Terror In France Research Articles

Social reintegration of individuals convicted of terrorism in France: From paradox to blind spot?

Social reintegration of individuals convicted of terrorism is a major issue of probationary and scientific debate. However, while the issue has made significant strides internationally, it has until now received little attention in France. The aim of this article is to highlight this difference in interest and to provide some insights into the reasons for this. It does this by drawing on a literature review of French scientific articles published in peer-reviewed journals between 2012 and 2022. The article first defines the notion of social reintegration. Then, it highlights how, while the question of réinsertion of prisoners is presented as a fundamental objective of probationary practices and is a subject of interest in French research, the same cannot be said for social reintegration. This article concludes that this difference can be explained in terms of the interplay between practical and academic fields, internationalization, and interdisciplinarity.

Book Review: The Invention of Terrorism in France, 1904–1939 by Chris Millington

Book Review: <i>The Invention of Terrorism in France, 1904–1939</i> by Chris Millington

Introduction to the special issue ‘The phenomenology of joint action’

The contributions collected in this special issue explore the phenomenology of joint action from a broad range of different disciplinary and methodological angles, including philosophical investigation (both in the analytic and the phenomenological tradition), computational modeling, experimental study, game theory, and developmental psychology. They also vastly expand the range of discussed cases beyond the standard examples of house-painting and sauce-cooking, addressing, for example, collective musical improvisations, dancing, work at the Diversity and Equity office of a university, and historical examples of collective violence such as the revolutionary Terror in France and the Nazis. In our introduction to this special issue, we group the contributions into three thematic areas – 1) the phenomenological fine-structure of joint action, 2) underlying mechanisms for joint action and 3) phenomenal preconditions for joint action. The first theme is discussed under a number of issues – a) components of the phenomenology of joint action, b) the I and the we in joint action, c) the effect of group size, structure and nature on the phenomenology of joint action and d) how do phenomenal relate to normative aspects of joint action?

Victorian Skin: Surface, Self, History

Victorian Skin: Surface, Self, History

The Linguistic Terror in France according to Jean Paulhan and Jean-Paul Sartre.

The literary critic and NRF editor Jean Paulhan devised a way of thinking about fluctuating historical and psychological attitudes toward language, organizing them into a dialectic of "Rhetoric" and "Terror." In this article, I focus on Paulhan and Sartre's response to the interwar crisis of Terror and explore Rhetoric and Terror as a heuristic in the intellectual history of France.

Freedom As and Against Democracy

Freedom As and Against Democracy

The Social Contract Theory of Jean-Jacques Rousseau

The paper presents Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s social contract theory within the context of the period in which it was created, and also in relation to the previous, modern contract theories. The authors indicate the complexity and interconnection between the general will and sovereignty, which Rousseau saw as the basis of the contract which caused the exit from the natural state and the foundation of the political body based on civil liberty. Unlike his predecessors, Rousseau viewed the contract, as well as the republic, in a rather ethical context than a legal one, so he understood the political community as the creation which was founded on the morale of its citizens and integrated due to the civic virtue. Such an idea further led the author towards the consideration of education within the spirit of civil religion, which he saw as the moral base of a unique and undivided nation, in which all the individual and particular interests were declared as hostile and destructive elements of the social body. The collectivistic energy of Rousseau’s theory would soon become the main source of inspiration to the Jacobins and the revolutionary terror in France after the Revolution.

‘United through our values’? Expressing unity through value-talk after terrorism in France and Norway

AbstractIn the immediate aftermath of terrorism, references to ‘our values’ as a source of unity become a substantial part of public discourse. Leaders, the media, and the public emphasize ‘values’ to express that ‘we’ are united across ethnic, religious, and political differences. This article comparatively examines formulations of ‘we’, ‘us’, and ‘them’ with reference to ‘values’ (i.e. value-talk) after terror attacks in France (November 2015) and Norway (July 2011). To access speech, events, and symbols as they were unfolding, the analysis draws on the first week of national television news following these attacks. Whereas the terrorists in France were self-proclaimers of an Islamic State, the terrorist in Norway was a self-proclaimed defender of the Christian civilization. The central place of a value-based unity—regardless of the terrorists’ ethnicity and motivations—contrasts with the otherwise common idea expressed in public debate that ‘values’ embody a fundamental divide between ‘natives’ and immigrant populations. This article argues that scholarship on values, in migration studies and beyond, reifies the much-repeated assumption in public debate that there is a value-based divide between groups of people. By examining expressions of unity in contexts of conflict, the analysis untangles the dynamic and flexible ‘groupness’ articulated through value-talk. Analytical attention to this variability, I argue, better reflects the widespread attention to cultural complexities in migration studies. Through the study of value-talk in the immediate aftermath of terrorism, the article explores some of the dimensions of how and when unity is mobilized in societies marked by migration-related diversity.

Terrorism in France: Real Threats, National Fight, and International Cooperation

The article analyzes the system of countering terrorism in France, including taking into account its institutional structure. The authors give a legal assessment of international terrorism as a crime and highlight the key features of French legislation in the field of prevention of terrorist threats. A review analysis of the profile counter-terrorism units of France was carried out.

In‐group solidarity or out‐group hostility in response to terrorism in France? Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

AbstractConventional wisdom holds that terrorism has a wide‐ranging impact on a polity. At the same time, a complementary, yet less extensive body of research discusses the impact of terrorism on the crux of representative democracy, namely its citizens. In contribution to that literature, and to further explore how external shocks affect public opinions, we propose a two‐dimensional analytical framework to examine the effects of the November 2015 terrorist events in Paris and Saint Denis. Drawing from extant scholarship, we argue that we can expect both in‐group solidarity and out‐group hostility to increase in direct response to these events. This study relies on a regression discontinuity design to analyse a representative survey (DREES) that was in the field at the time of the events. Findings are two‐fold. First, and perhaps surprisingly, we find no conclusive evidence of increasing out‐group hostilities as a direct consequence of the terrorist events. Second, we find a definite strengthening of in‐group solidarity indicators following the events. This not only confirms that citizens adjust their opinions in response to environmental stimuli, but also highlights the democratic resilience of citizens, particularly when faced with a collective threat. Altogether, these findings add to our understanding of why and how individual behaviour changes in light of exogenous shocks.

Renewable and fossil energy, terrorism, economic growth, and trade: Evidence from France

To the best of our knowledge, there is no econometric study on the causal relationship between renewable or fossil energies and terrorism, nor on terrorism in France. This paper tries to fill this gap and considers other variables as economic growth and trade openness. The autoregressive distributed lag approach and Granger causality are used for annual data on France covering the period 1980–2015. The Wald test confirms the existence of long-run relationships between the considered variables. Granger causality reveals long-run bidirectional causalities between all the variables. Interestingly, in the short-run, there are unidirectional causalities running from renewable energy to terrorism, and from terrorism to trade openness, and there is bidirectional causality between terrorism and economic growth. Long-run parameter estimates show that more renewable energy consumption and more trade increase both terrorism and economic growth. However, economic growth reduces terrorism in the long-run and appears as a powerful tool to combat terrorism in France. In addition, France is recommended to continue encouraging the use of renewable energies, and at the same time, to make more diplomatic efforts to resolve political and military conflicts in the world, and particularly in the Middle East.

EL SUICIDIO EN LA HOGUERA. CAMUS Y LA PENA CAPITAL

&lt;pre&gt;Es conocida la oposición de Albert Camus a la pena capital. En sus Réflexions sur la guillotine (1957) va a criticar la máquina judicial que hace sufrir en el tiempo y en el espacio al condenado a muerte. Antes, en L'homme revolté (1951), ha criticado la perversa lógica contractual rousseauniana implicada en la auto-imputación que conduce silenciosamente a Saint-Just al patíbulo en la época del terror revolucionario en Francia y a los condenados a muerte en la purgas del régimen de Stalin en la Unión Soviética. Pero unos años antes, en El Mito de Sísifo (1942), hablando del suicidio, se ha referido a Galileo y al peligro que ha corrido de morir en la hoguera por defender sus verdades. Nos preguntamos aquí por aquello que, en el pensamiento de Camus, convierte a la pena capital en suicidio. &lt;br /&gt;&#x0D; &lt;br /&gt;&#x0D; &lt;/pre&gt;

The role of stylistic features in constructing representations of Muslims and France in English online news about terrorism in France

ABSTRACTPart of a larger study on style and cultural representation in the online news of three European countries, this article examines a corpus of news articles from the online versions of The Guardian and The Telegraph about the terrorist attack that took place in Nice, France in July 2016. Specifically, modality, use of the term ‘jihad’, and treatment of ‘integration’ and of Muslims are analyzed, and instances of alliteration and metaphor observed, to determine how these elements contribute to shaping journalistic representation of the event, Muslims and French society more generally. Preliminary findings suggest that both English news sources sometimes use modality to give suppositions a patina of fact, but that The Telegraph uses ‘reportedly’ and ‘alleged(ly)’ more often. In addition, The Guardian journalists sometimes misuse the term ‘jihad’ and its derivatives, despite the clear indications about this term that are provided in the editorial guidelines, while this does not occur in The Telegraph articles. The news sources also address the topics of integration and Muslims in diverging ways, which in turn lead to distinct portrayals of French society. These differences may be tied to the political affiliations of the sources or to journalist identity, and merit further research.

Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in France. By Gilles Kepel

Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in France. By Gilles Kepel

Military Economy and Military Reform in Russia

Unlike previous years, the findings of analysis of Russia’s military economics and policy in 2015 fail to match what is perceived as absolute peacetime. The IISS, a world-leading authority on global security, argues that Russia is conducting a so-called hybrid warfare. The published views of western experts on hybrid warfare reflect the events occurred in Ukraine over the last two years. The spring of 2015 saw changes in accusations against Russia following Russia’s air strikes and cruise missiles strikes on the positions of ISIS terrorists in Syria. The fact that Russia is conducting special-purpose military operations is indisputable. Russia took the terrorist attack that brought down the Russian plane in Egypt, killing all 224 Russian passengers on board, as military assault against Russia’s nationals, thus forcing Russia to introduce retaliatory military counteractions against not only the ISIS in Syria but also against organizers and sponsors of terrorism. Later there were acts of terrorism in France, that prompted the French government to join the war against the ISIS, acting in conjunction with Russia and with a few other countries. Being unhappy with these developments, the Turkish government prepared the shoot down of a Russian military jet along the Syrian border. Russia responded with economic countersanctions, warning more sanctions could follow. Therefore, it appears logical that a new version of the Russian Federation National Security Strategy (Executive Order of the President No. 683 dated December 31, 2015) was approved on the very last day of 2015 .

Terror in France: the rise of jihad in the West

Terror in France: the rise of jihad in the West

Terror in France

Gilles Kepel is a French political scientist and Arabist with a global reputationfor understanding Islam as an ideological, political, and social force.Among his books are Muslim Extremism in Egypt: The Prophet andPharaoh (1985), Allah in the West: Islamic Movements in America and Europe(1996), Jihad: The Trial of Political Islam (2003), The Roots of RadicalIslam (2005), Al Qaeda in Its Own Words (2006; co-edited with Jean-PereerMilelli), The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West (2006), and BeyondTerror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East (2010). &#x0D; In Terror in France: The Rise of Jihad in the West, his latest and bestsellingbook for 2016, he makes the case that this phenomenon has passedthrough two phases and recently entered a third one. The first phase began inthe 1990s with Mohamed Kelkal and was related to the Algerian civil war.Terrorism was used as a tool to force France to end its support for the coupthat had negated the Islamists’ electoral victory. The second phase began in2012 with the Toulouse and Montauban shootings that were linked to al-Qaeda. Globalization now enabled a network of jihadists linked to Afghanistanto serve the Muslim cause. The (posited) third phase, which would developafter the Arab Spring was launched, would see French jihadists sent to fight ...

Security in the name of human rights: the discursive legitimation strategies of the war on terror in France

ABSTRACTThis article aims to question the discourse on “the war on terror” developed by the French President in the wake of the two terrorist attacks that occurred in France in 2015. Drawing from critical discourse analysis, it explores the discursive legitimation strategies deployed by President Hollande to legitimate France’s securitarian response to the two attacks. It reveals how the defence of human rights served as an overall justificatory framework, through rationalisation, appeals to authority, and moralisation. It argues that Hollande implemented a discursive manipulation of reality to shield his actions from criticisms of illiberalism, all the while reframing the notion of human rights, undermining it and paving the way for an authoritarian-driven executive.

Offline: November 13, one year on

Offline: November 13, one year on

The Long-Term Effects of Terrorism in France

Summary France has been subjected to terrorism for the past 15 years. Several epidemiological studies have pointed to the high prevalence and severity of PTSD symptoms among the victims. Terrorism-related injuries and time elapsed since the trauma were associated with a negative prognosis. Since 1997, these findings led to the development of a medico-psychological intervention network accompanying the traditional emergency medical team, and giving pre-hospital psychological emergency care to provide secondary prevention. Specialized hospital-based psychiatric services were developed to complement this front-line network, offering an innovative system of care. Studies are needed to examine the effectiveness of this system in reducing trauma-related disorders.