Test Data Compression Research Articles

Constitutive Analysis of Zr-1Nb Alloy for Different Phase Regions

Abstract The hot deformation behavior of alloys that exhibit allotropy is expected to be dependent on phase/phase mixture present. Therefore, the development of a constitutive equation for finite element method (FEM) simulation of industrial hot deformation processes should consider the effect of phase/phase mixture on parameters of constitutive equation. Hot compression tests of Zr-1Nb alloy were carried out at temperatures covering single α–phase, single β–phase, and two-phase α+β, for a range of strain rates. The stress–strain data of hot compression test were corrected for adiabatic temperature rise (ATR) at a strain rate of 1 s−1 and above. Constitutive equations were developed based on phase(s) present. Developed constitutive equations were validated by experimental flow stress data and FEM simulation. FEM simulation confirmed that the phase-wise constitutive equation provides better simulation results of the industrial extrusion process. Furthermore, the ram force profile obtained from the simulation was similar to the ram force profile of the physical extrusion experiment. Thus, by using correct phase-wise constitutive parameters in FEM simulation, the ram force for industrial hot processes can be correctly predicted.

Efficient Test Data Compression for SoC through ASRL with Improved Dictionary based Compression Technique

Data compression techniques are explored in this paper, through which system memory size gets reduced in an effective manner. The size of the memory is always a key constraint in the embedded system. Larger memory size increases the bandwidth utilization which raises the cost of hardware and data transmission. It is difficult to transfer large data through the network. Data compression encoding technique is utilized to minimize the data size. The redundant character is reduced or encoding the bits in data is done to reduce the data size. The proposed system focused on lossless compression where the original information of the data is available even though the data size is compressed. The data compression is done through a dictionary-based compression algorithm and Alternating Statistical Run Length code (ASRL). In the existing system of ASRL, the compression ratio is about 65.16% and 67.18% for two benchmark circuits S5378 &S9234. The compression ratio of the test data is increased by combining the ASRL and Improved Dictionary-Based compression Technique. The proposed combined technique provides 80.25%& 82.5% compression ratio for two benchmark circuits S5378 &S9234. This reduces the power dissipation problem in the circuit and thereby the area of the circuit gets reduced.

LFSR‐based generation of boundary‐functional broadside tests

This study considers the compression of a type of close-to-functional broadside tests called boundary-functional broadside tests when the on-chip decompression logic consists of a linear-feedback shift register (LFSR). Boundary-functional broadside tests maintain functional operation conditions on a set of lines (called a boundary) in a circuit. This limits the deviations from functional operation conditions by ensuring that they do not propagate across the boundary. Functional vectors for the boundary are obtained from functional broadside tests. Seeds for the LFSR are generated directly from functional boundary vectors without generating tests or test cubes. Considering the tests that the LFSR produces, the seed generation procedure attempts to obtain the lowest possible Hamming distance between their boundary vectors and functional boundary vectors. It considers multiple LFSRs with increasing lengths to achieve test data compression. The procedure is structured to explore the trade-off between the level of test data compression and the Hamming distances or the proximity to functional operation conditions.

Functional Broadside Tests Under Broadcast Scan

Under broadcast scan, scan chains are partitioned into groups that receive the same scan-in values. This article considers, for the first time, the application of functional broadside tests under broadcast scan. This article provides a definition of a close-to-functional broadside test that is applicable under a broadcast scan configuration. The test is referred to as a group-functional broadside test. This article describes how a subset of group-functional broadside tests is obtained from a functional broadside test and discusses the proximity to functional operation conditions that a group-functional broadside test maintains. It also describes the generation of a group-functional broadside test set. The experimental results for transition faults in benchmark circuits explore the tradeoff between the level of test data compression, the proximity to functional operation conditions, and the transition fault coverage, by considering scan configurations with different numbers of scan chains.

Synergetic effect of microwave heated alkali pre-treatment on densification of rice (Oryza sativa) husk biomass grinds

ABSTRACTExperiments on pelletization of pre-treated rice (Oryza sativa) husk grinds were performed to study the effect of pretreatment processes on compression characteristics and quality of rice husk pellets. Pre-treatment of rice husk was carried out by microwave-heated sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solutions. During the pre-treatment process, rice husks were immersed in distilled water, NaOH or Ca(OH)2 solutions (1% and 2% w/v) and heated using microwaves at power levels of 603 W and 713 W. Measured quantity of pre-treated rice husks were compressed at 4000 N force in a plunger-die system maintained at 95⁰C. Compression and relaxation test data were recorded and specific energy was calculated. Pellet quality parameters such as tensile strength, durability and bulk density were determined. Chemical composition, gross calorific value, bulk density and particle density of untreated and pretreated rice husk were measured. Chemical analysis results confirm that the microwave exposure with alkali pre-treatments significantly affected the chemical composition of rice husks which subsequently enhanced the quality of pellets. The results concluded that the sodium hydroxide with microwave-treated rice husk samples have shown excellent compression characteristics and delivered high-quality pellets when compared to all other treated and untreated samples tested. Microwaves exhibit positive impacts on the quality of pellets along with NaOH treatments in the production of rice husk pellets.

THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION ON NORMAL SECTION FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF UHPC BEAMS

The relationships among peak compressive strain, cube compressive strength, elastic modulus, and axial compressive strength were established respectively based on 64 groups of Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) compressive test data. The equivalent tensile strength of UHPC in the tensile zone was deduced through the mechanics of composite materials. Based on the plane section assumption, the formula for calculating normal-section flexural capacity of UHPC beams and the parameters of an equivalent rectangular stress block of UHPC in the compressive zone were deduced and the equivalent rectangular strength was calculated with the UHPC compressive constitutive relationship. Based on the data of 28 test beams, the feasibility of calculating the flexural capacity and the parameters of equivalent rectangular stress block was verified. The results show that the parameters of an equivalent rectangular stress block are reasonable and the calculated results of the normal-section flexural capacity of UHPC beams are in a good agreement with the experimental ones.

Biomechanical and tomographic differences in the microarchitecture and strength of trabecular and cortical bone in the early stage of male osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis is a continuous process of loss of bone tissue. Compared to women, osteoporosis in men is associated with greater morbidity and mortality. In this study, we conducted tomographic and biomechanical evaluations of trabecular and cortical bone in the early stage of male osteoporosis. Male Wistar rats were subjected to orchiectomy and sham operation. Four weeks after being castrated, decreased levels of testosterone in plasma were found and resulted in concurrent bone loss. Separately, the orchiectomy led to significant tomographic alterations in the trabecular bone number, trabecular separation, and trabecular pattern factor. Data of a mechanistic compression test further showed that the orchiectomy diminished the maximum loading force, displacement at maximum load, energy at maximum load, and ultimate stress. Interestingly, orchiectomy-triggered changes in the maximum loading force and tomographic parameters were highly correlated. In contrast, tomographic and biomechanical analyses showed that 4 weeks after rats were orchiectomized, the thickness, area, maximum loading force, bone stiffness, energy at maximum load, and ultimate stress of the cortical bone were not changed. Taken together, this study showed specific differences in the microarchitecture and strength of trabecular bone in the early stage of male osteoporosis.

An analysis on some mechanical properties of AlMg10-SiCp ultralight metal composites

The paper presents some results on analysis of some mechanical properties of AlMg10-SiCp composite materials, namely hardness and behaviour at static compression. Hardness values clearly separated the range of cellular composite materials from the porous ones, the compression tests data showing that with the increase of porosity the energy absorbed by the composite materials rises, the cellular composites requiring a higher mechanical deformation work that the porous ones. The increase of the silicon carbide percentage causes the increase of mechanical deformation work and of the absorbed energy, which can be explained by the stabilizing role of the respective particles on the composite material cells walls. The investigated samples were obtained using two methods: a method based on melt bubbling with a reactive gas (M1) and a method based on using various salts powders particles, soluble in suitable solvents (M2). We chose AlMg10 alloy for the material base and silicon carbide reinforcement particles introduced in varying amounts in the base mass (5%, 10% and 15% SiC). First method leads us to cellular composites and the second one to porous composites.

Probabilistic Characterization of Hoek\u2013Brown Constant mi of Rock Using Hoek\u2019s Guideline Chart, Regression Model and Uniaxial Compression Test

The Hoek–Brown constant mi is a key input parameter in the Hoek–Brown failure criterion developed for estimating rock mass properties. The Hoek–Brown constant mi values are traditionally estimated from results of triaxial compression tests, but these tests are time-consuming and expensive. In the absence of laboratory test data, guideline chart and empirical regression models have been proposed in the literature to estimate mi values, and they give a general trend of mi. Instead of only using either the guideline chart or regression models, information from both sources can be systematically integrated to improve estimates of mi. In this study, a Bayesian approach is developed for probabilistic characterization of mi, using information from guideline chart, regression model and site-specific uniaxial compression strength (UCS) test values. The probabilistic characterization of mi provides a large number of mi samples for conventional statistical analysis of mi, including its full probability distribution. The proposed approach is illustrated and validated using real UCS and triaxial compression test data from a granite site at Forsmark, Sweden. To evaluate the reliability of the proposed method, mi values estimated from the proposed method are compared with those predicted from a separate analysis which uses triaxial compression tests data. In addition, a sensitivity study is performed to explore the effect of site-specific input on the evolution of mi. The approach provides reasonable statistics and probability distribution of mi at a specific site, and the mi samples can be directly used in rock engineering design and analysis, especially in Hoek–Brown failure criterion to predict rock failure.

Improved discrete element modeling for proppant embedment into rock surfaces

Brinell indentation tests were performed on Montney siltstone, and the results were compared with discrete element indentation simulations that use the micro-parameters calibrated using compression test data from the same siltstone samples. The simulated proppant indentation into the rock surface can be 15% less than the laboratory measurements. A lower effective particle–particle modulus and thus a lower Young’s modulus are needed in discrete element models for proper simulation of indentation. An equation to find the appropriate value of Young’s modulus for indentation simulation is proposed using Brinell indentation tests including 198 laboratory tests and 32 discrete element simulations. This equation can improve the prediction of Young’s modulus and thus the particle–particle effective modulus for indentation simulations to match the measured force–indentation depth curve in the laboratory. Using the improved micro-parameters, a parametric analysis of the influence of rock Young’s modulus and proppant particle size on proppant embedment was performed. An equation to estimate Brinell hardness as a function of Young’s modulus and closure stress was derived. A practical procedure was developed to predict proppant embedment from the estimated hardness. The predictions agree with the laboratory measurements in a case study on the Montney Formation.

Mechanical collision simulation of potato tubers

AbstractThis paper presents the results of an investigation on internal stress progression and the explicit dynamics simulation of the bruising behavior of potato tubers under dynamic mechanical collision. Physical measurements, mechanical tests, advanced solid modeling, and engineering simulation techniques were utilized in the study. The tuber samples used in the simulation were reverse engineered and finite element analysis (FEA) was set up to simulate the collision‐based bruising behavior of the potato tubers. The total number of identical tuber models used in the simulation was 17. The numerical data of the FEA results revealed useful stress distribution and mechanical behavior visuals. These results are presented in a frame that can be used to describe bruise susceptibility value on potato‐like agricultural crops. The modulus of elasticity was calculated from compression test data as 3.12 MPa. Structural stresses of 1.40 and 3.13 MPa on the impacting (hitting) and impacted (hit) tubers (respectively) were obtained. These stress values indicate that bruising is likely to occur on the tubers. This research paper provides a useful how‐to‐do strategy to further research on complicated bruising investigations of solid‐like agricultural products through advanced engineering simulation techniques.Practical applicationsThis research aims to simulate realistic dynamic deformation of potato tubers during mechanical collision, which is very hard to achieve through physical or analytical expressions. This is attractive because related food processing industries have shown their interest in determining the physical properties and bruising behavior of food/agricultural products using experimental, numerical, and engineering simulation methods so that it can be used in their food processing technology. Very limited data have been found available in the literature about the subject of FEM‐based explicit dynamics simulation of solid‐like agricultural crops such as the self‐collision case of potato tubers (which is very important for indoor or outdoor potato processing). Comparative investigations on determination of modulus of elasticity are very limited as well. Most of the research focused on single calculation theory and linear static loading assumption‐based FEM simulation solutions. Here, we report a “how‐to‐do” case study for dynamic self‐collision simulation of potato tubers.

Hot workability, constitutive model and processing map of 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N heat resistant steel

The thermal deformation behavior of 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N heat resistant steel was studied by high–temperature thermal compression test in the deformation temperature range of 1000–1180 °C, the strain rate range of 0.01–10 s−1 and the deformation degree of 60%. The stress decreases obviously with the increase of the deformation temperature and the decrease of the strain rate. Strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive equation of 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N was constructed. The correlation coefficient between the experimental data and the predicted data reached 0.976. It indicates that the Arrhenius constitutive equation has a high accuracy in predicting 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N. The equations between peak stress (strain), critical stress (strain) and Zener-Holomon parameters were established and there were a good linear relationship. Based on the compression test data, the power dissipation efficiency and instability maps of 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N under the strain of 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 were established respectively. The optimum process parameters of 3Cr23Ni8Mn3N were determined by analyzing the instability area, stable area and microstructure (SEM) in the processing maps: the deformation temperature range of 1120–1160 °C, the strain rate range of 0.03–0.1 s−1.

Efficient test vector volume reduction based on equal run length coding technique

Excessive test power utilization is one of the major obstacles which the chip industry is facing at present. In SOC plan, test data volume is reduced extensively by using Test data compression strategies. In this paper, a variable-to-variable length compression method in light of encoding with perfect examples is presented. Initially, the don't care bits in the test vector are loaded with a proposed X -filling algorithm which is then encoded using the proposed Modified Equal Run Length Coding (MERLC) based encoding scheme. In relationship with the proposed X-filling and encoding scheme, an efficient decoder is designed and implemented with low area overhead. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it is tested on the ISCAS89 benchmark circuits. The tests results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm gets a higher compression ratio, when compared with the existing schemes. The Percentage compression of this scheme is 4.28%, 8.72%, 2.19%, 14.42% and 1.15% higher than those of ERLC, FDR, EFDR, Golomb and 9C coding respectively.

Reliability-based design in rock engineering: Application of Bayesian regression methods to rock strength data

Reliability-based design (RBD) is being adopted by geotechnical design codes worldwide, and it is therefore necessary that rock engineering practice evolves to embrace RBD. This paper examines the Hoek-Brown (HB) strength criterion within the RBD framework, and presents three distinct analyses using a Bayesian approach. Firstly, a compilation of intact compressive strength test data for six rock types is used to examine uncertainty and variability in the estimated HB parameters m and σc, and corresponding predicted axial strength. The results suggest that within- and between-rock type variabilities are so large that these parameters need to be determined from rock testing campaigns, rather than reference values being used. The second analysis uses an extensive set of compressive and tensile (both direct and indirect) strength data for a granodiorite, together with a new Bayesian regression model, to develop joint probability distributions of m and σc suitable for use in RBD. This analysis also shows how compressive and indirect tensile strength data may be robustly used to fit an HB criterion. The third analysis uses the granodiorite data to investigate the important matter of developing characteristic strength criteria. Using definitions from Eurocode 7, a formal Bayesian interpretation of characteristic strength is proposed and used to analyse strength data to generate a characteristic criterion. These criteria are presented in terms of characteristic parameters mk and σck, the values of which are shown to depend on the testing regime used to obtain the strength data. The paper confirms that careful use of appropriate Bayesian statistical analysis allows the HB criterion to be brought within the framework of RBD. It also reveals that testing guidelines such as the International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering (ISRM) suggested methods will require modification in order to support RBD. Importantly, the need to fully understand the implications of uncertainty in nonlinear strength criteria is identified.

Populated collagen hydrogel and polyhydroxyalkanoate composites: novel matrices for cartilage repair and regeneration?

Purpose Articular cartilage is an avascular connective tissue present in joints which covers the ends of opposing bones providing a smooth, shock absorbing surface to promote normal joint function. Normal cartilage structure is maintained by chondrocytes, the only cell type present. Abnormal function/death of these cells, due to long- term “wear and tear” and other risk factors results in cartilage loss and osteoarthritis (OA). There is currently no cure for OA, the most common treatments simply involve the management of joint pain, or surgical treatments, which are not able to restore cartilage function. In recent years, cartilage repair has been approached with engineered scaffolds, able to support the growth of chondrocytes or progenitor cells to generate a neo-tissue, but the neo tissue generated is often fibrocartilage, mechanically inferior and less–durable than the hyaline cartilage normally found in healthy articular joints, indicating that further research is required to develop a more suitable scaffolds. The aim of this study has been to assess the properties of collagen I hydrogel 3D scaffolds, populated with the phenotypically stable chondrocytes cell line C20/A4, strengthened with solvent cast and 3D printed Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) polymer. PHAs are a family of biopolyesters synthesized by bacteria with monomers of varying chain lengths (C4-C16) which can be blended to produce products with different mechanical properties. PHAs are biodegradable, non-toxic and biocompatible. It has been already established that PHA scaffolds are able to support chondrocyte growth and activity but despite that, they do not represent the natural environment for chondrocyte metabolism, collagen production and cartilage regeneration. A combination collagen hydrogel and PHA scaffold that addresses this issue would be highly desirable. Methods Polymer production and preparation PHAs were produced by Pseudomonas mendocina CH50 in batch fermentation conditions using a 15 L bioreactor with an operating fermenter volume of 10 L. with glucose as the sole carbon source under nitrogen limiting conditions. PHA film and scaffolds were either prepared using the solvent casting method incorporating large NaCl crystals (which were later dissolved out) to form a porous structure or with a 3D melt printing method. Collagen gel preparation and seeding: Type I collagen constructs were prepared with chondrocytes by mixing type I collagen polymer suspension with 10modified Eagle’s medium (MEM) and 1M NaOH solution was added dropwise, to neutralise the acidic gel mixture. This gel solution was then mixed with a cell suspension of C-20/A4 cells in Dulbecco’s MEM (DMEM)-based medium containing 1% foetal calf serum (FCS) . 1.2 ml constructs were cast in 24 well plates either on their own or with the addition of solvent cast PHA polymers or 3D printed PHA polymers. Gels were then allowed to solidify by incubation at 37 C for 5-10 minutes, overlaid with DMEM medium (1% FCS) and cultured for 1 or 7 days, at 37 C and 5% CO2. Compression Studies: Gels were subjected to compression, at 0,6KN/m2 for 5 minutes in a custom built apparatus. The displacement of gels was measured over time. Results The compression testing data demonstrates that type I collagen gels, seeded with C-20/A4 chondrocytes (control gels), exhibit changes in their mechanical properties over time, with an increased resistance and smaller displacement at Day 7 compare to Day 1. The addition of solvent cast and 3D printed scaffolds increase the mechanical resistance of the construct when compared to the populated control gels (collagen matix only) at DAY 1 and is even more evident at DAY 7. 3D printed scaffolds also show higher stiffness of the construct compared to the control and solvent cast polymer samples. Cytotoxicity testing performed with Alamar blue staining, on chondrocyte populations grown on PHA films, indicates that there are no cytotoxic effects of the polymer on cell viability at any of time points analysed over 7 days. Trypan Blue staining, after 5 minutes compression test, reveals no significant difference in viability in any of the samples containing PHA polymer (solvent cast or 3D printed) compare to control samples. Conclusions In conclusion, these studies suggest that a composite collagen gel-PHA construct provides a supportive environment for the maintenance of chondrocyte activity increasing the initial resistance of the structure to compression, whilst the embedded chondrocytes remodel the Type I collagen gel to form a more cartilage like structure. This may offer a potential application of collagen hydrogel-PHA scaffolds for clinical use in support of cartilage regeneration in small and contained osteoarthritic lesions.

Concrete Compression Test Data Estimation Based on a Wavelet Neural Network Model

Firstly, a genetic algorithm (GA) and simulated annealing (SA) optimized fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm (FCM) was proposed in this paper, which was developed to allow for a clustering analysis of the massive concrete cube specimen compression test data. Then, using an optimized error correction time series estimation method based on the wavelet neural network (WNN), a concrete cube specimen compressive strength test data estimation model was constructed. Taking the results of cluster analysis as data samples, the short-term accurate estimation of concrete quality was carried out. It was found that the mean absolute percentage error, e1, and the root mean square error, e2, for the samples were 6.03385% and 3.3682KN, indicating that the proposed method had higher estimation accuracy and was suitable for concrete compressive test data short-term quality estimations.

LFSR-Based Test Generation for Path Delay Faults

Two challenges are combined when compressed tests are computed for path delay faults: 1) path delay faults that are important to detect are associated with long paths, and many of these faults are undetectable and 2) it may not be possible to compress a given test for a path delay fault. This paper addresses these challenges in the context of test data compression methods that are based on a linear-feedback shift-register (LFSR). The basic approach that this paper uses modifies initially random seeds for the LFSR into seeds that produce tests for detecting target faults. This approach can find seeds even if the available tests cannot be compressed into seeds. In addition, the procedure described in this paper also selects detectable path delay faults to address the presence of undetectable path delay faults in the set of target faults. For this purpose it uses a metric that measures the similarity between target and detected path delay faults, and attempts to compute seeds that increase the values of this metric. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the ability of the procedure to detect path delay faults in benchmark circuits.

On-Chip Self-Test Methodology With All Deterministic Compressed Test Patterns Recorded in Scan Chains

This paper presents a novel test architecture that combines the advantages of high-quality deterministic scan-based test and low-cost built-in self-test. The main idea is to record (store) all required compressed test data in a novel scan chain structure, and extract and decompress them during testing. This requires a very high compression ratio to obtain a low test data volume, that is, smaller than the number of scan cells in the circuit under test. To achieve such a high compression ratio, we propose a novel compression method that combines broadcast scan as well as a tailored single-input compression architecture. We also utilize the concept of scan chain partitioning and clock gating to reduce the test time and test power. An on-chip test controller is employed to automatically generate all required control signals for the whole test procedure. This significantly reduces the requirements on external automatic test equipment. Experimental results show that our method is well suitable for multicore designs. For example, experiments on the 8-core open-source OpenSPARC T2 processor with 5.7M gates show that all required test data for 100% testable stuck-at fault coverage can be stored in just 59.4% of the scan cells of the processor. Experimental results for transition faults are also presented, which show that more identical cores are needed in order to store all test data for transition faults. We also discuss how to extend this paper to address fault diagnosis and engineering change order problems.

Mathematical model revealing the evolution of particle breakage and particle-size distribution for rockfill during triaxial shearing

A mathematical model reflecting the evolution of both particle breakage and particle-size distribution (PSD) for rockfill subjected to triaxial shear has been proposed in this article. First, the PSD of a soil is expressed by a gradation equation which has been shown to be widely applicable by comparison with a large amount of test data from soils encountered in practice. Then two particle breakage factors B g and B r are suggested and proved to be two suitable breakage factors in the model. Mathematical relationships between B g, B r and the gradation equation’s parameters b and m are derived. Then, correlations between the two breakage factors, effective mean normal stress and generalised shear strain during shearing are expressed by empirical functions, with several drained triaxial compression test data verifying the applicability. The inter-relationships of particle breakage, PSD and stress state of rockfill are thereby established, providing what is termed the PSD evolution model. Additionally, the proposed PSD evolution model is verified by successfully predicting the particle breakage factors and PSDs of rockfill triaxial specimens.

Strength Prediction and Correlation of Cement Composites: A Cross-Disciplinary Approach

We present a cross-disciplinary approach applied to the strength prediction and correlation of cement composites in this paper. The empirical models for predicting flexural and compressive strengths of a kind of fiber reinforced cement composites, known as engineered cementitious composites (ECCs), were first developed. Nonlinear regressions were applied to the measurement data of a destructive compression test and four-point bending test. Each of these tests was conducted on 36 specimens at growing ages (3, 7, 14, and 28 days), wherein three mixes of ECC (PE1, PE2, and PE3) were prepared for each test. Each mix had different water-to-binder (w/b) ratios of 0.20, 0.255, and 0.30 whereas the total volume of each mix remained the same. The correlations among flexural strength, compressive strength, and electrical conductance of ECCs were then developed based on the early-age measurement using the microwave non-destructive test (mDNT). The primary objective of this research is to study the relations between flexural strength and compressive strength of ECC specimens under the influence of small deviations in w/b ratio. The secondary objective is to predict the strength growth of ECCs with the microwave effective conductance. The correlation results show that the flexural strength behaves as a quasi-linear function with increasing compressive strength, which has been verified by using direct measurement data. This cross-disciplinary approach highlights the effectiveness of the mDNT in predicting the mature strengths of ECCs at early ages.