Test Microbes Research Articles

ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ ЛУКА МЕДВЕЖЬЕГО, ДИКОРАСТУЩЕГО В РСО-АЛАНИЯ

Nowadays research aimed at finding new natural sources of biologically active substances is becoming increasingly relevant, which is consistent with government policy in the field of healthy nutrition, preserving and strengthening public health. Plants containing valuable nutritional and biologically active substances that have antimicrobial activity and have a fungicidal effect (antifungal) are widely used in many industries and medicine. In this regard, determining the age characteristics of bear’s onion, the biochemical composition of the above-ground and underground parts and antimicrobial activity is a relevant area. The location of the research was the botanical garden and the research laboratory of the Research Institute of Biotechnology of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education «Mountain State Agrarian University». It has been established that under cultural conditions, samples of bear’s onion go through all stages or periods of development 8-10 days earlier than in natural conditions. A. ursinum L. is an ephemeroid, early-flowering species and belongs to the group of short-vegetating plants. Young shoots contain carbohydrates, proteins, organic acids, beneficial fiber, as well as biologically active substances: carotenoids - 0.31 ± 0.01 mg/g, total flavonoids - 1.79 ± 0.26 mg/g, ascorbic acid - 150 ± 5.11 mg%. Biologically active substances included in the composition of the above-ground and underground parts of bear onions can have an inhibitory effect on the growth of test microbes. Moreover, the bulbs have a large zone of inhibition of the growth of test microbes: Pr. vulgaris and Staph. aureus relative to the aerial part and is 26-30 mm, respectively. The antimicrobial activity of the aerial part of Allium ursinum relative to the test microbes is: E. coli - 22 mm, Pr. vulgaris - 25 mm; Staph. aureus - 20 mm. The results obtained provide a scientific basis for the possibility of introducing and cultivating Allium ursinum , as well as using it as a food product with a rich chemical composition and antimicrobial activity.

ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECT OF SOME ORGANOTIN (IV) DERIVATIVED OF PROPAN-1, 3-DIOIC ACID

Three organotin (IV) derivatives of propan-1,3-dioic acid; potassium dibutyltin(IV)propan-1;3-dioate (1), potassium diphenltin(IV)propan-1;3-dioate (2), and potassium triphenltin(IV)propan-1,3-dioate (3) were synthesized mechanochemically. KOH was ground with propan-1,3-dioic acid to give the ligand L: potassium propan-1,3-dioate, followed by complexation of the ligand, L with Bu2SnO, Ph2SnO and Ph3SnOH separately. Characterization of the ligand and complexes was done using magnetic susceptibility and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Ligand and complexes were screened for antimicrobial activity against five strains of gram-positive bacteria: Methicillin Resist Staph aureus, Vancomycin Resist enterococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Bacillus cereus and five fungi strains: Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nigre, Fusarium oxysporum and Fusarium proliferatum. Ciproflxacin and Ketoconazole were used as controlled drugs. Magnetic susceptibility data revealed complexes (1), (2) and (3) to be paramagnetic with values 0.144 µeff, 0.149 µeff and 0.151 µeff, respectively. SEM revealed that complex (3) pores were better filled by metals than complex (1) during complexation of parent organotin (IV) compound with the ligand, L. Antimicrobial result showed that the complexes synthesized in general exhibited significant activity (20-27 mm) against the microbes at the minimum inhibition concentrations (MIC) in the range 2.5 - 5 µg/mL (gram-positive bacteria) and 5 µg/mL (fungi) and minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentrations (MBC/MFC) of 5 - 20 µg/mL/10 - 20 µg/mL. The complexes and ligand showed better antimicrobial effect against test microbes at than the control drugs. These complexes hold promise as antibacterial and antifungal agents that may be used as metal-base drugs/formulations.

Antimicrobial Activity of Soaked and Boiled Jengkol Fruit Skin Extract against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans

Jengkol (Archidendron jiringa) fruit skin contains saponin, tannin, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds which act as antimicrobials in inhibiting and killing microbial. This research aimed to analyze the differences in various jengkol fruit skin extracts in antimicrobial activity against test microbes, as well as to analyze the total phenolic content and total saponin content in each jengkol fruit skin extract. The research method was carried out using an experimental method. Factor A extract (soaking and boiling) and Factor B Microbe (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans). The results of this research showed that extracts from soaking and boiling of jengkol fruit skin provided different inhibitory effects on the growth of S. aureus, E. coli, C. albicans. The best extraction method that produces the largest zone of inhibition for test microbes is boiling extract. The extract with the highest total phenolic content is boiling extract with a total phenolic content of 7.517 mgGAE/ml. The extract with the highest total saponin content is boiling extract with a total saponin content of 16.11%.

Two Sesquiterpenes from n-Hexane Fraction of Curcuma soloensis Rhizomes and Their Antimicrobial Activities

Curcuma soloensis is one of the medicinal plants that has the potential to be a source of bioactive compounds. The antimicrobial study of the bioactive compounds from C. soloensis was still limited. This study aimed to isolate the bioactive compounds from C. soloensis rhizomes and to evaluate their potential as antimicrobial agents. C. soloensis rhizome extraction was done using the maceration method with acetone and then fractionated with n-hexane: methanol (1:1). The compounds were separated and purified using vacuum liquid chromatography and radial chromatography. The structure of the isolated compounds was determined using the nuclear magnetic resonance (1H and 13C NMR) spectroscopy analysis and comparison with literature data. Antimicrobial activity assays of the extract, n-hexane fraction, and isolated compounds were carried out by microdilution methods against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, and Malaszezia furfur. Two bioactive compounds from the n-hexane extract of C. soloensis rhizome have been isolated: ar-curcumene and ar-turmerone. Antimicrobial test results on acetone extract, n-hexane fraction, and isolated compounds showed that ar-turmerone had the highest activity against S. aureus with a MIC value of 15.6 μg / mL. In comparison, ar-curcumene showed the same activity against all test microbes with a MIC value of 62.5 μg / mL. This study showed that secondary metabolite compounds of C. soloensis rhizomes have the potential to be developed as antimicrobial agents.

Antimicrobial activity of sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens Jack.) and antioxidants

Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) is a plant that has straight or slightly curved stems, no buttresses, and branches covered with fine hairs. Sungkai (P. canescens) is one of the many medicinal plants that grow in Indonesia and is widely used, the part that is commonly used is the leaves, where the leaves of Sungkai (P. canescens) have been widely known as a cure for several diseases such as malaria, high fever and for maintaining health. Research on the antimicrobial potential of sungkai leaf extract (P. canescens) and its antioxidant activity was carried out from April to August 2022. This study used the 2-factor Nested pattern experimental method. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity, determine Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC), and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) as well as determine the antioxidant activity of the fresh treatment, fresh infusion, dry infusion, dry infusion plus lime and dried decoction of sungkai leaves (P. canescens). The test microbes used in this study ware Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Candida albicans. The research results showed that sungkai leaf extract (P. canescens) could inhibit the growth of the tested microbes S. aureus and E. coli by producing significantly different inhibition zones and for the tested microbes C. albicans swere significantly different. MIC of fresh sungkai for S. aureus 25% and 50% E. coli. The highest antioxidant activity value was found in fresh samples with an IC50 value of 98.02 µg/mL which was classified as strong and the highest polyphenols in fresh treatment were 76.73 (mgGAE/G).

TELANG FLOWER KOMBUCHA SOLID BATH SOAP AS A HALAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY PRODUCT

Excellent health is part of having immunity which tends to be stable, where normal flora is the most important parameter in increasing the body's resistance. Normal flora that is not well controlled can also increase the body's immune system to become threatened so that disease and infection have the potential to attack each individual. Smelly armpits are a sign of disease or Staphylococcus hominis infection. Women's intimate organs experiencing vaginal discharge is a sign of disease or infection caused by Candida albicans. The solution that can be offered to inhibit the growth of these two microbes is to bathe using herbal soap that is environmentally friendly and antimicrobial, namely solid bath soap made from the active ingredient of telang flower kombucha. This research aims to produce environmentally friendly pharmaceutical biotechnology products in the form of solid bath soap formulations and preparations made from the active ingredient of telang flower kombucha. This research is a laboratory experiment by making a solid bath soap base without active substances and a solid bath soap made from the active ingredient of butterfly pea flower kombucha with sugar concentrations including 20%, 30% and 40%. This research has proven that solid bath soap with the active ingredient telang flower kombucha at a concentration of 40% is significantly different as a pharmaceutical biotechnology product in inhibiting the growth of the two test microbes, both bacteria that cause underarm odor and pathogenic fungi that cause vaginal discharge in women's intimate organs at concentrations of 20% and 30%. based on one-way ANOVA analysis with a P value <0.05. This research can be proven and concluded that telang flower kombucha solid bath soap at a concentration of 40% is an effective treatment as a pharmaceutical biotechnology product and as an antimicrobial for both bacteria that cause underarm odor and pathogenic fungi that cause vaginal discharge in women's intimate organs

Green Method for the Preparation of Durable Superhydrophobic Antimicrobial Polyester Fabrics with Micro-Pleated Structures.

To produce functional protective textiles with minimal environmental footprints, we developed durable superhydrophobic antimicrobial textiles. These textiles are characterized by a micro-pleated structure on polyester fiber surfaces, achieved through a novel plasma impregnation crosslinking process. This process involved the use of water as the dispersion medium, water-soluble nanosilver monomers for antimicrobial efficacy, fluorine-free polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for hydrophobicity, and polyester (PET) fabric as the base material. The altered surface properties of these fabrics were extensively analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. The antimicrobial performance of the strains was evaluated using Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. After treatment, the fabrics exhibited enhanced hydrophobic and antimicrobial properties, which was attributed to the presence of a micro-pleated structure and nanosilver. The modified textiles demonstrated a static WCA of approximately 154° and an impressive 99.99% inhibition rate against both test microbes. Notably, the WCA remained above 140° even after 500 washing cycles or 3000 friction cycles.

Anti-Biofilm Activity of Ethanol Extract of Citrus hystrix Dc. Against Opportunistic Pathogenic Microbes In-Vitro

Opportunistic pathogenic microbes are often a problem in the treatment of infections because of their ability to form biofilms. The structure of the irreversible components of the glycocalyx or microbial capsule plays a role in protecting it from antimicrobial exposure and disinfection. The effectiveness of antibiofilms needs to be evaluated, including those from natural preparations. Citrus hystrix DC. (C.hystrix) contains antimicrobial compounds and its activity as an antibiofilm needs to be known. This experimental research aims to test the anti-biofilm effect of C.hystrix extract against standard microbial isolates. The dilution method with tube-test was used to analyze the antibiofilm effect of a combination of C. hystrix leaf and peel extracts (6.25%, 12.5%, 25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%) with 70% ethanol control. Antibiofilm observations are qualitatively based on the Minimum Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MBIC) and quantitatively based on the Mean Gray Value (MGV) of biofilm intensity. The results of observations in 3 experiments showed that the MBIC of C.hystix extract was 6.25% for gram-positive bacteria and 12.5% for gram-negative bacteria and Candida. The average MGV of C.hystrix extract was 75%, equivalent to 70% ethanol for all test microbes (p.0.05). The highest average MGV was produced by 100% combination extracts for S.epidermidis (138,09±0,36), S.aureus (135,69±2,01), E.coli (134,75±0,89), P.aeruginosa (130,76±0,24), and C.albicans (130,41±0,41). In conclusion, hystrix orange leaf and peel extracts produce anti-biofilm activity against test microbes in-vitro.

Secondary metabolite profiles, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of callus, and leaves extract of Piper sarmentosum Roxb.

This research was aimed to investigate the effect of different combination concentrations of 2,4-diclorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and benzylaminopurine (BAP) on callus induction, profiles of secondary metabolites, antimicrobial, and antioxidant activities from Piper sarmentosum leaves. These leaves explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different combination concentrations of 2,4-D and BAP (0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 2.5 mg/L) during 6-week culture callus period. Result showed that the morphology of callus grown during this study was compact in various colors appearance, such as light brown, brownish, and dark brown. The fastest mean of callus induction time was 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP (10 days). The highest callus fresh weight was 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 2.0 mg/L BAP (0.350 g). The combination concentration of 1.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/L BAP was the highest callus dry weight (0.078 g), this treatment was contained 11 different compounds, which were dominated by cyanoacetamide (25.08%) and diisooctyl-phthalate (21.81%). Myristicin and propanamide compounds were also identified in the methanol extract of P. sarmentosum callus. Methanolic extract of callus P. sarmentosum from the optimum treatment had the highest antioxidant activity (26.709 μL/mL) and antimicrobial activity against three test microbes.

Silver oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis via chemical reduction, characterization, antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies

The present work reports the chemical synthesis of silver oxide (AgO) nanoparticles (NPs) using oxalic acid (OA) and tri-sodium citrate (TSC) as reducing, capping, and stabilizing agents. The synthesis was carried by mixing equal volumes of metal precursor and reducing agents at various concentrations (0.02 M, 0.04 M, 0.06 M, 0.08 M, 0.10 M, and 1.00 M). Increase in average particle size was observed at the highest synthesis concentration, whereas decrease in surface charge was observed. The average particle size observed was 30.2 nm to 55.2 nm for O-AgO NPs and 16.6 nm to 44.2 nm for T-AgO NPs at various synthesis concentrations. The surface charge observed was −54.4 mV to –32.0 mV for O-AgO NPs and −48.7 mV to −31.0 mV for T-AgO NPs. AgO NPs synthesized a 1.00 M showed highest zone of inhibition (ZOI, mm) against all the test microbes. In cytotoxicity studies, low to moderate inhibitory effect was observed against MCF-7 and PVA1 cancer cell lines, whereas, none of the AgO NPs showed inhibitory effect against Caco-2 cancer cell line.

Coefficient Test of Antimicrobial Phenol Combination of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes Extract In Vitro as Alternative Disinfection Candidates

Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes are weeds that often pollute water areas. These two contain various active compounds that act as antimicrobials, which have the potential as disinfection agents to prevent the transmission of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. An antimicrobial substance is said to be effective as a good disinfectant if it has a phenol coefficient value equal to or more than the 5% phenol comparison substance. The aim of this research was to test the effectiveness of a combination of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts as a disinfection candidate through the phenol coefficient test. This in vitro experimental study was carried out using a dilution technique. The combination treatment of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts and 5% phenol was tested against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and also Candida albicans yeast. Observations on the test media suspension tubes that were clear or did not show the growth of the test microbes for a period of 5, 10, and 15 minutes. The phenol coefficient value of the combination treatment of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts was ≥1 with 5% phenol as comparison. Higher coefficient values were obtained for Staphylococcus aureus, equivalent values of 5% phenol were found for E.coli, P.aeruginosa, and C.albicans; whereas in S.typhi the value is <1. The combination treatment of E.crassipes and P.stratiotes extracts resulted in a phenol coefficient value equivalent to that of 5% phenol comparator, for several tested bacteria and yeasts. So it has effectiveness as a preparation for disinfection. The combination of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes extracts has antimicrobial effectiveness and can be developed as an alternative disinfection candidate.

Prunus dulcis-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization, and an evaluation of their biocidal properties

Use of plant extracts for synthesizing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is gaining importance due to their easy, eco-friendly, cost effective and non-toxic nature. In this study, an economical biosynthetic approach of ZnO formation was delineated where aqueous extract of Prunus dulcis (almond) leaves has been used as reducing/capping agent followed by their characterization studies. The present study has successfully synthesized pure, highly crystalline in nature, predominantly spherical ZnO nanoparticles within the size range 71–214 nm for nanocystallites and 526 nm-2.37 μm for aggregated flower-shaped ZnO nanoparticles. Microbicidal properties of uncalcined and calcined ZnO nanoparticles were evaluated using test microbes (bacteria: E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis; fungi Penicillium spp., F. oxysporum, A. flavus, R. solani). Lack of microbicidal potential was observed against all four bacteria and fungi. When tested for toxicity against HCT-116 carcinoma cells, these nanoparticles displayed non-toxic nature. This biocompatibility is influenced by physico-chemical properties of ZnO nanoparticles as well as biological properties of living cells. Thus, these ZnO nanoparticles can serve as an innocuous machinery in disease therapeutics due to the presence of their non-microbicidal and non-antineoplastic activities.

Levofloxacin HCl-Loaded Eudragit L-Based Solvent Exchange-Induced In Situ Forming Gel Using Monopropylene Glycol as a Solvent for Periodontitis Treatment.

Solvent exchange-induced in situ forming gel (ISG) is currently an appealing dosage form for periodontitis treatment via localized injection into the periodontal pocket. This study aims to apply Eudragit L and Eudragit S as matrix components of ISG by using monopropylene glycol as a solvent for loading levofloxacin HCl for periodontitis treatment. The influence of Eudragit concentration was investigated in terms of apparent viscosity, rheological behavior, injectability, gel-forming behavior, and mechanical properties. Eudragit L-based formulation presented less viscosity, was easier to inject, and could form more gel than Eudragit S-based ISG. Levofloxacin HCl-loading diminished the viscosity of Eudragit L-based formulation but did not significantly change the gel formation ability. Higher polymer loading increased viscosity, force-work of injectability, and hardness. SEM photographs and µCT images revealed their scaffold formation, which had a denser topographic structure and less porosity attained owing to higher polymer loading and less in vitro degradation. By tracking with fluorescence dyes, the interface interaction study revealed crucial information such as solvent movement ability and matrix formation of ISG. They prolonged the drug release for 14 days with fickian drug diffusion kinetics and increased the release amount above the MIC against test microbes. The 1% levofloxacin HCl and 15% Eudragit L dissolved in monopropylene glycol (LLM15) was a promising ISG because of its appropriate viscosity (3674.54 ± 188.03 cP) with Newtonian flow, acceptable gel formation and injectability (21.08 ± 1.38 N), hardness (33.81 ± 2.3 N) and prolonged drug release with efficient antimicrobial activities against S. aureus (ATCC 6538, 6532, and 25923), methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (S. aureus ATCC 4430), E. coli ATCC 8739, C. albicans ATCC 10231, P. gingivalis ATCC 33277, and A. actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 29522; thus, it is the potential ISG formulation for periodontitis treatment by localized periodontal pocket injection.

In-vitro and in-silico evaluation of antimicrobial and antibiofilm secondary metabolites of a novel fungal endophyte, Albophoma sp. BAPR5

Endophytic fungi inhabiting medicinal plants are promising sources of novel secondary metabolites and potential drug leads, many of which possess clinically significant antimicrobial activities. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial potential of the endophytic fungus BAPR5, which was isolated from the rhizome of Astilbe rivularis, a medicinal plant used in traditional Bhutanese medicine. The fungus was identified as Albophoma sp. BAPR5 based on morphological and molecular characteristics. The ethyl acetate-based fungal extract showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against test microbes, with the highest inhibition observed against Staphylococcus epidermidis (19.93 ± 0.40). The extract also showed antibiofilm activity against Escherichia coli. GC–MS analysis of the ethyl acetate extract revealed the presence of 16 compounds, including the rare antifungal compound Hexa-1,3,5-triyne. Besides, significant compounds detected were 4-Heptanol, 2,2-dimethyl-, 2-ethylhexyl ester, Phenylethyl alcohol, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, Hentriacontane and bis (2-methylpropyl) ester. LC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of 26 compounds including Pyridoxatin, Pyrenocine A, Tryptophol, Bassiatin, Fuscin, Myricetin, Farylhydrazone A, Chaunolidine C, etc. The in-silico studies on drug likeness, bioactivity, antimicrobial, and antibiofilm activity also confirmed the potential of Albophoma sp. BAPR5 secondary metabolites. Our findings demonstrate that BAPR5 produces bioactive compounds with potent antimicrobial properties. These results suggest that endophytic fungi like BAPR5 represent a valuable source of potent antimicrobial agents that may have important clinical applications.

Boosted photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of polyaniline supported tandem n-n ternary CdS-ZnO-Ag3PO4 composite under visible light irradiation

In this work, a novel polyaniline supported tandem n-n ternary heterojunction, PANI/CdS-ZnO-Ag3PO4, was prepared via impregnation method. Physicochemical properties of the as-synthesized materials were determined by AAS, XRD, TGA-DTA, UV–vis, SEM-EDX, HR-TEM, FT-IR, and PL instruments. Photocatalytic activities and antimicrobial efficiencies of the supported and unsupported heterojunctions were evaluated using methyl orange dye as a model organic pollutant and Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria as test microbes respectively. Photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of the polymer supported ternary heterojunction were found to be higher than that of binary and single forms. At optimized working conditions (12 ppm of MO, 140 mg L−1 of catalyst, at pH=6), degradation efficiencies of 95.6%, 92.1%, 84.2% and 70.0% were obtained during four cycles. Thus, supporting the ternary system not only enhanced the photocatalytic efficiency but also the stability of the ternary heterojunction. Superoxide (·O2-) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were the predominant reactive species involving in the degradation process. Antibacterial efficiency of polyaniline supported CdS-ZnO-Ag3PO4 composite over both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria was found to be relatively higher than its binary and ternary counterparts revealing the potential application of this novel composite for environmental and antimicrobial applications.

Levofloxacin HCl-Incorporated Zein-Based Solvent Removal Phase Inversion In Situ Forming Gel for Periodontitis Treatment.

Zein is composed of nonpolar amino acids and is a water-insoluble protein used as the matrix-forming agent of localized in situ forming gel (ISG). Therefore, this study prepared solvent removal phase inversion zein-based ISG formulations to load levofloxacin HCl (Lv) for periodontitis treatment using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and glycerol formal (GF) as the solvents. Their physicochemical properties were determined, including viscosity, injectability, gel formation, and drug release. The topography of dried remnants after drug release was revealed using a scanning electron microscope and X-ray computed microtomography (μCT) to investigate their 3D structure and % porosity. The antimicrobial activities were tested against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Escherichia coli ATCC 8739, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, and Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277 with agar cup diffusion. Increasing zein concentration or using GF as the solvent notably enhanced the apparent viscosity and injection force of the zein ISG. However, its gel formation slowed due to the dense zein matrix barrier's solvent exchange: the higher loaded zein or utilization of GF as an ISG solvent prolonged Lv release. The SEM and μCT images revealed the scaffold of dried ISG in that their % porosity corresponded with their phase transformation and drug release behavior. In addition, the sustainability of drug diffusion promoted a smaller antimicrobial inhibition clear zone. Drug release from all formulations was attained with minimum inhibitory concentrations against pathogen microbes and exhibited a controlled release over 7 days. Lv-loaded 20% zein ISG using GF as a solvent exhibited appropriate viscosity, Newtonian flow, acceptable gel formation and injectability, and prolonged Lv release over 7 days with efficient antimicrobial activities against various test microbes; thus, it is the potential ISG formulation for periodontitis treatment. Consequently, the Lv-loaded solvent removal zein-based ISGs proposed in this investigation offer promising potential as an efficacious drug delivery system for periodontitis treatment by local injection.

Agensi Hayati Jamur Endofit Daun dan Batang Apel Timor

ABSTRACTThis study discusses the antimicrobial potential and biological agents of the endophytic fungi on the leaves and stems of Timor apples. Apple plants have been developed in Timor Tengah Selatan (TTS) Regency; however, they slowly stop producing and even die due to disease. Disease control can be done through biological agents with endophytic fungi. This study aims to determine the antimicrobial activity and biological agency of endophytic fungi found in the stems and leaves of the Timor apple plant. This study uses a laboratory experiment method by testing the antimicrobial activity of the isolated endophytic fungi with the well method against E. coli and P. aeruginosa bacteria and C. albicans fungi. Biological agency against pathogenic fungi was tested using antagonist test. The inhibition and antagonist zone data were analyzed descriptively. The study results show that there were three isolates of endophytic fungi, namely IH isolate (black isolate) of Aspergillus sp., IA isolate (bluish green isolate) of Aspergillus sp., and IP isolate (white isolate) of Fusarium sp. Endophytic fungal isolates were found to have activity in inhibiting the growth of the test microbes, with the average inhibition zone of IH of Aspergillus sp. against C. albicans was 15.6 mm, IP of Fusarium sp against P. aeruginosa was 15.9 mm, and IA of Aspergilus sp against E.coli was 11.2 mm. The compound test shows that the endophytic fungal isolates contained alkaloids, terpenoids, and flavonoids. Meanwhile, the antagonist test shows that endophytic fungi were able to inhibit the growth of pathogenic fungi with the growth area coveredthe pathogenic fungus and the widest area was Aspergillus sp.Keywords: antimicrobial, biological agents, endophytic fungi, stems and leaves of Timor apples

Activity test of Guazuma ulmifolia Lam (Jati Belanda) methanol extract against bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Background: Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria are a group of bacteria that can infect the respiratory tract so that they can cause complications for humans, Jati belanda leaves (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam) is a plant that has potential as an antibacterial, because it has active substances that can stop the growth of bacterial organisms, namely flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids are its components. Purpose: This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of methanol extract of Jati belanda leaves (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam) on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria. Methods: Antibacterial activity test in this study was carried out using the well method, Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria as test microbes in this study, positive control (chloramphenicol), 20% DMSO negative control and five concentration groups namely 100%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% ​​and 6.25% from methanol extract of Jati belanda leaves (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam). Results: From the research results it is known that the methanol extract of Jati belanda leaves (Guazuma ulmifolia Lam) is able to inhibit Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with each inhibition zone at 100% concentration of 12.31 mm, 50% concentration of 10.48 mm, 25% concentration of 7.62 mm and the positive control (chloramphenicol) was 33.24 mm and the Klebsiella pneumonia bacteria at 100% concentration was 14.27 mm, 50% concentration was 11.14 mm and the positive control (chloramphenicol) was 40.6 mm.

Isolation of endophytic bacteria and fungi from soursop (Annona muricata L.) and bioactivity test as antimicrobial against Eschericia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Candida albicans

This study aimed to test the antimicrobial activity of endophytic bacteria and fungi isolates of soursop (Annona muricata L.) in inhibiting the growth of E.coli, S. epidermidis, and C. albicans. The stages of the research were the isolation of endophytic bacteria, antimicrobial assay, and characterization of potential endophytic bacteria and fungi. Endophytic microbial was isolated from leaves, bark, and root of soursop taken from Praya, Central Lombok. The agar diffusion method was used in the antimicrobial activity assay. Characterization was carried out on endophytic microbes with antimicrobial activity based on colony morphology, Gram staining, and biochemical tests. The antimicrobial activity test results showed that none of the endophytic bacteria and fungi isolates had intense activity inhibiting the test microbes' growth. Isolates with code DN3, DNX, and AKRX had medium activity against E. coli, isolates with code AKR1 had medium activity against S. epidermidis, and isolates with code DN2 AKRX had medium activity against C.albicans. The research results showed that the endophytic bacteria from soursop plants could inhibit the growth of test microbes in the weak to moderate.

Evaluation of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of endophytic bacterial crude extracts from medicinal plant Ajuga turkestanica (Rgl.) Brig (Lamiaceae)

Ajuga turkestanica (Lamiaceae) is an endemic species of flora of Uzbekistan and is widely used in traditional medicine from its aboveground and root parts. In the course of a scientific study strains of endophytic bacteria with antimicrobial activity were isolated from the underground and upper parts of the plant. Twelve bacterial strains were selected to obtain crude extracts with methanol and ethyl acetate. The was studied pathogenic test of crude extracts of selected endophytic bacterial strains against bacterial strains and plant phytopathogenic fungi. It has been established that crude extracts isolated from strains of endophytic bacteria are effective against pathogenic test microbes. All extracts have an inhibitory effect pathogen test strains against gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus-91, Bacillus subtilis-5, gram-negative Escherichia coli − 221, Pseudomonas aeruginosa − 225 and Candida albicans-247. The crude extracts showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 3.125 µg/mL − 50 µg/mL, inhibiting the growth of test strains of the pathogen. The range of action of all extracts at the minimum inhibitory concentration was as follows: E. coli 6.25 µg/mL − 25 µg/mL, B. subtilis 12.5 µg/mL −50 µg/mL, S. aureus −3.122 µg/mL − 50 µg/mL, P. aeruginosa 12.5 µg/mL −50 µg/mL. The inhibitory effect of all endophytic bacterial strains on plant phytopathogenic fungi was as follows: Fusarium oxysporium: 3–5 cm, 44% −70% and Fusarium proliferatum: 4.1–7 cm, 27.8% − 56%. Our findings provide new insights into the antimicrobial activities of B. mojavensis (M11) and B. amyloliquefaciens (M13) natural endophytes, suggest this species may a promising candidate as a biocontrol agent to confer resistance to F. oxysporium and F. proliferatum disease and other phytopathogens in medicinal plants.