Tert-butyl Hydroperoxide Research Articles

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function of Eupatorium adenophora Spreng leaves (EASL) on human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide

Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) pose a significant public health challenge. Addressing this issue, there has been a notable breakthrough in the prevention and mitigation of NCDs through the use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we aim to explore the effectiveness of Eupatorium adenophora Spreng leaves (EASL) as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and its potential applications. To construct a cellular model of oxidative damage and inflammation, Caco-2 cells were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The biocompatibility of EASL-AE with Caco-2 cells was assessed using the MTT assay, while compatibility was further verified by measuring LDH release and the protective effect against oxidative damage was also assessed using the MTT assay. Additionally, we measured intracellular oxidative stress indicators such as ROS and 8-OHdG, as well as inflammatory pathway signalling protein NFκB and inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β using ELISA, to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of EASL-AE. The scavenging capacity of EASL-AE against free radicals was determined through the DPPH Assay and ABTS Assay. Furthermore, we measured the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total polysaccharide contents using common chemical methods. The chemical composition of EASL-AE was analyzed using the LC–MS/MS technique. Our findings demonstrate that EASL-AE is biocompatible with Caco-2 cells and non-toxic at experimental levels. Moreover, EASL-AE exhibits a significant protective effect on Caco-2 cells subjected to oxidative damage. The antioxidant effect of EASL-AE involves the scavenging of intracellular ROS, while its anti-inflammatory effect is achieved by down-regulation of the NFκB pathway. Which in turn reduces the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. Through LC–MS/MS analysis, we identified 222 compounds in EASL-AE, among which gentianic acid, procaine and L-tyrosine were the compounds with high antioxidant capacity and may be the effective constituent for EASL-AE with antioxidant activity. These results suggest that EASL-AE is a natural and high-quality antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomaterial that warrants further investigation. It holds great potential for applications in healthcare and other related fields.

Oxidovanadium(V) Schiff Base Complexes Derived from Chiral 3-amino-1,2-propanediol Enantiomers: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies, Catalytic and Biological Activity.

Oxidovanadium(V) complexes, [(+)VOL1-5] and [(-)VOL1-5], with chiral tetradentate Schiff bases, which are products of monocondensation of S(‒)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol or R(+)-3-amino-1,2-propanediol with salicylaldehyde derivatives, have been synthesized. Different spectroscopic methods, viz. 1H and 51V NMR, IR, UV-Vis, and circular dichroism, as well as elemental analysis, have been used for their detailed characterization. Furthermore, the epoxidation of styrene, cyclohexene, and two monoterpenes, S(‒)-limonene and (‒)-α-pinene, using two oxidants, aqueous 30% H2O2 or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in decane, has been studied with catalytic amounts of all complexes. Finally, biological cytotoxicity studies have also been performed with these oxidovanadium(V) compounds for comparison with cis-dioxidomolybdenum(VI) Schiff base complexes with the same chiral ligands, as well as to determine the cytoprotection against the oxidative damage caused by 30% H2O2 in the HT-22 hippocampal neuronal cells in the range of their 10-100 μM concentration.

Oxidovanadium(V) complexes with tridentate hydrazone ligands as oxygen atom transfer catalysts

Oxidovanadium(V) complexes with tridentate hydrazone ligands as oxygen atom transfer catalysts

Thermal and photoinduced radical cascade annulation using aryl isonitriles: An approach to quinoline-derived benzophosphole oxides.

Herein, we present a radical cascade addition cyclization sequence to access quinoline-based benzophosphole oxides from ortho-alkynylated aromatic phosphine oxides using various aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors and inexpensive tert-butyl-hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a terminal oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver acetate. Alternatively, the same cascade can be realized through a sustainable photochemical approach utilizing 1,2,3,5-tetrakis(carbazol-9-yl)-4,6-dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as an organic photocatalyst at room temperature. The introduced modular approach shows broad functional group tolerance and offers straightforward access to complex P,N-containing polyheterocyclic arenes. These novel π-extended benzophosphole oxides exhibit interesting photophysical and electrochemical properties such as absorption in the visible region, emission and reversible reduction at low potentials, which makes them promising for potential materials science applications. The photophysical properties can further be tuned by addition of external Lewis and Brønsted acids.

Thermal and photoinduced radical cascade annulation using aryl isonitriles: An approach to quinoline‐derived benzophosphole oxides

Herein, we present a radical cascade addition cyclization sequence to access quinoline‐based benzophosphole oxides from ortho‐alkynylated aromatic phosphine oxides using various aryl isonitriles as radical acceptors and inexpensive tert‐butyl‐hydroperoxide (TBHP) as a terminal oxidant in the presence of a catalytic amount of silver acetate. Alternatively, the same cascade can be realized through a sustainable photochemical approach utilizing 1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as an organic photocatalyst at room temperature. The introduced modular approach shows broad functional group tolerance and offers straightforward access to complex P,N‐containing polyheterocyclic arenes. These novel π‐extended benzophosphole oxides exhibit interesting photophysical and electrochemical properties such as absorption in the visible region, emission and reversible reduction at low potentials, which makes them promising for potential materials science applications. The photophysical properties can further be tuned by addition of external Lewis and Brønsted acids.

Theoretical Study on the Reaction between Carcinogenic 2,5-Dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone and tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide: Self-Catalysis and Water Catalysis.

The potentially carcinogenic halobenzoquinones (HBQs) have been recently identified in drinking water as disinfection byproducts. Several radical intermediates in the reaction of 2,5-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (DCBQ) and t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH), which may induce DNA damage, were detected experimentally, and metal-independent decomposition reactions of t-BuOOH by DCBQ were proposed. It has not yet been confirmed by theoretical calculations. The theoretical study in this work provides insights into the details of the reaction. An unprecedented self-catalysis mechanism of organic hydroperoxides, that is, the reactant t-BuOOH also has a catalytic effect, was uncovered at the molecular level. Moreover, as the solvent, water molecules also clearly have an efficient catalytic effect. Due to the catalysis of t-BuOOH and water, the metal-independent reaction of t-BuOOH and DCBQ can occur under moderate conditions. Our findings about the novel catalytic effect of organic hydroperoxides t-BuOOH could offer a unique perspective into the design of new catalysts and an understanding of the catalytic biological, environmental, and air pollution reactions. Furthermore, organic hydroperoxide t-BuOOH could serve as a proton shuttle, where the proton transfer process is accompanied by simultaneous charge transfer. Therefore, organic hydroperoxides may disrupt the vital proton transfer process in biological systems and may give rise to unexpected toxicity.

Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Inhibit Oxidative Stress-Induced Pyroptosis in Annulus Fibrosus Cells to Alleviate Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Based on Matric Hydrogels.

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) is the primary cause of low back pain. Stem cell transplantation may be a possible approach to promote IVDD. This study was aimed to investigate the role of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in IVDD and the molecular mechanism. Annulus fibrosus cells (AFCs) were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) to induce oxidative stress injury. AFC biological functions were analyzed using a lactate dehydrogenase kit, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry, and western blot. The molecular mechanisms of BMSC functions were assessed using quantitative real-time PCR, western blot, immunoprecipitation (IP), co-IP, GST pull-down, and cycloheximide treatment. Furthermore, the impacts of BMSCs in IVDD progression in vivo were evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and H&E analysis. BMSCs inhibited TBHP-induced inflammation and pyroptosis in AFCs. Knockdown of SIRT1 reversed the effects on inflammation and pyroptosis of BMSCs. Moreover, SIRT1 promoted the deacetylation of ASC rather than NLRP3. SIRT1 interacted with ASC to reduce its protein stability, thereby negatively regulating ASC protein levels. In addition, BMSCs alleviated LPS-induced IVDD based on matrix hydrogels. BMSCs inhibited oxidative stress-induced pyroptosis and inflammation in AFCs, thereby alleviating IVDD, suggesting that BMSCs may contribute to treating intervertebral disc generation.

Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate alleviates oxidative damage in granulosa cells by activating Nrf2 antioxidant pathway

Oxidative damage induced granulosa cells (GCs) apoptosis was considered as a significant cause of compromised follicle quality, antioxidants therapy has emerged as a potential method for improving endometriosis pregnancy outcomes. Here, we found that GCs from endometriosis patients show increased oxidative stress level. Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (MDHB), a small molecule compound that is extracted from natural plants, reversed tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) induced GCs oxidative damage. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the protective effect of MDHB for GCs and its potential mechanisms. TUNEL staining and immunoblotting of cleaved caspase-3/7/9 showed MDHB attenuated TBHP induced GCs apoptosis. Mechanistically, MDHB treatment decreased cellular and mitochondria ROS production, improved the mitochondrial function by rescuing the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP production. Meanwhile, MDHB protein upregulated the expression of vital antioxidant transcriptional factor Nrf2 and antioxidant enzymes SOD1, NQO1 and GCLC to inhibited oxidative stress state, further beneficial to oocytes and embryos quality. Therefore, MDHB may represent a potential drug candidate in protecting granulosa cells in endometriosis, which can improve pregnancy outcomes for endometriosis-associated infertility.

Glutamine Mitigates Oxidative Stress-Induced Matrix Degradation, Ferroptosis, and Pyroptosis in Nucleus Pulposus Cells via Deubiquitinating and Stabilizing Nrf2.

Aims: Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is closely related to low back pain, which is a prevalent age-related problem worldwide; however, the mechanism underlying IDD is unknown. Glutamine, a free amino acid prevalent in plasma, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties in various diseases, and the current study aims to clarify the effect and mechanism of glutamine in IDD. Results: A synergistic interplay was observed between pyroptosis and ferroptosis within degenerated human disc specimens. Glutamine significantly mitigated IDD in both ex vivo and invivo experimental models. Moreover, glutamine protected nucleus pulposus (NP) cells after tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)-induced pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation in vitro. Glutamine protected NP cells from TBHP-induced ferroptosis by promoting the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) accumulation by inhibiting its ubiquitin-proteasome degradation and inhibiting lipid oxidation. Innovation and Conclusions: A direct correlation is evident in the progression of IDD between the processes of pyroptosis and ferroptosis. Glutamine suppressed oxidative stress-induced cellular processes, including pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and ECM degradation through deubiquitinating Nrf2 and inhibiting lipid oxidation in NP cells. Glutamine is a promising novel therapeutic target for the management of IDD.

An iron-loaded metal–organic framework (CAU-27-Fe) as effective heterogeneous catalyst for the direct C–H amination of ethers using NH-heterocycles

Carbon-nitrogen moieties are found in a wide range of compounds, ranging from bulk materials to fine chemicals, such as biological and pharmaceutical ingredients. More sustainable and efficient methods for constructing C-N bonds are desired and cross-dehydrogenative amination has emerged as an environmentally friendly and selective approach to fulfill this need. However, the potential of heterogeneous catalysis remains largely unexplored in this area. In this work, we investigate a straightforward strategy to immobilize FeCl2 on the linkers of a metal–organic framework (i.e. CAU-27-BIPY), which is capable of performing the direct C-N coupling of benzimidazole and THF using tert-butylhydroperoxide (TBHP) with an excellent yield of 92 % under mild reaction conditions. The versatility and applicability of this approach are demonstrated by successfully coupling a wide variety of NH-heterocycles and ethers, including for the synthesis of key pharmaceutical precursors. Furthermore, the Fe-loaded MOF catalyst preserves its activity and structure over four consecutive runs.

Nanoporous Au/Ag Catalyzed Benzylic sp3C−H Oxidation of 9H‐Fluorene Derivatives and Similar Molecules with TBHP

AbstractNanoporous gold (npAu) was tested as a catalyst for oxidations of various benzylic sp3‐carbon positions in 9H‐fluorene derivatives and similar hydrocarbons using tertbutyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as an oxidant. The silver content in the npAu catalyst had a major influence on the overall conversion: Lower silver amounts (0.53 mol%) led to higher conversions, whereas higher amounts of silver increasingly resulted in the disproportionation of TBHP as a competing reaction. Because residual silver from the bulk alloy was oxidized by TBHP and leached into the solution during the reaction, the Ag content diminished over time. Therefore, the recycling of the catalyst had a positive effect on the conversion after each use. Using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the formation of radicals from TBHP by npAu was evidenced indicating a radical‐based reaction mechanism which was further elucidated by NMR spectroscopic and GC‐MS (trace) product analysis. Subsequent oxidations of benzylic sp3‐carbon positions gave good to excellent conversions and chemoselectivities featuring npAu as a suitable catalyst for such reactions.

Facile encapsulation of a cobalt complex inside the micropores of ZIF-8 through the bottle around the ship method: A novel heterogeneous catalyst for epoxidation of alkenes

A novel and stable heterogeneous catalyst for alkene epoxidation reaction, named as CoDMG@ZIF-8, has been synthesized by facile encapsulation of Co(III) complex i.e. [Co(DMGH)(DMGH2)Cl2] (abbreviated as CoDMG, DMGH2 denotes for dimethylglyoxime and DMGH denotes for dimethylglyoxime mono anion) inside the ZIF-8 micropores via a solvothermal process. Based on the results of fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), it was observed that the catalyst has maintained the structure, crystallinity and morphology of the parent ZIF-8 as well. Furthermore, CHN, DRS (diffuse reflectance spectra), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), induced coupled plasma (ICP-OES), thermal gravimetric (TGA) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption (BET method) analyses have confirmed the encapsulation of the CoDMG complex. The epoxidation reaction was performed using tert‑butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) in CH3CN solvent in the presence of catalyst. By optimizing the reaction parameters, a total conversion of 96 % with 82 % selectivity towards the epoxide product, was achieved. It was found that both CoDMG complex and ZIF-8 exhibited lower efficiency individually, while the encapsulation of this complex inside the ZIF-8 micropores has resulted to superior activity. Finally, the epoxidation of various alkenes such as cyclohexene, 2-norbornene, α-pinene, styrene and 1-hexene under the optimized reaction condition, have been studied and the catalytic mechanism was also proposed.

Metal-Free Bisamidation of N-Tosylhydrazones with Carboxylic Acids Promoted by Tetrabutylammonium Iodide and tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide.

A versatile reaction between N-tosylhydrazones and carboxylic acids to access bisamides is reported. This metal-free, room-temperature reaction was catalyzed by TBAI, while TBHP served as the oxidant. Broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance are the key features of the strategy. Subsequent intramolecular N-arylation of suitably substituted bisamides readily afforded functionalized 3-indazolones.

Efficient targeted acquisition 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid derived from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural over novel copper and vanadium oxide-functionalized catalysts

2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which is recognized as a valuable alternative to petroleum-derived terephthalic acid and produce more bio-based polymers, has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Herein, a series of nitrogen-containing polymer nanosheets bearing Cu2+ and VO2+ (Cu2+-VO2+/PDVTA) were designed and displayed superior catalytic performance in the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to FDCA. The catalyst was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, XPS, TG, UV–Vis DRS, PL, and ICP-AES analysis techniques. The effects of various reaction parameters, including the tert-butyl hydroperoxide dosage, temperature, and solvents on the HMF oxidation were systematically investigated, and the results were discussed in details. The Cu2+-VO2+/PDVTA catalyst achieved 100% conversion of HMF with 98.6% selectivity toward FDCA without the requirement for any basic additives under mild conditions (90 °C, 10 h), as well as has a good reusability. Coupling of the active sites of Cu2+ and VO2+ provide a synergistic effect for FDCA production. This study may provide a novel method for the development of efficient non-precious metal catalyst without addition of alkali additives, benefiting the valorization of furan-based compounds into high-valued chemicals in industrial processes.

Esculin suppresses the PERK-eIF2α-CHOP pathway by enhancing SIRT1 expression in oxidative stress-induced rat chondrocytes, mitigating osteoarthritis progression in a rat model

ObjectiveOsteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative disease characterized by the gradual degeneration of chondrocytes, involving endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Esculin is a natural compound with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. However, its impact on ER stress in OA therapy has not been thoroughly investigated. We aim to determine the efficiency of Esculin in OA treatment and its underlying mechanism. MethodsWe utilized the tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) to establish OA model in chondrocytes. The expression of SIRT1, PERK/eIF2α pathway-related proteins, apoptosis-associated proteins and ER stress-related proteins were detected by Western blot and Real-time PCR. The apoptosis was evaluated by flow cytometry and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining. X-ray imaging, Hematoxylin & Eosin staining, Safranin O staining and immunohistochemistry were used to assess the pharmacological effects of Esculin in the anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) rat OA model. ResultsEsculin downregulated the expression of PERK/eIF2α pathway-related proteins, apoptosis-associated proteins and ER stress-related proteins, while upregulated the expression of SIRT1 and Bcl2 in the TBHP-induced OA model in vitro. It was coincident with the results of TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. We further confirmed the protective effect of Esculin in the rat ACLT-related model. ConclusionOur results suggest the potential therapeutic value of Esculin on osteoarthritis. It probably inhibits the PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-CHOP pathway by upregulating SIRT1, thereby mitigating endoplasmic reticulum stress and protecting chondrocytes from apoptosis.

A DFT and catalytic studies of recyclable chitosan based heterogeneous Cu(II) catalyst for the oxidation of tetralin

The oxidation of hydrocarbons is an essential transformation for converting petroleum-based raw material into useful chemicals like diols, epoxides, alcohols, and carbonyl compounds. In this context, a chitosan (Cs) based heterogeneous catalyst, {Cu(II)[Cs-L1-L2]Cl2} was developed by the coordination of two different Schiff base ligands, L1 [Cs-HACP] and L2 [ANI-HACP] with the chitosan and followed by complexation with CuCl2·2H2O The prepared catalyst {Cu(II)[Cs-L1-L2]Cl2} was characterized by different techniques such as Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultraviolet visible near-infrared (UV–VIS-NIR), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) studies. DFT studies suggest that {Cu(II)[Cs-L1-L2]Cl2} have octahedral geometry and +2 oxidation state of Copper is identified on the basis of XPS analysis. The Catalytic behavior of newly prepared heterogeneous catalyst {Cu(II)[Cs-L1-L2]Cl2} was studied for the tetralin oxidation using 70 % tert-butyl hydroperoxide [70 % TBHP]. Tetralin on oxidation gave 1-tetralol, 1-tetralone and some other products. A maximum conversion of 82.11 % tetralin with 10.42 % selectivity of 1-tetralol (T-lol) and 74.89 % selectivity of 1-tetralone (T-lone) was obtained after 5 h of reaction at 80 °C. The heterogeneous catalyst, {Cu(II)[Cs-L1-L2]Cl2}was easy to separate and recyclable. The catalyst was recycled seven times.

Discovery of neuroprotective Agents: Potent, brain Penetrating, lipoic acid derivatives for the potential treatment of ischemic stroke by regulating oxidative stress and inflammation - a Preliminary study

Stroke poses a serious risk to the physical and mental health of patients. Endogenous compounds are widely used to treat ischemic stroke. Lipoic acid, a naturally occurring (R)-5-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl)pentanoic acid, has therapeutic potential for the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the direct application of lipoic acid is limited by its relatively low efficacy and instability. Therefore, there is a need to modify the structure of lipoic acid to improve its pharmaceutical capabilities. Currently, 37 lipoic acid derivatives have been synthesized, and compound AA-9 demonstrated optimal therapeutic potential in an in vitro model of induced oxidative damage using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). In addition, in vitro experiments have shown that compound AA-9 has an excellent safety profile. Subsequently, the therapeutic effect of AA-9 was significant in the rat MCAO ischemic stroke model, which may be attributed to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of compound AA-9 by activating PGC-1α and inhibiting NLRP3. Notably, compound AA-9 exhibited higher stability and better bioavailability properties than ALA in plasma stability and pharmacokinetic properties. In conclusion, AA-9 may be a promising neuroprotective agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke and warrants further investigation.

V-doped MoO3 nanorods for highly selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to bio-monomer 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid

2,5-Furanodicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a significant chemical derived from biomass and holds the potential to replace traditional petrochemicals in the production of biodegradable polyester materials. In this study, a series of new-type V-doped MoO3 catalysts with different crystalline phases were prepared through the hydrothermal method. The V-doped α-MoO3 with growth along the [010] crystal plane demonstrated the most efficient catalytic activity in the selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to produce FDCA, potentially attributable to the [010] crystal plane's superior affinity for substrate interactions. The catalysts were analyzed using TEM, XPS, XRD, FT-IR, N2 adsorption isotherms and other characterization techniques. The Box-Behnken response surface method was utilized to investigate and successfully determine the optimal reaction conditions. A remarkable HMF conversion of 99.5% and a 97.4% selectivity toward FDCA were achieved at 80 °C after 10 h using tert-butanol as the solvent and tert-butyl hydroperoxide as the oxidant. Furthermore, the catalyst could be readily recovered conveniently and reused without any significant loss in catalytic activity.

Quantifying redox transcription factor dynamics as a tool to investigate redox signalling

A critical feature of the cellular antioxidant response is the induction of gene expression by redox-sensitive transcription factors. In many cells, activating these transcription factors is a dynamic process involving multiple redox steps, but it is unclear how these dynamics should be measured. Here, we show how the dynamic profile of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe Pap1 transcription factor is quantifiable by three parameters: signal amplitude, signal time and signal duration. In response to increasing hydrogen peroxide concentrations, the Pap1 amplitude decreased while the signal time and duration showed saturable increases. In co-response plots, these parameters showed a complex, non-linear relationship to the mRNA levels of four Pap1-regulated genes. We also demonstrate that hydrogen peroxide and tert-butyl hydroperoxide trigger quantifiably distinct Pap1 activation profiles and transcriptional responses. Based on these findings, we propose that different oxidants and oxidant concentrations modulate the Pap1 dynamic profile, leading to specific transcriptional responses. We further show how the effect of combination and pre-exposure stresses on Pap1 activation dynamics can be quantified using this approach. This method is therefore a valuable addition to the redox signalling toolbox that may illuminate the role of dynamics in determining appropriate responses to oxidative stress.

Platinum meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (Pt(II)TPP) mediated the efficient oxidation of alkyl aromatics to ketones in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide

Platinum meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (Pt(II)TPP) mediated the efficient oxidation of alkyl aromatics to ketones in the presence of tert-butyl hydroperoxide