Test Subjects Research Articles

Counselor Performance Test Instrument: Validity, Reliability, and Implications for Group Guidance Services

The development of counselor performance assessment instruments, especially for group guidance services, is still being developed independently by each higher education institution. It tends to be non-standard and not entirely in line with the need to create counselor competency in implementing school group guidance services. This research aims to create a performance test instrument for group guidance services for school counselors that is valid and reliable by adapting the development model from Borg & Gall at three stages of development. By involving 5 subjects as testers for the acceptability of performance instruments, namely 2 lecturers and 3 school counselors. Thirty-nine construct validity and reliability testing subjects consist of 2 lecturers, 12 school counselors, and 20 practical students. This development resulted in a set of counselor performance assessment instruments in group guidance services consisting of 13 statement instrument items on the planning aspect and 27 on the practice aspect, tested as valid and reliable based on SPSS 26 analysis. Furthermore, experts and users have also validated the assessment instrument by meeting acceptability criteria (applicable, feasible, and appropriate). Thus, it can be concluded that the counselor performance test instrument product in group guidance has met the development objectives and can be used for assessment in the planning and practice of group guidance services in schools or clinical counseling supervision activities.

THE EFFECT OF ADDING PETROFISH PROBIOTICS TO FEED AT DIFFERENT DOSES ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF BARRAMUNDI (Lates calcarifer) JUVENILES

This study aimed to determine the effect of adding Petrofish probiotics to feed at different doses on the growth and survival of barramundi (Lates calcarifer) juveniles. The research utilized an experimental method with 120 barramundi juveniles as test subjects, distributed into treatments A (Control), B 10mL/kg dosage), C (15mL/kg dosage), and D (20mL/kg dosage). The study was conducted for 30 days, using 12 buckets containing ten barramundi juveniles. The research employed a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), followed by Least Significant Difference (LSD) post hoc tests. The results indicated significant effects for each treatment. The highest absolute weight and length were observed in treatment D at 0.90 g and 0.73 cm, followed by treatment C at 0.77 g and 0.67 cm, treatment B at 0.69 g and 0.62 cm, and the lowest values were in treatment A at 9.51 g and 0.58 cm

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Effects on Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) and Nociceptive Processing in Healthy Subjects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The aim of this study is to determine the effect that different tDCS protocols have on pain processing in healthy people, assessed using quantitative sensory tests (QST) and evoked pain intensity. We systematically searched in EMBASE, CINAHL, PubMed, PEDro, PsycInfo, and Web of Science. Articles on tDCS on a healthy population and regarding QST, such as pressure pain thresholds (PPT), heat pain thresholds (HPT), cold pain threshold (CPT), or evoked pain intensity were selected. Quality was analyzed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and PEDro scale. Twenty-six RCTs were included in the qualitative analysis and sixteen in the meta-analysis. There were no significant differences in PPTs between tDCS and sham, but differences were observed when applying tDCS over S1 in PPTs compared to sham. Significant differences in CPTs were observed between tDCS and sham over DLPFC and differences in pain intensity were observed between tDCS and sham over M1. Non-significant effects were found for the effects of tDCS on HPTs. tDCS anodic over S1 stimulation increases PPTs, while a-tDCS over DLPFC affects CPTs. The HPTs with tDCS are worse. Finally, M1 a-tDCS seems to reduce evoked pain intensity in healthy subjects.

Development of Android-Based Indonesian Cultural Exploration Educational Game for Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Students

This research aims to develop an Android-based educational game to introduce Indonesian culture to Madrasah Ibtidaiyah students. Following the Research and Development methodology with ADDIE model, the study comprises three key stages: 1) analysis of students' and teachers' needs, 2) development of the educational game, and 3) testing the product's effectiveness. The study involved test subjects from twenty schools in Lamongan Regency. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews, and data analysis encompassed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The material expert validation, media validation, and validation by learning experts collectively resulted in a 'very good' categorization. The educational game's effectiveness was substantiated by a t-test (tvalue > ttable) and practicality tests, revealing a high interest level of 94.86%. In conclusion, this research significantly contributes to the development of an Android-based educational game for exploring Indonesian culture.

Development of Android-Based Indonesian Cultural Exploration Educational Game for Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Students

This research aims to develop an Android-based educational game to introduce Indonesian culture to Madrasah Ibtidaiyah students. Following the Research and Development methodology with ADDIE model, the study comprises three key stages: 1) analysis of students' and teachers' needs, 2) development of the educational game, and 3) testing the product's effectiveness. The study involved test subjects from twenty schools in Lamongan Regency. Data were collected using questionnaires and interviews, and data analysis encompassed both qualitative and quantitative methods. The material expert validation, media validation, and validation by learning experts collectively resulted in a 'very good' categorization. The educational game's effectiveness was substantiated by a t-test (tvalue > ttable) and practicality tests, revealing a high interest level of 94.86%. In conclusion, this research significantly contributes to the development of an Android-based educational game for exploring Indonesian culture.

The Scientific Literacy Test Instrument on Particle Dynamics for High School Students

The measurement of scientific literacy is very focused, this is shown by the urgency of preparing scientific literacy test instruments. This research develops a proper scientific literacy test instrument on particle dynamics material. This research is a development research adapted from the Borg and Gall model. The test subjects of this study were 202 students. Design validation, instrument validity, instrument reliability, instrument difficulty level and instrument differentiability are data analysis techniques. The product produced is a material science literacy test instrument for particle dynamics totaling 10 questions in the form of reasoned multiple choice questions. The results showed that (1) the questions were in the valid category, (2) had reliability with very good criteria of 0.83 (3) the difficulty level of the questions obtained 1 item in the difficult category and 11 questions with moderate criteria, (4) the results of the discriminating power of the questions show that there are 2 questions with sufficient discriminating power so that the items can still be used and there are 2 items with bias so that 2 items are discarded. It can be concluded that the developed scientific literacy test instrument can be used to measure students' scientific literacy competence.

Test The Toxicity of The Ethanol Extract of Lacum Leaves (Cayratia trifolia L.) Using The Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT) Method

People use the lacum plant (Cayratia trifolia L.), an herbaceous plant from the Vitaceae family that grows wild, as a traditional medicine. Lacum leaves have special things inside them called secondary metabolites like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenols, steroids, terpenoids, and tannins. Toxicity tests must be carried out because flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids have harmful effects on test animals at certain concentrations. A substance or natural ingredient that will be used as a medicine is tested to determine its level of toxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the total levels of toxic compounds and the level of toxicity in the ethanol extract of lacum leaves (Cayratia trifolia L.) Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). This research uses Artemia salina leach larvae as test subjects. This research also used an experimental approach arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) consisting of 7 treatments and 4 replications. The percentage of larval death was used in probit analysis to identify the toxic effects of the extract and calculate the LC50 value. Based on the research results, it shows that there are total levels of toxic compounds in the ethanol extract of lacum leaves (Cayratia trifolia L.), namely flavonoids, alkaloids and steroids with an LC50 value of 105.08 ppm which places it in the moderately toxic category and is thought to have anticancer properties.

Development of Microsoft Powerpoint Learning Media in Science Subjects in Class V in Elementary School

PowerPoint-based learning media is the development of learning tools by creating presentation slides and integrating various media such as images, animation, and text as teaching materials. Media use in learning activities needs to be done to facilitate the learning process and achieve optimal results from the learning objectives. Therefore, as a component of education, teachers must be more creative and innovative in presenting learning, such as using learning media as teaching materials. This research uses the Borg and Gall model of research development (R&D) methods. The steps in this development research include potential problems, literature study, information gathering, product design, product design validation, and prototype. The feasibility of the product is based on the results of assessments by media experts, material experts, and class teachers as test subjects. Data collection techniques use interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. The results of the research show that the assessment from media experts received a score percentage of 92.22%, including in the very appropriate category, material experts received a score percentage of 96%, including in the very appropriate category, and validation teachers received a presentation score of 96.66%, including in the very appropriate category. It can be concluded that Powerpoint media for science learning at SDN 1 Nonapan II is suitable as teaching material.

Ocular Motility Patterns in Intellectual Disability: Insights from the Developmental Eye Movement Test.

To measure the ocular motility parameters of the Developmental Eye Movement (DEM) test objectively, with an eye tracker in subjects with intellectual disability (ID). The DEM test was performed on 45 subjects with ID, while their eye movements were recorded with an eye tracker. Some objective parameters of ocular motility were obtained through each subtest (A, B, and C) of the full DEM test. There was a significant positive correlation between the saccadic speed (cc: 0.537; p = 0.001) and length (cc: 0.368; p = 0.030) of both eyes for the same subject. People with a higher percentage of ID exhibited a greater number of fixations, saccades, and errors, and took longer to perform the DEM test than those with a lower ID percentage, who had greater numbers of these parameters than subjects without ID. Subjects without ID exhibited faster saccades, with a higher amplitude, than subjects with ID. The eye tracker quantifies ocular motility parameters involved in the DEM test in subjects with ID. Both eyes' movements in subjects with ID were conjugated, exhibiting saccades of the same length and speed. All parameters were different in subjects with ID compared to those in subjects without ID, so normative tables specifically for subjects with ID are necessary.

Reducing Restrictive Interventions in Inpatient Mental Healthcare Facilities: A Literature Review

BACKGROUND: One common characteristic of mental health facilities is the violence and aggression that most patients exhibit. Such characteristics threaten the safety of the patients as well as that of the healthcare providers. Interventions have been put in place to prevent such aggression among mental patients. One of the common interventions is physical or chemical restriction. However, such interventions not only violate the dignity of the patients but also have negative repercussions on the treatment process and recidivism among the patients. Purpose: This study aimed to identify methods and models that would reduce the need for restrictive interventions to challenging behavior by mentally ill patients in inpatient psychiatric healthcare facilities.
 
 METHODS: The researcher examined databases that had information concerning mental health. These included CINAHL, PSYCINFO, EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. The quality appraisal used in the Cochrane Library database encompasses several systematic reviews that have been published. The data analysis that was used in this research was based on the findings of other researchers' content analysis and was an excellent technique in the research methodology. 
 
 RESULTS: The researcher employed the inclusion criteria from the previous chapter and identified 108 studies. The author applied qualitative research synthesis to analyze the literature and extract data for interpretation in the study. The majority of the studies used qualitative methodologies. The CASP tool was indispensable in appraising every study considered in the paper. Several health services have committed to the substantial reduction or elimination of the use of restrictive interventions. Restrictive practices can be reduced and often eliminated in healthcare services. The weight of evidence that seclusion and restraint can be reduced and eliminated comes from reports of these outcomes being achieved in mental health services. There is also evidence of seclusion and restraint being reduced in emergency departments and disability services. 
 
 CONCLUSION: Mental healthcare providers might argue that using restrictive interventions within the context of the medical care environment presents an excellent way of dealing with aggressive and violent people. Researchers in the future need to use actual test subjects. They need to conduct clinical trials to ensure that they can validate the results of the current study. 
 
 RECOMMENDATIONS: Intervention development should be theoretically informed and be conducted in collaboration with people who have lived experience of this issue. Limit setting may be effective for preventing and managing aggression. Observation is potentially a powerful strategy for preventing and managing aggression.

Influence of Turbidity on Foraging Behaviour in Three-Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

Anthropogenic activities increase turbidity in coastal marine environments globally, and turbidity is particularly caused by eutrophication. Turbidity is a measurement of the scattering and absorption of light by suspended matter in water. An increase in turbidity influences visual predators and affects community structures and whole ecosystems. The three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) is a widespread species in the northern hemispheric Pacific and Atlantic oceans. It is a visual predator and, therefore, a very well-suited species for studying the effects of increasing turbidity on foraging behaviour and activity. Sticklebacks used for this study were from an aquarium in the North Sea Oceanarium. They have been in the aquarium for around two months and were originally collected in a highly eutrophicated marine fjord system. They were individually placed in an observation aquarium, fed with krill, given 10 min to forage, and observed by video cameras. The video films were analysed to study stickleback predation behaviour. Experiments were repeated with four different turbidity treatments, ranging from a mean of 0.034 up to 10 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit). Bentonite clay was used as a turbidity-increasing substance. A statistically significant difference in foraging behaviour and activity between the turbidity treatments was observed. The test subjects were found to lunge less for prey and had a higher feeding latency with increasing turbidity. Additionally, they were less active with increasing turbidity. The behavioural instability estimated as a variation in feeding latency increased with increasing turbidity but decreased at the highest turbidity value. Our study indicates an effect of turbidity-increasing events on the behaviour of the three-spined stickleback and potentially also other similar visual predators.

DEVELOPMENT OF STRENGTH TRAINING MODELS IN CHILDREN AGED 8–10 YEARS BASED ON TRADITIONAL LOCAL GAMES IN GORONTALO PROVINCE

This study aims to develop a strength training model for children aged 8-10 years based on local traditional games in the form of a guidebook. This research uses the Research & Development method. This method is used to produce certain products and test the effectiveness of these products. In this research, the test subjects that will be used are children aged 8-10 years who are in the Botu Village, Dumbo Raya District, Gorontalo City. This study uses an assessment questionnaire based on the number of opinions or answers to the questionnaire with a percentage. Percentages are intended to determine the status of something that is presented and presented in the form of a percentage. Based on the results of the trial which was carried out in two stages, namely from the small group trial to the large group trial, there was a decrease in the content feasibility aspect from 90% to 84.3%, the grammar aspect from 84.16% to 81.25%, the display aspect 89.16% to 84.06%, then the total assessment results from the small group test to the large group test decreased from 88.77% to 83.78% or it could be said to be a decrease of 4.99%

Transspinal Direct Current Electrical Stimulation Selectively Affects the Excitability of the Corticospinal System, Depending on the Intensity but Not Motor Skills.

Transspinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is a non-invasive technique used to modulate spinal cord activity. However, the effects and mechanisms of this stimulation are currently not comprehensively known. This study aimed to estimate the effect of different intensities of tsDCS applied at the level of cervical enlargement of the spinal cord (C7-Th1 segments) on the excitability of the corticospinal system (CSS) and the correction of motor skills in healthy subjects. The effect of tsDCS was estimated by the motor-evoked potentials (MEP) elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in the primary motor cortex (M1). The study involved 54 healthy adults aged 22 ± 4 years. The application of 11 min anodal tsDCS at the level of the cervical spine C7-Th1 with a current intensity of 2.5 mA did not change the MEP amplitude of the upper limb muscles, in contrast to the data that we previously obtained with a current intensity of 1.5 mA. We also found no difference in the effect of 2.5 mA stimulation on motor skill correction in healthy subjects in the nine-hole peg test (9-HPT) and the serial reaction time task (SRT) as with 1.5 mA stimulation. Our data show that an increase in the intensity of stimulation does not lead to an increase in the effects but rather reduces the effects of stimulation. These results provide information about the optimally appropriate stimulation current intensities to induce CSS excitability and the ability of tsDCS to influence motor skills in healthy adults.

THE VALIDITY OF E-MODULE TEACHING MATERIALS IN APPLIED MATHEMATICS COURSES

This research is a type of research and development that aims to determine the validity of e-module teaching materials in applied mathematics courses for students. This research includes referring to the 4D development model which consists of several phases, namely the stages of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. The product developed is in the form of e-module teaching materials in applied mathematics courses. The test subjects in this study were graphic engineering students at the State Polytechnic of Creative Media Makassar. The instrument used in this study was a validation sheet consisting of two validators from design experts and materials experts. Based on the results of the research that has been done, an analysis of the validation results: (1) graphic validity, namely 4.7 is in the very valid category; (2) language validity, which is 4.9, is in the very valid category; (3) construct validity is 4.9 is in the very valid category; and (4) e-module presentation that is 4.7, is in the very valid category so that the average value of all aspects is 4.8 which is in the very valid category. So that it can mean that the e-module teaching materials in applied mathematics courses that have been developed are declared valid to be used as teaching materials in the learning process.

Effects of Different Heterogeneous Nutrient Environments on the Growth and Activities of Enzymes in the Roots of Fokienia hodginsii Families.

Currently, research on the F. hodginsii asexual lineage primarily focuses on the screening of growth traits and the control of single fertilizer applications. The effects of the heterogeneity of soil nutrients on root growth and activity have not been studied in detail. Therefore, we propose forest management measures to improve the foraging ability of forest trees in conjunction with stand productivity. In this experiment, annual containerized seedlings of 10 free-pollinated F. hodginsii lines from a primary asexual seed orchard were used as test subjects, and three heterogeneous nutrient environments of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were constructed. In contrast, homogeneous nutrient environments were used as the control to carry out potting experiments, to study the growth of F. hodginsii lines and the differences in the activities of root enzymes under the three heterogeneous nutrient environments, and to carry out the comprehensive evaluation using the principal component and cluster analysis method. The results were as follows: (1) The seedling height of F. hodginsii family lines under a homogeneous nutrient environment was significantly higher than that of all heterogeneous nutrient environments; the diameter of the ground was the highest under N heterogeneous nutrient environment and significantly higher than that of all the other nutrient environments; the biomass of the root system was the highest under P heterogeneous nutrient environment, which was significantly higher than that of homogeneous nutrient environment and K heterogeneous nutrient environment. The catalase (CAT) activity of F. hodginsii roots was higher than that of homogeneous nutrients in all heterogeneous nutrient environments but not significant, and the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was slightly higher than that of K heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments in N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments. SOD activity was slightly higher than that of K heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments under N, and P. peroxidase (POD) activity in the F. hodginsii root system was the highest under the P heterogeneous nutrient environment, which was significantly higher than that of the other nutrient environments. Unlike the activities of the enzymes, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the roots of F. hodginsii was higher in the heterogeneous environment than in all the other nutrient environments. (2) Under N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments, lines 552 and 590 had higher seedling height, ground diameter, and root enzyme activity, while root biomass was highest in line 544; and under K heterogeneous nutrient environments, line 591 had higher seedling height, ground diameter, and root enzyme activity while root biomass was highest in line 551. In contrast to the patterns of seedling height, accumulation of root biomass and activities of root enzymes, family No. 590 had the highest ground diameter of all the F. hodginsii families under the heterogeneous nutrient environments. Family No. 547 had the highest MDA content. In conclusion, it can be seen that N heterogeneous and homogeneous nutrient environments can significantly increase the seedling height and diameter of F. hodginsii compared with P and K heterogeneous nutrient environments, and N and P heterogeneous nutrient environments can also increase the root biomass, root enzyme activities and significantly reduce the MDA content of F. hodginsii. According to the principal component analysis and cluster analysis, it can be seen that among the 10 F. hodginsii family lines, family lines 590 and 552 have higher evaluation in growth, root biomass accumulation, and enzyme activity.

Inverse method study based on Characteristic Statistic Algorithm (CSA) with application in estimating core states parameters

In reactor-related scenarios, inverse methods utilizing monitoring data are frequently employed to address issues such as state estimation, accident analysis, and power reconfiguration. These problem-solving approaches can entail converting the original problem into a parameter estimation problem. This paper presents a versatile and scalable framework for solving inverse problems by iterative optimization. To address intricate core parameter problems effectively, we incorporate the CPACT program, a physical thermal engineering solution program. Additionally, we employ the global optimization algorithm known as CSA (Characteristic Statistic Algorithm) to tackle specific challenges associated with nonlinear global optimization. To evaluate the performance of our framework, a numerical simulation model based on the Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant was used as the test object design as our test subject.

The efficacy of using modern antiseptic drugs in ointment form in the treatment of pyoderma and secondarily infected dermatoses

BACKGROUND: Pyoderma is one of the most common diseases of the skin and its derivatives. Traditionally, topical antibacterial drugs are used as first-line drugs, but the growth of antibiotic resistance limits their use, and therefore the search for new promising forms of antiseptic drugs remains an urgent task. An antiseptic agent must have a wide antimicrobial spectrum, not irritate the skin and mucous membranes, and remain active for a long time; the antiseptic benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium ointment meets all these requirements.
 AIM: to evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.5% benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium ointment in the treatment of pyoderma and secondarily infected dermatoses.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: We followed 36 patients with identified polyresistance to topical antibacterial drugs aged 18 to 63 year. 1st group consisted of 22 patients with clinical forms of superficial pyoderma: superficial folliculitis ― 8 (36.4%) cases, sycosis vulgaris ― 4 (18.2%), impetigo vulgaris ― 4 (18.2%), dry streptoderma ― 3 (13.6%), paronychia ― 3 (13.6%). The 2nd cohort included 14 human test subjects with secondarily infected dermatosis: nummular eczema ― 6 cases (42.8%), atopic dermatitis ― 5 (35.8%), secondarily infected contact allergic dermatitis ― 3 (21.4%).
 RESULTS: As a result of monotherapy with 0.5% benzyldimethyl-myristoylamino-propylammonium ointment in the pyoderma group, clinical recovery (with DIDS=0) was observed in 91.7% of the subjects. The most common dermoscopic pattern was a necrotic rod, the final one was a light red background. Comprehensive treatment of secondarily infected dermatosis in patients of group II, a clinical cure was stated in 71.4% of cases, which is associated with the predominance of chronic, recurrent dermatoses in this cohort of the study, it was noted that dermatosis has a moderate effect on their lives. Initially, during dermatoscopy, there were signs of an acute stage of examination (yellow scales/crusts, punctate vessels, hemorrhages), after therapy ― a stationary stage (white scales).
 CONCLUSION: Miramistin ointment 0.5% has demonstrated high tolerability and efficacy against various forms of superficial pyoderma and secondarily infected dermatosis and can be recommended for effective use in clinical practice.

Pengembangan Virtual Exhibition Sebagai Edukasi Kewirausahaan dan Technopreneurship

This research aims to produce a virtual exhibition media that is valid and feasible to use as entrepreneurship and technopreneurship education to students. The background of the research is the application of technopreneurship learning which is still not optimally implemented in universities. Based on observations, there is student interest in learning entrepreneurship and new innovations. This research includes development research with ADDIE stages. The test subjects of this research were 100 students of the Department of Management with snowball sampling technique. Data collection instruments include observation, questionnaire, documentation. The types of data used are qualitative and quantitative data with quantitative descriptive statistical data analysis techniques. The overall validation results from media experts and material experts obtained an average score of 95.5% with the criteria "very valid and very good to use". The results of student responses reached an average of 90% with the criteria "very good to use". This proves that there is a positive response in using virtual exhibition for entrepreneurship and technopreneurship education media.

Development of tutorial video media of silent meditation technique to reduce students’ symptoms stress in learning at UPT SMPN 9 binamu

The purpose of this study was to find out (1) An overview of the needs for developing video tutorial media for silent meditation techniques to reduce student learning stress at UPT SMPN 9 Binamu, (2) Prototype video tutorial media for silent meditation techniques to reduce student learning stress at UPT SMPN 9 Binamu, (3) Validity and practicality of video tutorial media for silent meditation techniques to reduce student learning stress at UPT SMPN 9 Binamu. This research uses the Research and Development (RnD) method with the Borg and Gall development model modified by the researcher. The subjects of this study were subjects in the needs analysis 24 students, subjects in the validity test 2 expert and subjects in the practicality test 10 students. The types of data collection instruments used are needs analysis data, validity data, and practicality data. The data analysis techniques used are needs questionnaire analysis, validity questionnaire analysis, and practicality questionnaire analysis. The results showed that the video tutorial media for silent meditation techniques and guidebooks developed were valid and practical for use in providing guidance and counseling services at UPT SMPN 9 Binamu, based on the acceptability test which includes usefulness, feasibility and accuracy.

Signatures as an object of autoforgery (self-forgery).

The study presents the results of research aimed at isolating the graphic features most frequently and least frequently modified by people committing autoforgery (self-forgery) of signatures in situations where the appearance of their natural signatures is not known to the recipient. The research covered a total of over 12,000 signatures from 200 individuals. The most successful attempts at autoforgery of legible and illegible signatures of each test subject were selected for the final evaluation. It was found that autoforgery changes are most often focused on the most striking features of the signatures, such as the structure of letters in the initial part of the signature, size, readability, impulse, and slope. Secondary features, more difficult to notice or those whose existence the writers are not aware of (such as the presence or absence of additions, the arrangement of letters in relation to each other, the shape and direction of signature lines, the format of legible signatures) are usually omitted in autoforgery activities. Detecting autoforgery can be a big challenge for experts, because in practice, any significant differences between the questioned signature and comparative signatures are often mistakenly considered to be the result of forgery. Therefore, in order to detect autoforgery, it is necessary to analyze the structure of easily noticeable features that most influence the so-called pictorial effect of the signature in combination with the unattractive features that remain unchanged in most cases of autoforgery. The more characteristic the latter are, the more their consistency in the questioned and comparative material proves self-forgery, regardless of the differences in the primary features. In the case of a forged signature, the opposite is true: the most easily noticeable features of the signature are imitated by the forger, and the differences occur mainly in secondary features.