2) The emotional maturity of students based on incomplete families is in the medium category, most students are able to manage emotions well. (3) There is a significant difference between the emotional maturity of students from intact families and students from non-intact families. This means that family integrity can also influence emotional maturity, where the emotional maturity of students from intact families is better than from non-intact families. Based on the results of this research, counselors can provide assistance to students through information services, individual counseling services and group counseling services.

Sustainable Strategies for Responsible Fashion: Adopting the Reduce, Reuse and Recycle Practices

The fashion sector, which contributes approximately 10% to global carbon emissions, exerts a considerable influence on the environment. The rapid pace of fast fashion has intensified both waste generation and resource utilization, thereby rendering sustainable practices an essential requirement. This study examines sustainable methodologies within the fashion industry, with particular emphasis on the implementation of the Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (RRR) framework. The article explores how global and local brands in Delhi incorporate such strategies into their operations and gauges consumer awareness and behavior towards sustainable fashion. Studies indicate that barriers faced by brands while trying to achieve sustainability include the high price tag of sustainable materials, minimal recycling facilities, and the price sensitivity of the consumer. Hypothesis testing was used to examine whether the consumer behavior was significant on their purchasing decisions and sustainability. The results reflected that, while there is indeed a growth in awareness, consumers' intentions and actual purchasing behaviors seem to be quite divergent concerning the acceptance of sustainable fashion. Furthermore, the paper makes workable recommendations to make the fashion industry more sustainable by focusing on policy measures, innovations in brands, and education for the consumer. Key Words: sustainable fashion, reduce reuse recycle, consumer behavior, competitive advantage, supply chain sustainability

The Role of Sharia Financial Inclusion in MSME Development in Sumenep (Study at BPRS Bhakti Sumekar)

This research is intended to identify and evaluate the contribution of Sharia financial inclusion at Sharia People's Financing Bank Bhakti Sumekar to the development of MSMEs in Sumenep Regency with the dimensions of accessibility, use of products and services, and service quality. This study determined sample size followed the Roscoe formula. At least 40 MSMEs were customers of Sharia People's Financing Bank Bhakti Sumekar were obtained. To collect data, a combination of interview methods and questionnaire distribution were used. The data was analyzed using SPSS for instrument testing, descriptive statistics, multiple linear regression, classical assumption testing, and hypothesis testing. Results showed that simultaneously, the variables of accessibility, use of products and services, and service quality have a significant impact on the development of MSMEs. However, partial use of products and services does not have a big impact on the development of MSMEs. This is partly due to the limited public awareness regarding Sharia financing, as well as the frequent misuse of credit financing. The implications of this research can provide direct benefits of Islamic financial inclusion, such as easier access to financing, better financial management, and increased business capacity. This will ultimately contribute to improved MSME performance, regional economic growth, and community welfare.