Terrorist Incidents Research Articles

Investigating the impact of sensitivity to terrorism on employee psychological well-being: the mediating role of psychological resilience

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between employee sensitivity to terrorism (STT), employee psychological well-being (EPW) and the mediating role of employee psychological resilience (EPR) for both male and female employees in an environment characterized by discontinuous terrorist incidents.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses data collected from a sample of 432 university employees working in geographic areas impacted by discontinuous terrorist incidents. The study is cross-sectional.FindingsStudy findings reveal a significant relationship between employee STT and EPW. EPR mediated the impact of STT on EPW. Multigroup analysis highlighted significant causal order differences in STT between male and female employees. Females scored higher on STT.Practical implicationsFindings highlight important implications for organizational practitioners. Because STT leads to EPW and differs for males and females, practitioners should consider group differences when selecting interventions to enhance psychological resilience. Organizations should use customized training programs and development interventions to enhance psychological well-being.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is one of the few studies to investigate the relationship between STT and EPW and compare male and female employees. The study generates new insights into the experiences of male and female employees working in terrorist-ridden areas.

Prejudice toward Islamic fundamentalists: The role of social domination orientation and interreligious empathy among Christian students in Surabaya

Interreligious conflicts can change the state system regarding religious tolerance and the emergence of terrorist behavior. In Surabaya, terrorism incidents have occurred in three Christian churches, and the alleged perpetrators are the Islamic fundamentalist group JAD. These incidents have fueled feelings of threat and fear of death, which can lead to prejudice. This research aimed to determine the role of social dominance orientation and interreligious empathy as predictors of prejudice toward Islamic fundamentalists. It used a quantitative design with a sample of 400 Christian students aged 17-24 in Surabaya. Furthermore, SDO-7, BES-A, and the Prejudice toward Islamic Fundamentalists Scales were adopted. The results showed that social dominance orientation and interreligious empathy predicted the prejudice toward Islamic fundamentalists (R=0.056; R2=0,061; F(2, 378)=12.876; p<0.001) using multiple linear regression tests. Social dominance orientation did not significantly predict prejudice (t= -0.91426; p=0.361), unlike interreligious empathy (t=4.365; p<0.001). Therefore, intergroup relations need to consider interreligious empathy in reducing prejudice.

Media discourse on Islamic women jihadists in Indonesia: Islamic radicalism post-Arab Spring

ABSTRACT Following terrorist incidents involving women and increasing numbers of women joining and supporting the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), the Indonesian media have highlighted this emerging trend and centered discourse around women’s roles in Islamic radicalism. This study examined Indonesian women jihadists and their perception and representation in the media, covering underlying causes and discourse surrounding women combatants, radical movements, and the meaning in which women and jihad are articulated within the socio-political context. Noting limited research within this emerging field, gender-specific jihad in Indonesia, this study analyzed discourse about women’s participation in jihadi movements during a resurgence in Islamic fundamentalism. Recent events have not only opened media space to present and represent gender jihad (the existence of radical women, women terrorist combatants, pledged of allegiance) but have also generated powerful media discourse reinforcing oppression of women, alienation, threat, and submissive ideas. Drawing on media portrayals and news production analysis, this study argued that women jihadists have not only received insufficient coverage from mainstream/commercial media, but that women/feminist perspectives have been silent, complicit, or nonexistent throughout incidences of terrorism involving women.

LAW REFORM IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE RULE OF LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE CASE OF TURKEY

The rule of Law is one of the critical concepts that guarantee the existence of a state. This concept becomes even more critical, especially in the mechanisms of the state that are directly related to the public, such as public administrations. Although the idea of the rule of Law is ontologically vital for the countries, it is essential to correctly determine the elements that constitute the Rule of Law in public administration and the internal and external factors. In addition, the relationship between public administration reforms and justice reforms, the effects of the Rule of Law, or how to increase and better integrate the rule of law dimensions in public administration reforms may constantly come up. In this research, the effect of supranational institutions such as the United Nations and the European Union, which are external factors, on establishing the Rule of Law in public administrations is examined through the example of Turkey. The study claims that supranational institutions such as the UN and the EU have essential effects on establishing law. After the beginning of the 2000s, when the EU membership process started to be especially effective, reports on Turkey produced by both the UN and EU institutions were discussed. Problems, the relations between them, and the reforms made in Turkey are examined, and the adequacy of the reforms made in Turkey in ensuring the Rule of Law is discussed. Even though events such as terrorist incidents and coup attempts have caused severe disruptions in practices in Turkey, it has been concluded that the public administration and legal reforms made significant contributions to the Rule of Law.

Rethinking the Current "Stage-and-Wait" Paradigm.

The experience of terrorist incidents involving a secondary explosive device that targeted rescue forces led to changes in the safety protocols of these forces in most countries of the world. These protocols are the foundation of the current "Stage-and-Wait" paradigm that prohibits the entry of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) from entering the scene and treating casualties until it is deemed safe. These guidelines were established absent of an evidence-base detailing the risk to responders and the potential consequences to the injured on-scene. The lack of clarity is compounded by the fact that different situations, as well as operational considerations, such as the length of time until bomb squad arrival at the scene versus time of massive bleeding injuries, for example, impact outcomes must be taken into account. This study sought to shed light on this matter while employing an evidence-based approach exploring the investigations of the frequency of secondary explosion threats in terrorist attacks over the last 20 years and discussing some of the ethical challenges and ramifications ensuing. While this study does not propose an outright change to current guidelines, in light of the evidence gathered, an open review and discussion based on the findings may be beneficial. The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was used as the data source of bombing incidents world-wide. The results revealed that approximately 70 per-1,000 bombing incidents involved secondary explosions across regions and countries within the study period. This study emphasizes the need to rethink the current "Stage-and-Wait" paradigm by recommending brainstorming conferences comprised of multi-sectoral experts aimed at deliberating the matter. World-wide experts in emergency medicine, bioethics, and disaster management should cautiously consider all aspects of bomb-related incidents. These brainstorming deliberations should consider the calculated risk of secondary explosions that account for approximately 70 per-1,000 bombing incidents. This study highlights the need to re-examine the current versus new paradigm to achieve a better balance between the need to ensure EMS safety while also providing the necessary and immediate care to improve casualty survival. This ethical dilemma of postponing urgent care needs to be confronted.

Cryptocurrency technology revolution: are Bitcoin prices and terrorist attacks related?

As a financial innovation of the information age, cryptocurrency is a complex concept with clear advantages and disadvantages and is worthy of discussion. Exploring from a terrorism perspective, this study uses the time-varying parameter/stochastic volatility vector autoregression model to explore the risk hedging and terrorist financing capabilities of Bitcoin. Empirical results show that both terrorist incidents and brutality may explain Bitcoin price, but their effects are slightly different. Compared to terrorist brutality, terrorist incidents have a weaker impact on Bitcoin price, showing that Bitcoin investors are more concerned about the number of deaths than the frequency of terrorist attacks. In turn, the impact of Bitcoin price on terrorist attacks is negligible. Bitcoin is a potential means of financing terrorism, but it does not currently play an important role. Our research findings can help investors analyze and predict Bitcoin prices and help improve the theoretical system of anti-terrorist financing, helping to maintain world peace and security.

Battling to dominate the discursive terrain: how Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron have framed terrorist incidents on Twitter

This article seeks to examine how the issue of terrorism has been framed by Marine Le Pen and Emmanuel Macron. Marine Le Pen has been eager to exploit these incidents since they fit neatly within her xenophobic and nationalist discourse. On the other hand, Emmanuel Macron seeks to transcend traditional political boundaries and foster unity. These different strategies in framing terrorism will be the focus of this article. In addition, the article will examine whether there are elements of populist contagion in Macron’s framing. The analysis is centred around two terrorist events that occurred in 2020: (1) Samuel Paty’s murder and (2) the Nice knife attack. The data were collected from the Twitter accounts of Le Pen and Macron and analysed via the latent Dirichlet allocation generative statistical model. The result is an in-depth analysis that showcases the different framing strategies of the two case studies regarding terrorism.

Echoes Of Terror And Oppression In "Noha E Be’Naam"

Terrorism is often Construrd as a well-thought out extreme from of violence to perceived injustices the after effects of terrorism are usually reported without understanding the underlying psychological and social determinations of terrorism act since 9/11 pakistan has been at the epicentre of both terrorism and war against it , especially balochistan and khaybe Pakhtunkhwa began to present the scene of a battlefield , so its indelible fears on the lives and minds of the residents of this region were erased . These incidents of terrorism also schocked the writers and poets their pens started writing the stories of these bloody incidents and bomb blasts in their own words . Muhammad Jameel kachu khol has made his place in Urdu Fiction writers and the agony and fear that prompted him to write the stories is cutting human existance like a gnat. This paper helpsto explains the psychological and social perspective of terrorism in KPK represented by Jameel kachokhel in his short stories.

A longitudinal study of Oklahoma City bombing rescue and recovery responders providing qualitative introspections of their experience nearly a quarter century later.

The 1995 terrorist bombing in Oklahoma City provided a particularly useful research opportunity. It was the most severe incident of terrorism on American soil at the time. Prior research on rescue and recovery workers responding to such events has been largely limited to early post-disaster periods, most focusing on psychopathology such as post-traumatic stress disorder. This incident provided a unique unrealized opportunity to examine long-term psychosocial effects on first responders studied longitudinally over decades after the event, using qualitative methods to yield rich, in-depth observations. A volunteer sample of 181 volunteer first responders for the Oklahoma City bombing was initially assessed 3 years after the bombing, and 124 (70 percent of those documented to still be alive) participated in longitudinal follow-up interviews an average of 23-24 years after the incident. The follow-up study included open-ended, nondirected qualitative interviews of the workers' personal disaster narratives. The experience of providing rescue and recovery efforts after the Oklahoma City bombing had lasting effects on these first responders' personal and professional relationships. It taxed their coping skills, elicited an enduring resilience, and permanently altered their outlook on life. Unlike the directly exposed survivors, these first responders found meaning and affirmation in their professional service, reaffirming their original motivations to be part of a helping profession that in today's world now requires recovery and rescue work in major terrorist incidents. Even though the work was very gruesome and taxing, more than two decades later, these workers expressed pride in their participation and had no regrets about it. The Oklahoma City bombing experience was life-changing for first responders, setting a standard for those who will follow in their footsteps. Continuing to conduct this line of work in the decades to follow reflected a conviction that their continued service honored both survivors and members of their profession. Despite the positive aspects of their perspectives on their experience, the attention they received to their emotional and psychological processing and recovery was limited, implying the importance of additional development and research on assistance to these needs.

Post 2019 Spike in Terrorism: A Threat to Internal Security of Pakistan

The post-2019 period is a crucial timeframe in the context of the reappearance of Tehrik -e- Taliban Pakistan (TTP), Islamic State Khorasan (IS-K) and other militant groups and the consequent rise of terrorist incidents in Pakistan. This paper aims to investigate the significant growth of terrorism in Pakistan as a threat to the country's internal security in the aforementioned era. This paper presents the concepts of internal security from the broader perspective of human and state security. The authors employ the situational method of qualitative approach encompassing various events and situations causing the intensity of terrorism in Pakistan in this phase covering two and half years (from January 2020 to June 2022). The concept of internal security is the perception of an act of keeping peace and maintaining law and order within the borders of a sovereign state by upholding the national law and defending against internal security threats. Besides the increasing number of terror attacks and casualties as compared with the previous years, this period is additionally important due to the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and the return of Afghan Taliban to the power corridors of the war-ravaged country, ostensibly with high hopes of controlling terrorism in the region, affecting security situation in Pakistan as well. It has been identified that terrorism in the country during 2020 had increased compared to the year 2019, and there was a sharp rise in 2021 and 2022, reinforcing a threat to the country's internal security.

The geographical disparity in the terrorism coverage on Ukrainian TV

Introduction. Specific journalist criteria in selecting and filtering terrorist information, the inconsistent media coverage of terrorism in short forms, and media framing of terrorism news can shape a distorted understanding of this phenomenon on a global scale for the audience. This can lead to many negative consequences for a society, particularly the loss of its functional and organizational capabilities to resist terrorism and adequately respond to attacks due to the lack of relevant information. Relevance of the study. As terrorism has become part of Ukrainian media agenda-setting, research on this topic is highly relevant. The findings of our previous studies have demonstrated a particular concentration of media attention on terrorist attacks in the West and an ignoring of the terrorist activities in the world in general. Therefore, we tend to analyze the geographical aspect of the terrorism coverage on Ukrainian TV and its correspondence to the actual terrorist situation worldwide. Methodology. Content analysis is the main research method. The empirical data is collected from the news programs on the five highest-rated Ukrainian TV channels («Ukraina», «ICTV», «1+1», «Inter» and «STB»). The monitoring covered 769 news programs from September 2019 to September 2020, in which 154 news stories about terrorism were found. Among the categorical units of the content analysis was the «geography» of the news story, which included the country and region identification. Having applied the comparative analysis, we could compare the obtained data with the statistics of the Global Terrorism Database, which more accurately echoed the actual terrorist situation globally. Results. The timing of all news about terrorism in South Asia (the most active region in the context of terrorism, where more than a third of all attacks occurred) was only 0.65% of the total volume of terrorism media coverage. Sub-Saharan Africa, where every fourth terrorist attack took place, was represented by only four news reports from the Inter’s correspondent. The third region with the most terrorist activity, the Middle East and North Africa, was mainly highlighted with geopolitical context, ignoring actual terrorist incidents. Ukrainian TV focused on covering national terrorist incidents the most. However, TV channels also concentrated their media attention on the Western world (Western Europe, North America, Eastern Europe), while only 5 % of all terrorist incidents worldwide happened in these regions. Simultaneously, the geographical disparity was discovered in the representation of the world’s countries. Moreover, none of the ten deadliest terrorist attacks was covered by Ukrainian TV channels. Conclusions. Ukrainian TV channels produce a geographical disparity in the media coverage of the terrorism topic, which not only does not correspond to the actual terrorist situation worldwide but also shapes a false image and distorted understanding of the phenomenon by a viewer. Ukrainian journalists can use the research findings to balance the geographical aspect of terrorism media coverage.

Необходимость к концептуальной переоценке международного терроризма в контексте текущего кризиса европейской архитектуры безопасности

For decades, religious terrorism has been one of the most widespread forms of international terrorism and has brought countless pains to the common innocents, as well as an unprecedented challenge to the international security system. However, the nature of terrorism may change once again in the background of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict and might also raise a new shape. The new shape of terrorism is perhaps largely different from the characteristics of Islamic terrorism. It should be emphasized that in a situation where the Ukrainian government may be involved in such attacks, any counterterrorism policy in the regular sense cannot be smoothly and effectively implemented. The relevance of the research problem in this article to the issue mentioned above is greatly remarkable. The article examines the redefinition of the concept of terrorism in the context of the current crisis in the European security architecture. The current regional security crisis in Europe and the hostilities in Ukraine seem to create new forms of activity that could be considered as terrorist acts. The object of research is the concept of terrorism. The subject of the study is the impact of the redefining the notion of the term “terrorism” on the national security of the Russian Federation. The purpose of the study is to understand whether the concept of terrorism should be adjusted or reconstructed at the present time in accordance with specific security threats or events during the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, as well as to consider options for possible conceptual reconstruction. Research methods. The author has used conceptual analysis, document analysis, and case studies for his research. As a result of the study, it is revealed that it is necessary to remake the notion of the term “terrorism” for Russia since Kiev’s actions in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict have changed the prevalently known form of terrorist activity. This requires a great number of arguments to prove that Kiev’s extreme behaviors relate to terrorist acts. The reason is that at the current stage, the difference between terrorist incident, armed conflict, and war has become extremely blurred. Thus, in the face of the current security situation, Russia is urgently needed to carefully and timely remake the concept of terrorism in the field of international security studies.

Etničko nasilje i terorizam kao unutrašnji izazovi nacionalnoj bezbednosti Kine - studija slučaja Sinđanga

The national security of the People's Republic of China is susceptible to an array of intricate internal challenges, risks and threats. This includes challenges that may be of a political nature, risks caused by economic and social differences, threats caused by tensions in ethnic relations, as well as many others. This paper seeks to concentrate on ethnic tensions, namely ethnic violence and terrorism, as the most substantial factors that pose a significant threat to the country's stability and security. The paper delves into the development of ethnic tensions and conflicts resulting from the interaction between Chinese authorities and factions within the Uyghur movement for national self-determination. It emphasizes the extremist current within the broader Uyghur ethnonational movement that utilizes violence and acts of terrorism in political activism. This paper aims to follow the evolution and changes of strategies and tactics employed by Uyghur nationalists in Xinjiang over time and present the most characteristic violent and terrorist incidents that occurred in Xinjiang to exemplify these alterations. These changes are reflected in increased violence, a shift in targets from primarily security forces to civilians, including violent clashes between Uyghur and Han citizens and an expansion in the geographic reach of attacks.

China and the Islamic State in the Sahel: An Assessment of Potential Threats to Chinese Interests in the Central Sahel

Seeking to fill a void in the existing scholarship since no scholar has yet to examine the Islamic State Sahel Province’s threat to China, this study utilizes a unique approach to examine two questions, namely does the Islamic State Sahel Province pose a threat to Chinese interests in the Central Sahel, and is it likely to impact Beijing’s relations with Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger?Part one of this study utilizes data from the Armed Conflict and Event Data Location Data (ACLED) and the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) to construct the group’s operational profile. The operational profile covers political violence and strategic developments in each country and across the subregion; the expanse of and shifts in areas of operations; and tactics and targets in each terrorism incident by country and the subregion. Findings from the data analysis are utilized in the second part in conjunction with additional data collected on the economy and China’s economic relations to assess whether the group poses a threat to Chinese interests. The study concludes that in the short-term, the Islamic State Sahel Province does not pose a threat to those interests and recognizes the potential change of the threat in long-term.

Tracer observation of egress and way‐home crowd behavior at stadiums: From the perspective of crowd control in emergency evacuations

AbstractThis paper discusses crowd control at stadiums in emergency evacuation situations such as fire, bomb threat, and terror incidents. As a comparative reference for this study, the author observed egress/way‐home crowd behavior at eight stadiums by walking with the crowd as a tracer. At some stadiums, the crowd was controlled by closing certain exits, installing temporary fences, and providing staff guidance to relieve congestion and counterflow outside the stadiums. At other stadiums, there was no accumulation, and spectators egressed freely. In case of a fire, flames and smoke can be controlled by fire extinguishment, smoke control, etc.; therefore, the need for urgent evacuation can be relieved to some extent. However, urgent evacuation is needed in emergencies such as a fire in a closed‐roof stadium or indoor premises, or a bomb threat. In such situations, sufficient space for accumulation outside the stadium is required. Therefore, stadiums that let spectators returning home walk freely after normal events are desirable because urgent evacuation can be completed in the same manner. The above aspects should be considered in the whole process of selecting stadium sites, planning circulation in stadiums, and deploying guiding staff.

Pattern of Presentation and Outcome of Adult Patients with Abdominal Trauma - A 7-Year Retrospective Study in a Nigerian Tertiary Hospital.

Abdominal trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in low- and middle-income countries. There is a paucity of trauma data in this region and this study aimed to show the pattern of presentation and outcome of patients with abdominal trauma at a North-Central Nigerian Teaching Hospital. This was a retrospective, observational study of patients with abdominal trauma who presented at the University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital from January 2013 to December 2019. Patients with clinical and/or radiological evidence of abdominal trauma were identified, and data extracted and analyzed. A total of 87 patients were included in the study. There were 73 males and 14 females (5.2:1) with a mean age of 34.2 years. Blunt abdominal injury occurred in 53 (61%) patients with 10 patients (11%) having concomitant extra-abdominal injuries. A total of 105 abdominal organ injuries occurred in 87 patients with the small bowel being the most frequently injured organ in penetrating trauma, while in blunt abdominal injury, the spleen was most commonly injured. A total of 70 patients (80.5%) had emergency abdominal surgery with a morbidity rate of 38.6% and negative laparotomy rate of 2.9%. There were 15 deaths in the period accounting for 17% of patients with sepsis as the most common cause of death (66%). Shock at presentation, late presentation >12 h, need for perioperative intensive care unit admission, and repeat surgery were associated with a higher risk of mortality (P < 0.05). Abdominal trauma in this setting is associated with a significant amount of morbidity and mortality. Typical patients present late and with poor physiologic parameters often resulting in an undesirable outcome. There should be steps targeted at preventive policies focused on reducing the incidence of road traffic crashes, terrorism, and violent crimes as well as improving health care infrastructure to cater to this specific group of patients.

Analysis of the Medical Consequences of Global Terrorist Attacks in Turkic States in the Last 50 Years by Weapon and Attack Type.

This research aimed to conduct an epidemiological analysis of the terrorist attacks, which took place in the Turkic states between 1970 and 2019, and their medical consequences in terms of weapons and attack types. The data collected from this research will be valuable for the development of preventive systems against attacks on Turkic states and offer insights on how to effectively prepare for potential future attacks. The population of the research consisted of the weapons and types of attacks of the terrorist attacks in the Turkic states drawn from the Global Terrorism Database provided free of charge by START. The number of deaths, injuries, property damage, primary weapons, and types of attacks were analyzed by country. Between 1970 and 2019, 4629 terrorist incidents occurred and 7496 people lost their lives and 10 928 people were injured. Among the types of weapons, the number of people who lost their lives was mostly in firearms, whereas the number of the injured was mostly in explosive weapons. Among the types of attacks, the number of people who lost their lives was mostly observed in the armed attack, whereas the injuries occurred mostly in the bombing attacks. Among the Turkic states, Turkey is the country most affected in terms of medical outcomes. The terrorist attacks in the Turkic states reached their maximum number in the last 10 years. It is predicted that this number will increase further in the next years and affect more people medically.

Asymmetry Theory and Practical Application in US-Kenya Counterterrorism

Asymmetry Theory views asymmetry in a distinct light from the popular view in International Relations. Drawing from Womack’s (2016) perspective on Asymmetry Theory, international relations are interactions based on relational beads rather than independent transactions. The obvious distinction in global capabilities between a larger and a smaller state does not translate into anarchy as Asymmetry Theory concentrates on the interdependence of states. This study provided an analysis of the US-Kenya bilateral relations within a context of an asymmetric relationship and its counterterror influence in East Africa. It assessed the assumptions and impact of the Asymmetry Theory in the engagements of US-Kenya counterterrorism in East Africa. Secondary and primary data was collected through descriptive statistics in selected incidents of terror indicating Kenya’s vulnerability and resilient success in fighting the scourge of terrorism after 9/11. The study is timely for it unpacks the indispensable impact of the theory and its practical application in US-Kenya strategic approach to counterterrorism. Asymmetry Theory brings a new contribution in the study of counterterrorism, expanding the understanding of counterterror strategies. This study refutes contradictory claims that argue that power asymmetry between states is relative to dominance.

Emerging Trends of West phobia in Muslim Societies and Islamophobia in Western Societies: Reasons and Remedies

Religion remains a significant source of intolerance, discrimination, and marginalization all across the world, despite efforts to eradicate it. In recent times, religious activities have fostered fear, suspicion, and other bad sentiments among their respective believers, rather than fostering unity and mutual tolerance. In the media, there is a common refrain claiming Islam is the cause of a string of terrorist incidents. Resultantly, various governments are anxious about and mistrust of Muslims (Islamophobia), and on the other side, a western phobia is on the increase. This paper systematically reviews the aspects of Islamophobia and western phobia that have repercussions for peace in the world and peaceful coexistence. According to the findings of the study, an increase in Islamophobic attacks and religious intolerance around the world has presented a grave risk to global concord and unity.

The Collapse of the New Orde Regime Resulted in Changes in Indonesia's Economic Policy

The reform era or the post-Suharto era in Indonesia began in 1998, to be precise when President Soeharto resigned on May 21 1998 and was replaced by the then vice president, BJ Habibie . This period was founded bya more open socio-political environment. Issues during this period included the push for democracy and a stronger civilian government, elements of the military trying to maintain influence, growing Islamism in politics and society in general, and demands for greater regional autonomy . The reform process resulted in a higher degree of freedom of speech , in contrast to the widespread censorship during the New Order . As a result, political debate has become more open in the mass media and artistic expression has increased. Events that have shaped Indonesia in this period include a series of terrorist incidents (including the 2002 Bali bombings ) and the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Using the knife of deconstruction of critical legal theory and socio-legal methodology with statutory, historical, conceptual and legal political economy approaches, three questions are raised, firstly the role of law in the market reform agenda which underlies the idea of limiting the role of the state in the economy; second, how is the role of the state in the economy being debated in the MPR and; third, what are the implications of the market reform agenda for the results of changes to the economic constitution.